Pliki dostępne do 21.01.2024	1984	A CLOCK WORK ORANGE ______
a midsummer night`s dream	accents	Aldous Huxley
Alfred Hitchcock presents Jerome K. Jerome	alice in wonderland	Allen Ginsberg
AMADEUSZ -------------------------	angry young men	animal farm
Anthony And Cleopatra	anton czechow PŁATONOW	BADFELLAS IN VEGAS
BARTLEBY THE SCRIVENER __________________	BARY LYNDON William Makepeace Tackeray	BEOWULF
BLAKE	Byron swimming	CHAUSER ---------Lenny Henry
chesterton,człowiek,który był czwartkiem	clichés	COLERIDGE SAMUEL TAYLOR
DAVID BOWIE	delve special	------------------------------------------DICKENS ----------------------------------------
dickens hardy portsmouth	Doris Lessing - The Grass Is Singing	DOSTOJEWSKI IDIOTA
Dylan Thomas	EDUCATING RITA	edward lear
Edward The Black Prince	Edward VI	ELVIS
enigma variations op.36	ezra pound ,yale lecture	ezra pound, A FEW DON`TS
fahrenheit 451	Faust	Frankenstein Part 1
gargantua i	George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss	gogol,rewizor
great gatsby the_________	gulliver`s travels	Hamlet 2014
HAMLETS	HEART OF DARKNESS	HENRY V
historic scotish figures	JA,KLAUDIUSZ	JANE EYRE
JOYCE. dubliners	Kandyd	Karol I
Karol II	KEATS	ken kesey
KENNEDY pop star	Kenneth Grahame ________	king Athelstan
king james`s bible	KIPLING	knowing me,knowing you
Led Zeppelin John Bonham story	Les Liaisons Dangereuses	Madame Bovary
margaret thatcher	mark steel lectures	Mary Shelley - The Mortal Immortal
Mary Stuart	milczenie owiec .D	Miles Davis
MOBY DICK ______---------------------	MONTY PYTHON	Nathaniel Hawthorne
NATION`S FAVOURITE POEMS 1996______________________________	Oscar Wilde	Oscar Wilde The Ballad of Reading Gaol
Othello, Lenny Henry	Paradise Lost	pink floyd
poetry please	POJEDYNEK NA SZOSIE,the DUEL	PRINCE ROGERS
proms 2010	Prywatne	Richard III
ROB ROY	robinson crusoe	romeo i julia
Różewicz	Salinger.fan letters	Samuel Pepys
Sapho	Shakespeare and love 2012	Shakespeare,life of W.Shakespeare
shakespeare`s playlist	Shakespeare's Restless World	Siegfried Sassoon
Sketches by Boz	SLANG	słuchowisko PRadia ------------------------------------
Somerset Maugham	Spring Storm, by Tennessee Williams	STUDY IN SCARLET '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
sylvia plath	Szymborska 02.02.2012	T.S. ELLIOT ____________
TAKE IT FROM HERE	Tamburlane MARLOWE	Ted Hughes 2011
TENNYSON,IN MEMORIAM	The Battle of Bosworth Field	THE CARETAKER __________________
THE ENTERTAINER __________	The Fall of the House of Usher	The Gothic Imagination Bloody Poetry +Marry Shelley
the RAVEN	the tempest	THE VANISHING
The Wizard of Oz	Thomas Hardy	three men in a boat ))
Tori Amos	TROY Wojna Trojańska	TUDOR TARANTINO Middelton
Twelfth Night_________________	ULYSSES 2012 !!! w radio bbc 4 _________------------------------------------------	Vivat Rex !! _____________
w poszukiwaniu straconego czasu cz.2	WESTMINSTER ABBEY	Whitman
Wilfred Owen	Wordsworth,Tintern Abbey,The Prelude	zachomikowane

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12,0 MB
8 gru 11 6:15

this sceptered isle 28 Henry Plantagenet.mp3

Henry II strengthens central government's control over Scotland, Ireland and Wales

Stephen I died in 1154 and Henry Plantagenet became Henry II of England. He was descended from William the Conqueror and through his mother, Matilda, from the Anglo-Saxons.

He married Eleanor of Aquitaine who had been married to Louis VII of France and so Aquitaine passed from France to England.

Henry II saw the need for central government. He wanted to strengthen his control of Scotland, Wales and Ireland. In 1157 Malcolm of Scotland paid homage to Henry and Scotland did not regain her independence until Richard I's reign.

Wales continued to be fractious and it was not until 1176 that the Welsh made their peace with Henry.

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8 gru 11 5:37

this sceptered isle 27 Anarchy.mp3

Anarchy;
The Archbishop of York, King David I of the Scots, Henry I's bastard son, Robert of Gloucester, and his half sister Matilda head a huge rebellion.

Henry I died in 1135 leaving the succession to be contested between his daughter, Matilda (or Maud) and his nephew, Stephen.

Stephen was the choice of the English and was first to arrive in London and he was crowned King.

Henry I's bastard son, Robert of Gloucester, supported his half sister, Matilda. He, with King David I of the Scots planned an invasion from the north. Stephen had also offended the Church and the Archbishop of York advanced against him. A terrible battle was fought, known as the Battle of Standards and Stephen won a victory.

Far from ending the controversies this proved a prelude to Civil War. In 1141 a huge rebellion broke out and Stephen I was taken prisoner at the Battle of Lincoln. Matilda had her chance, but was so arrogant and unfeeling that Stephen was released and welcomed back. By 1145 Stephen was back on the throne. In 1147 Robert of Gloucester died and Matilda's claim to the throne rested upon her son, Henry. Henry was a Plantagenet, his father was the Holy Roman Emperor.

Stephen's only son was killed and the people, the bishops and the magnates persuaded him to adopt Henry as his son and heir. In 1154 Stephen died and Henry Plantagenet became Henry II of England.

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8 gru 11 5:35

this sceptered isle 26 Justice, Power and the Deat h of Henry.mp3

England faces turbulent times as Henry I is taken ill on a visit to France.

Henry I of England sailed for France and Rouen. His daughter, Matilda, had married Geoffrey of Anjou and had the first son, Henry who will be Henry II, Henry Plantagenet. Henry I was taken ill on his visit to France and died.

He had declared Matilda to be his heir but it was his nephew, Stephen I, who went straight to Winchester and then to London to claim the English crown. Many of the English noblemen did not want Matilda to be queen. Matilda however still had a claim to the throne and was supported by Robert of Gloucester.

So once again England was facing turbulent times.

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8 gru 11 5:35

this sceptered isle 25 henry and scotish kings.mp3

Scots claim territory as far south as Lancashire, as Scotland reaches the height of its powers.

The Scottish Kings. The Scottish and English monarchs had fought each other and now the Scots claimed territory as far south as Lancashire. This was the time of the great Scottish king David and it was under him that his nation reached the height of its powers.

King Henry thought David so important that it was his biggest ambition that the Scottish monarch should swear an oath of allegiance to England. Under David the Scottish courts became far more sophisticated and according to the chronicler William of Malmesbury ‘rubbed off the tarnish of Scottish barbarism’.

In England the battle took place to make a woman monarch. She was Matilda, daughter of Henry I, who would become one of the most famous pretenders to the throne.

Her son, Henry would one day become king and it was he that would lead the great invasion of Ireland that began 800 years of struggles between the two nations.

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8 gru 11 5:35

this sceptered isle 24 William Rufus and the First Crusade.mp3

William Rufus and the First Crusade
William II is mysteriously shot by a stray arrow while hunting in the New Forest.

William II, known as William Rufus, came to England to claim his inheritance in 1087. He quarrelled constantly with his brother, Robert Duke of Normandy. The dividing of the kingdoms effected their subjects many of who had lands in both England and Normandy and now had to pay allegiance to two Sovereigns. Finally Robert pawned Normandy to William Rufus in order to embark on the First Crusade.

William Rufus ruled over England for 13 years. The English welcomed him because they dreaded returning to the chaos of pre-Conqueror days. Many, though, might have preferred Henry, the third son who was born in England after William and Matilda became king and queen.

William Rufus also had the support of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc. He understood William Rufus and in many ways controlled him but when he died in 1089 William Rufus became more treacherous than ever, he made many enemies and in 1100 whilst out hunting in the New Forest he was mysteriously shot by an arrow.

Prince Henry who was part of the hunting party made straight for the royal treasury at Winchester. Three days later he was crowned king.

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8 gru 11 5:06

this sceptered isle 23 Death of the Conqueror.mp3

William the Conqueror changed the way the English lived. He decreed that a person's loyalty should be first and foremost to their king and secondly to their lord.

William's first loyalty though was to Normandy even though England was the more valuable possession. He left his wife Queen Matilda to act as regent in Rouen.

The eldest son, Robert was a Crusading knight. He resented his father's long life and impatiently waited to claim his Norman inheritance. He conspired with the French Court to overthrow his father and had to find refuge from his father at King Philip's castle of Gerberoi.

William's second son, William, later succeeded him to the English throne and was William Rufus. The third son was Henry who later became Henry I of England and Duke of Normandy.

William had to spend more and more time in Normandy defending his dukedom against his son, Robert. In 1087 he was fatally injured when his horse slipped. William was taken to St Gervase at Rouen, his sons, William and Henry came to his deathbed but Robert did not

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8 gru 11 5:06

this sceptered isle 22 Domesday.mp3

William the Conqueror's 20-year reign.

William was not just a conqueror but had a real desire to rule and wanted the English to accept his right to rule. He wanted to be legitimate. He adopted the Old English powers and in the first years of his reign kept Edward the Confessor's courtiers and lords at court. Inevitably, though, there was controversy over the Normans claiming lands, titles and especially bishoprics and abbeys.

In 1086 William declared that he wanted to know who owned what and it should all be written down in a book called the Domesday Book. Behind Domesday was the need to raise money as well as find out who had the financial power in England.

Domesday was a momentous achievement in the development of English feudal society.

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this sceptered isle 21 The Conquest.mp3

William the Conqueror is crowned King William I on Christmas Day 1066.

Christmas Day 1066 William the Conqueror was crowned king William I. His queen, Matilda of Flanders, who ruled Normandy in his absence, arrived in England in 1068 and was then crowned queen. They had a son later that year whom they named Henry (later Henry I).

By 1069 William had conquered the north and south of England and built many castles. Chester was the last township to fall in 1070.

This was a period of unhappiness and unrest. Saxon England was always on the verge of rebellion. In 1075 a group of Norman knights and one surviving Saxon leader, Waltheof revolted and fought a battle but lost. Waltheof gave himself up to William, who beheaded him - this was considered harsh if not unfair, the Norman knights merely had lands confiscated and were imprisoned for life. William the Conqueror was said to have been obsessed by guilt over his treatment of Waltheof until his own death a decade later.

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8 gru 11 5:06

this sceptered isle 20 The Battle of Hastings.mp3

William the Conqueror's mounted knights and well-trained archers take on Harold's travel-weary foot soldiers.
William, Duke of Normandy was a master of war. On Thursday 28th September 1066 he landed in Sussex to claim the throne of England. His claim came through his father's sister, Emma of Normandy who was Edward the Confessor's mother.

Harold I had to return south from Stamford Bridge. William's army was prepared, Harold's travel weary and though William's was the smaller force he had the advantage of mounted knights and well trained archers. Harold only had foot soldiers.

William was victorious and the Norman Conquest of England had begun.

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8 gru 11 4:57

this sceptered isle 19 The Battle of Stamford Brid ge.mp3

Harold II beats his half brother in battle but doesn't bother to wait for reinforcements before marching his depleted army to Hastings

Harold's half brother Tostig and king Harold Hardrada of Norway invaded the north of Britain. Harold II of England raced to York and a battle was fought at Stamford Bridge which Harold won.

Meanwhile William of Normandy had landed in the south so Harold immediately marched south and fought another battle at Hastings only twelve days after the Battle of Stamford Bridge.

Harold's army was depleted and he did not wait for reinforcements. On Wednesday 14th October he led his men into battle and was defeated by William of Normandy who became William I of England.

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8 gru 11 4:57

this sceptered isle 18 Goodwine the Cunning and Ed ward the Confessor.mp3

The English must decide between respect for the royal line and the need to be protected.

In 1035 Cnut died and the throne was once more contested. Only one of Cnut's three sons was legitimate - Harthacnut. His mother, Emma of Normandy and her adviser, Godwine, Earl of Wessex, thought Harthacnut should be declared king at once but their arrival in England was delayed. Their rival Leofric proposed another of Cnut's sons as king and so it was that Harold I, known as Harold Harefoot, came to the throne.

Harold died very soon. Now Harthacnut became king only to die at about the age of 25 in 1042.

So it was that Edward, Emma of Normandy's second son by Aethelred became King Edward. This was Edward the Confessor. Godwine, with his eldest son Harold (who later became Harold of Hastings), became more and more powerful. Edward died in 1065 and on his death Edgar, son of the king's nephew claimed the throne but the English had to decide between a respect for the royal line and a need to be protected and they chose the latter and Harold became king.

EMMA OF NORMANDY (d. 1052)

Queen of the English, daughter of Richard I of the Normans
Married Aethelred II the Unready and, on his death, Cnut
Created dynastic links between England and Normandy
....................................................................................................
did you know?
Emma of Normandy was the mother of two English kings: Edward the Confessor and Harthacnut

Edward the Confessor was albino.

Chronology
1040 Harthacnut becomes king of England
Macbeth becomes king of Scotland
1042 Edward the Confessor becomes king of England
1052 Earl Godwine returns to England and regains Wessex
1058 Malcolm III Canmore, king of Scots

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8 gru 11 4:57

this sceptered isle 17 Cnut and Edmund Ironside.mp3

The Danish King returns to England with his son and Ethelred flees to Normandy
.
Canute subdues the Yorkshire Danes and sacks Oxford and Winchester, but the tide turns against him when Edmund Ironside becomes king of Wessex.

In 1013 the Danish king, Sweyn and his younger son, Cnut (Canute) came to England. They subdued the Yorkshire Danes and the five boroughs in Danelaw and Sweyn was accepted as overlord of Northumbria and Danish Mercia. They sacked Oxford and Winchester and although they did not capture London, Sweyn was proclaimed king of England and Aethelred fled to Normandy.

Aethelred had married, Emma, the sister of the Duke of Normandy.

Sweyn died in 1014 and Cnut claimed the crown, though many wanted to recall Aethelred from Normandy. His son, Edmund Ironside, took up Aethelred's claim. He fought a brilliant campaign against Cnut and managed to win a partition of the kingdom. So once again England was divided and on Aethelred's death Edmund Ironside became king of Wessex until the spiritual and lay chiefs of England agreed to abandon his royal line and recognise Cnut as king of all England.

To seal this agreement Cnut married Emma of Normandy, Aethelred's widow, even though he already had a wife and son.

CNUT (Canute) (c. 994-1035)

King of the English 1016-1035
An ostentatious Christian but his rule in England was brutal
He married Aelfgifu of Northampton and Emma of Normandy
His strong monarchy disintegrated on his death during the short reigns of his sons Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut

Chronology
1013 Aethelred is forced into exile in Normandy
1014 Death of Sweyn I Forkbeard of Denmark
1016 Edmund II Ironside is chosen as king but defeated by
Cnut
1034 Duncan I, king of Scots
1035 Harold I Harefoot, king of England

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8 gru 11 4:57

this sceptered isle 16 The Saintly Dunstan to the Canny Canute.mp3

Today, the introduction of the Order of Service by King Edgar.

King Edgar came to the throne in 955 and reigned peacefully for twenty years. The power behind the throne was a nobleman and a church man who later became a saint. Dunstan became Abbot of Glastonbury at the age of 18 and was later made Archbishop of Canterbury. He did great works rebuilding the English monastic orders. He also encouraged building and decoration, learning and the written word.

Edgar, under the tutelage of St Dunstan, was a very religious man. He became King of Wessex when he was 16. He married twice, his successor Edward was his son by his first marriage.

Edgar died in 975 and was succeeded by Edward the Martyr who was murdered while visiting his step mother and his half brother Aethelred, who succeeded him and who was known as the Unready.

In 980 serious raids began again from Ireland, Scandinavia and Denmark. The next thirty years were once again turbulent. Aethelred was forced to pay enormous amounts of money to the marauding Vikings as bribes - this was known as Danegeld.

ST DUNSTAN :

Became Abbot of Glastonbury in 943
The most influential organiser of English monastic life in Saxon times
A political intriguer as well as monk
Became Archbishop of Canterbury thanks to his friendship with King Edgar

DID YOU KNOW ?
Aethelred the Unready really means Aethelred the badly advised (unread).

Chronology
954 Eric Bloodaxe of Norway is routed at York English take Northumbria
959 Edgar king of England
960 St Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury
978 Edward the Martyr murdered at Corfe Castle

10 SAINTS
• St Alban
• St Patrick
• St David
• St Columba
• St Augustine
• St Aidan
• St Hild
• St Paulinus
• St Boniface
• St Dunstan

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1 gru 11 8:07

this sceptered isle 15 Athelstan.mp3

Churchill called him 'the valiant Athelstan.' But why was Alfred the Great's grandson so important?

Athelstan was the third of the great West Saxon kings. He is the first king of Wessex - the first king of all England, Rex totius Britanniae.

In 926 he marched into York. The kings of the Scots and of Strathclyde acknowledged him as their ‘father and lord’ and the Welsh princes agreed to pay tribute.

The Celts, the Danes and the Norwegians led by Constantine, king of the Scots, together with Olaf of Dublin declared war on Athelstan. They met at Brunanburh in 937 and Athelstan's victory was overwhelming.

Athelstan considered himself not only a British sovereign but also a European one. He arranged for his three sisters to marry, respectively, the Carolinian king Charles the Simple, the Capetian Hugh the Great and Otto the Saxon - a future Holy Roman Emperor.

Athelstan died two years later. His legacy was a more United Kingdom with the beginnings of organised courts and councils. He was succeeded by his half brother, Edmund who was followed quickly by Edred.

There now appeared a fearsome Viking leader, Eric Bloodaxe. He invaded Northumbria, the Northumbrians were mainly Vikings and welcomed him until it became obvious that he meant to kill them and burn their towns. The Northumbrians turned against Eric and killed him and his sons at the Battle of Stainmore.

In 955 Edgar succeeded to the throne of Mercia, his brother, Eadwig became king of Wessex but when Eadwig died a couple of years later Edgar became King of Wessex, Mercia and Northumberland.

ATHELSTAN (895 - 939)

The first King to rule over all England
The first King to be recognised throughout Europe
He had his head on coins.
The truly British Monarchs can be dated from Athelstan

SAXON KINGS
• Aethelwulf (d. 858)
• Aethelred I (d. 871)
• Alfred the Great (d. 899)
• Edward the Elder (d. 924)
• Athelstan I (d. 939)
• Edmund I (d. 946)
• Edred (d. 955)
• Eadwig (d. 959)
• Edgar (d. 975)
• Edward the Martyr (d. 978)

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1 gru 11 8:04

this sceptered isle 14 The Death of Alfred.mp3

Despite Danegeld and baptism, the Danes continue to cause trouble for the Saxons. Alfred dies after ruling for 28 years. Anna Massey narrates the history of Britain.

Alfred died on 26 October 899. How he died is unknown, although he suffered throughout his life with a painful and unpleasant illness – possibly Crohn's disease,[84] which seems to have been inherited by his grandson King Edred. He was originally buried temporarily in the Old Minster in Winchester, then moved to the New Minster (perhaps built especially to receive his body). When the New Minster moved to Hyde, a little north of the city, in 1110, the monks transferred to Hyde Abbey along with Alfred's body and those of his wife and children. Soon after the dissolution of the abbey in 1539, during the reign of Henry VIII, the church was demolished, leaving the graves intact.[85] The royal graves and many others were probably rediscovered by chance in 1788 when a prison was being constructed by convicts on the site. Coffins were stripped of lead, bones were scattered and lost, and no identifiable remains of Alfred have subsequently been found. Further excavations in 1866 and 1897 were inconclusive.[85][86]

He is regarded as a saint by some Catholics,[87] but an attempt by king Henry VI in 1441 to get him canonized was unsuccessful.[88][89] The Anglican Communion venerates him as a Christian hero, with a feast day of 26 October,[90] and he may often be found depicted in stained glass in Church of England parish churches.

Chronology
55BC Julius Caesar
43AD Conquest began
410 Romans leave
450 St Patrick
477 Saxons land in Sussex
494 Jutes in Kent
518 King Arthur
550 St David
563 St Columba
597 St Augustine
715 Beowulf
731 Venerable Bede
760 The Book of Kells
783 Offa's Dyke
891 Anglo Saxon Chronicle begins
916 Vikings attack Ireland
924 Athelstan becomes king
954 Eric Bloodaxe of Norway is routed at York English take Northumbria
959 Edgar king of England
960 St Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury
978 Edward the Martyr murdered at Corfe Castle
1013 Aethelred forced into exile in Normandy
1014 Death of Sweyn I Forkbeard of Denmark
1016 Edmund II Ironside chosen as king but defeated by
Cnut
1034 Duncan I, king of Scots
1035 Harold I Harefoot, king of England
1040 Harthacnut becomes king of England
Macbeth becomes king of Scotland
1042 Edward the Confessor becomes king of England
1052 Earl Godwine returns to England and regains Wessex
1058 Malcolm III Canmore, king of Scots
1064 Harold visits William II Normandy
1066 Harold II becomes king
Defeats Harold Hardrada and Tostig at Stamford Bridge
Defeated by William of Normandy at Hastings
William I, the Conqueror becomes king
1070 Lanfrac becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
1072 William the Conqueror invades Scotland
Malcolm III of Scots pays homage to William
1078 William the Conqueror begins the Tower of London
1086 Domesday
1087 William the Conqueror dies
William Rufus becomes king of England
Robert becomes II Duke of Normandy

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1 gru 11 8:02

this sceptered isle 13 Alfred the Great.mp3

He burnt the cakes, he founded a navy. But why was Alfred 'Great'? Anna Massey narrates the history of Britain.

Alfred was born in the village of Wanating, now Wantage, Oxfordshire. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex, by his first wife, Osburh.[3]

In 853, at the age of four, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,[4] he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who "anointed him as king". Victorian writers interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his ultimate succession to the throne of Wessex. However, his succession could not have been foreseen at the time, as Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a "consul"; a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion.[5] It may also be based on Alfred's later having accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, around 854–855.

On their return from Rome in 856, Æthelwulf was deposed by his son Æthelbald. With civil war looming, the magnates of the realm met in council to hammer out a compromise. Æthelbald would retain the western shires (i.e., traditional Wessex), and Æthelwulf would rule in the east.

When King Æthelwulf died in 858, Wessex was ruled by three of Alfred's brothers in succession, Æthelbald, Æthelbert and Æthelred.[6]

Bishop Asser tells the story of how as a child Alfred won a prize of a volume of poetry in English, offered by his mother to the first of her children able to memorise it. Legend also has it that the young Alfred spent time in Ireland seeking healing. Alfred was troubled by health problems throughout his life. It is thought that he may have suffered from Crohn's disease. Statues of Alfred in Winchester and Wantage portray him as a great warrior. Evidence suggests he was not physically strong, and though not lacking in courage, he was more noted for his intellect than a warlike character.[7]

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1 gru 11 8:01

this sceptered isle 10 Edwin to Whitby.mp3

how King Edwin became one of the most powerful men of his day.

Edwin (Old English: Ēadwine; c. 586 – 12 October 632/633), also known as Eadwine or Æduini, was the King of Deira and Bernicia – which later became known as Northumbria – from about 616 until his death. He converted to Christianity and was baptised in 627; after he fell at the Battle of Hatfield Chase, he was venerated as a saint.

Edwin was the son of Ælle king of Deira and seems to have had (at least) two siblings. His sister Acha was married to Æthelfrith, king of neighbouring Bernicia. An otherwise unknown sibling fathered Hereric, who in turn fathered Abbess Hilda of Whitby and Hereswith, wife to Æthelric, the brother of king Anna of East Anglia.[1]

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1 gru 11 7:59

this sceptered isle 12 The Vikings.mp3

Having landed in the north of England, the Vikings fought a harsh battle near Lindisfarne.

``On the seventh of the ides of June, they reached the church of Lindisfarne, and there they miserably ravaged and pillaged everything; they trod the holy things under their polluted feet, they dug down the altars, and plundered all the treasures of the church. Some of the brethren they slew, some they carried off with them in chains, the greater number they stripped naked, insulted, and cast out of doors, and some they drowned in the sea.``

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1 gru 11 7:57

this sceptered isle 11 Ethelbald and His Woman; Of fa and His Dyke.mp3

War was a cruel way of life from 731 to 829AD, under two Mercia Kings Ethelbald and Offa. Both reigned for 40 years.

Æthelbald (also spelled Ethelbald, or Aethelbald)[1] (died 757) was the King of Mercia, in what is now the English Midlands, from 716 until 757. During his long reign, Mercia became the dominant kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons, and recovered the position of pre-eminence it had enjoyed during the seventh century under the strong Mercian kings Penda and Wulfhere. Mercian domination of England continued until the end of the eighth century; Offa, the grandson of Æthelbald's cousin Eanwulf, ruled for an additional thirty-nine years, starting shortly after Æthelbald's murder.

Æthelbald came to the throne on the death of his cousin, King Ceolred. Both Wessex and Kent were ruled by strong kings at that time, but within fifteen years the contemporary chronicler Bede describes Æthelbald as ruling all England south of the river Humber. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not list Æthelbald as a bretwalda, or "Ruler of Britain", though this may be due to the West Saxon origin of the Chronicle.

St Boniface wrote to Æthelbald in about 745, reproving him for various dissolute and irreligious acts. The subsequent 747 council of Clovesho, and a charter Æthelbald issued at Gumley in 749—which freed the church from some of its obligations—may have been responses to Boniface's letter. Æthelbald was killed in 757 by his bodyguards. He was succeeded briefly by Beornrad, of whom little is known, but within a year Offa had seized the throne.

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this sceptered isle 9 The Arrogant Saint.mp3

Augustine is sent over from Rome to preach the word of God.

The Arrival in Kent of the missionaries sent By Gregory the Great (597)

In the year of our Lord 582, Maurice, the fifty-fourth emperor from Augustus, ascended the throne and reigned twenty-one years. In the tenth year of his reign, Gregory, a man renowned for learning and behavior, was promoted to the apostolic see of Rome,' and presided over it thirteen years, six months, and ten days. He, being moved by divine inspiration, about the one hundred and fiftieth year after the coming of the English into Britain, sent the servant of God, Augustine, and with him several other monks who feared the Lord, to preach the word of God to the English nation. . . .

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this sceptered isle 8 Who Are the English.mp3

Anna Massey narrates the history of Britain, revealing how the invading Angles, Saxons and Jutes became the English.

The Benedictine monk Bede, writing in the early 8th century, identified the English as the descendants of three Germanic tribes:[4]
the Angles, who may have come from Angeln (in modern Germany): Bede wrote that their whole nation came to Britain,[5] leaving their former land empty. The name England (Old English: Engla land or Ængla land) originates from this tribe;[6]
the Saxons, from Lower Saxony (in modern Germany; German: Niedersachsen) and the Low Countries;
the Jutes, possibly from the Jutland peninsula (in modern Denmark; Danish: Jylland).

Their language, Old English, which derived from Ingvaeonic West Germanic dialects, transformed into Middle English from the 11th century. Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish.

55BC Julius Caesar
43AD Conquest begins
410 Romans leave
450 St Patrick
477 Saxons land in Sussex
494 Jutes in Kent
c.518 King Arthur
550 St David
563 St Columba
597 St Augustine
715 Beowulf
731 Venerable Bede
760 The Book of Kells
783 Offa's Dyke

12,6 MB
1 gru 11 7:52

this sceptered isle 7 Camelot.mp3

Anna Massey takes us back to the Dark Ages to examine whether there is any truth behind the legend of King Arthur.

Camelot is a castle and court associated with the legendary King Arthur. Absent in the early Arthurian material, Camelot first appeared in 12th-century French romances and eventually came to be described as the fantastic capital of Arthur's realm and a symbol of the Arthurian world. The stories locate it somewhere in Britain and sometimes associate it with real cities, though more usually its precise location is not revealed. Most scholars regard it as being entirely fictional, its geography being perfect for romance writers; Arthurian scholar Norris J. Lacy commented that "Camelot, located no where in particular, can be anywhere".[1] Nevertheless arguments about the location of the "real Camelot" have occurred since the 15th century and continue to rage today in popular works and for tourism purposes.

12,6 MB
30 lis 11 20:14

this sceptered isle 6 The Crumbling Legacy.mp3

The Romans have left, meaning the enemy is now the Barbarians

55BC Julius Caesar
43AD Conquest begins
410 Romans leave
450 St Patrick
477 Saxons land in Sussex
494 Jutes in Kent
c.518 King Arthur
550 St David
563 St Columba
597 St Augustine
715 Beowulf
731 Venerable Bede
760 The Book of Kells
783 Offa's Dyke

IMPORTANT ROMAN TOWNS
• Chester
• St Albans
• Colchester
• Bath
• Chichester
• London
• York

12,1 MB
30 lis 11 20:13

this sceptered isle 5 Life in Roman Britain.mp3

Roman rule equals civilisation or enslavement? And then along come the Picts, the Scots and the Saxons to cause trouble.

55BC Julius Caesar
43AD Conquest begins
410 Romans leave
450 St Patrick
477 Saxons land in Sussex
494 Jutes in Kent
c.518 King Arthur
550 St David
563 St Columba
597 St Augustine
715 Beowulf
731 Venerable Bede
760 The Book of Kells
783 Offa's Dyke

12,6 MB
30 lis 11 20:13

this sceptered isle 3 Caratacus - the First Sung H ero.mp3

Claudius is now top man in Rome, and after 100 years another invasion of Britain is on the way.

55BC Julius Caesar
43AD Conquest begins
410 Romans leave
450 St Patrick
477 Saxons land in Sussex
494 Jutes in Kent
c.518 King Arthur
550 St David
563 St Columba
597 St Augustine
715 Beowulf
731 Venerable Bede
760 The Book of Kells
783 Offa's Dyke

12,8 MB
30 lis 11 20:00

this sceptered isle 2 The Invasion.mp3

Caesar invades, but doesn't have things all his own way.

BOUDICCA

Queen of the Iceni after the death of her husband Prasutagas
Romans raped her daughters and it was then, in AD 61, that Boudicca led her people against the Romans annihilating the populations of Colchester, St Albans and London
The Governor of Britain, was Paulinus who was fighting in another part of the country. His legions returned to the south east. Although not all of them arrived in time, it was Paulinus who defeated Boudicca and her charioteers and foot soldiers

did you know?
The first Christian church was built in England in 166 AD at Glastonbury

55BC Julius Caesar
43AD Conquest begins
410 Romans leave
450 St Patrick
477 Saxons land in Sussex
494 Jutes in Kent
c.518 King Arthur
550 St David
563 St Columba
597 St Augustine
715 Beowulf
731 Venerable Bede
760 The Book of Kells
783 Offa's Dyke

IMPORTANT ROMAN TOWNS
• Chester
• St Albans
• Colchester
• Bath
• Chichester
• London
• York

12,5 MB
30 lis 11 20:00