Pliki dostępne do 21.01.2024	1984	A CLOCK WORK ORANGE ______
a midsummer night`s dream	accents	Aldous Huxley
Alfred Hitchcock presents Jerome K. Jerome	alice in wonderland	Allen Ginsberg
AMADEUSZ -------------------------	angry young men	animal farm
Anthony And Cleopatra	anton czechow PŁATONOW	BADFELLAS IN VEGAS
BARTLEBY THE SCRIVENER __________________	BARY LYNDON William Makepeace Tackeray	BEOWULF
BLAKE	Byron swimming	CHAUSER ---------Lenny Henry
chesterton,człowiek,który był czwartkiem	clichés	COLERIDGE SAMUEL TAYLOR
DAVID BOWIE	delve special	------------------------------------------DICKENS ----------------------------------------
dickens hardy portsmouth	Doris Lessing - The Grass Is Singing	DOSTOJEWSKI IDIOTA
Dylan Thomas	EDUCATING RITA	edward lear
Edward The Black Prince	Edward VI	ELVIS
enigma variations op.36	ezra pound ,yale lecture	ezra pound, A FEW DON`TS
fahrenheit 451	Faust	Frankenstein Part 1
gargantua i	George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss	gogol,rewizor
great gatsby the_________	gulliver`s travels	Hamlet 2014
HAMLETS	HEART OF DARKNESS	HENRY V
historic scotish figures	JA,KLAUDIUSZ	JANE EYRE
JOYCE. dubliners	Kandyd	Karol I
Karol II	KEATS	ken kesey
KENNEDY pop star	Kenneth Grahame ________	king Athelstan
king james`s bible	KIPLING	knowing me,knowing you
Led Zeppelin John Bonham story	Les Liaisons Dangereuses	Madame Bovary
margaret thatcher	mark steel lectures	Mary Shelley - The Mortal Immortal
Mary Stuart	milczenie owiec .D	Miles Davis
MOBY DICK ______---------------------	MONTY PYTHON	Nathaniel Hawthorne
NATION`S FAVOURITE POEMS 1996______________________________	Oscar Wilde	Oscar Wilde The Ballad of Reading Gaol
Othello, Lenny Henry	Paradise Lost	pink floyd
poetry please	POJEDYNEK NA SZOSIE,the DUEL	PRINCE ROGERS
proms 2010	Prywatne	Richard III
ROB ROY	robinson crusoe	romeo i julia
Różewicz	Salinger.fan letters	Samuel Pepys
Sapho	Shakespeare and love 2012	Shakespeare,life of W.Shakespeare
shakespeare`s playlist	Shakespeare's Restless World	Siegfried Sassoon
Sketches by Boz	SLANG	słuchowisko PRadia ------------------------------------
Somerset Maugham	Spring Storm, by Tennessee Williams	STUDY IN SCARLET '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
sylvia plath	Szymborska 02.02.2012	T.S. ELLIOT ____________
TAKE IT FROM HERE	Tamburlane MARLOWE	Ted Hughes 2011
TENNYSON,IN MEMORIAM	The Battle of Bosworth Field	THE CARETAKER __________________
THE ENTERTAINER __________	The Fall of the House of Usher	The Gothic Imagination Bloody Poetry +Marry Shelley
the RAVEN	the tempest	THE VANISHING
The Wizard of Oz	Thomas Hardy	three men in a boat ))
Tori Amos	TROY Wojna Trojańska	TUDOR TARANTINO Middelton
Twelfth Night_________________	ULYSSES 2012 !!! w radio bbc 4 _________------------------------------------------	Vivat Rex !! _____________
w poszukiwaniu straconego czasu cz.2	WESTMINSTER ABBEY	Whitman
Wilfred Owen	Wordsworth,Tintern Abbey,The Prelude	zachomikowane

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38,0 MB
29 maj 12 8:02

tsi 145. The End of Lord North.mp3

The End of Lord North
George III was under considerable strain. He considered abdicating and returning to Germany. There was a feeling in the country that "someone had to pay" for the humiliation of American Independence. North had lost the support of Parliament and resigned. The king called for Rockingham but within four months Rockingham was dead.
It was left to Shelburne to continue negotiations for peace with America. Britain was isolated. The Franco-Spanish alliance threatened peace in Europe. The French were threatening peace in India. The Americans were negotiating peace terms. Rockingham had agreed to Irish legislative independence which would last until 1801.

Edward Gibbon
EDWARD GIBBON (1737-1794)

Historian
Went to Italy in 1763-1764
Began writing The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire the first volume of which was published in 1776
The work is considered fine literature although some historians questioned its sources and omissions
Above all, it is a reflection of Gibbon's pessimistic view of life, which in turn reflects the age in which he wrote
DID YOU KNOW?
William Howe captured New York and Philadelphia in 1777. He resigned in 1778 and set up a parliamentary enquiry into the conduct of the war.

45 KB
26 maj 12 16:04

british-surrender-560.jpg

Cornwallis's British army surrenders to General Washington at Yorktown

37 KB
26 maj 12 16:01

yorktown.jpg

Generals: General Washington commanded the Americans, Lieutenant General de Rochambeau commanded the French and Major General Lord Cornwallis commanded the British.

Size of the armies: 8,800 Americans, 7,800 French and 6,000 British

31,2 MB
26 maj 12 13:27

tsi 144. Yorktown.mp3

Franco-American forces triumph and Britain loses its American colonies.

32,6 MB
25 maj 12 1:11

tsi 143. Saratoga.mp3

America has proclaimed its independence, but the war with Britain continues.

42,2 MB
25 maj 12 1:11

tsi 142. Jefferson and The Fourth Of July.mp3

Amid the threat of war, Benjamin Franklin drafts the Declaration of Independence.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

New Hampshire
Massachusetts Bay
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia

36,7 MB
24 maj 12 23:53

tsi 141. The American War of Independence.mp3

The army confronts the Bostonian militia and the American War of Independence begins.

American Independence
The War of American Independence began in 1775 at Lexington and Concord. At first the Patriots, as they came to be called, did not have great support in the original 13 colonies. By the time the war had ended, with the Battle of Yorktown in 1783, all had changed.

George III is said to have lost America. The battles were won often because of British military incompetence, although generals such as Cornwallis, operated in very difficult circumstances. A young soldier who started the war as colonel was to become President. His name was George Washington.

GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732-1799)

First President of the United States of America (1789-1797)
A Virginian with roots in northern England
Fought the French between 1755 and 1759
Started in the War of American Independence as a young colonel
Commanded the Continental Army in 1775 at Yorktown
Presided over the federal convention of 1787 when the Constitution was adopted
Elected first US President
Retired in 1797
The capital city of the then new United States of America was named after him

13 ORIGINAL COLONIES
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• Georgia
• Massachusetts
• Maryland
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Pennsylvania
• Virginia
• Rhode Island

36,7 MB
24 maj 12 7:08

tsi 140. The Boston Tea Party.mp3

The origins of the American War of Independence are examined.

1770 Lord North becomes Prime Minister
1773 Boston Tea Party
1775 American Revolution begins
1776 American Declaration of Independence

32,7 MB
21 maj 12 1:54

tsi 139. Warren Hastings and Who Owns India.mp3

Affairs in India came to a head in 1770. Lord North, then Prime Minister, passed the Regulating Act. This put the commercial running of the East India Company into the hands of its directors. The Government of Bengal was to be administered by a Governor-General and a four man council. Britain was to appoint a Justice of the Supreme Court. The Governor-General was to be vetoed and controlled by the Nawab of Bengal, the Board of Directors and a Council.

Hastings became Governor-General in 1773. He got very little help from England, financial or material. He gathered funds locally charging the Indian Princes for protection. He did much to reform affairs in India and laid the ground rules for what would become the Indian Civil Service. Hastings finally left India in 1785. He was welcomed and honoured in England but a Parliamentary inquiry into his conduct was set afoot. His trial began in 1788 and lasted seven years. He was acquitted.

WARREN HASTINGS (1732-1818)

Governor of Bengal from 1771
Governor-General of British India from 1773
From a wealthy Worcestershire family fallen on hard times
Schooled at Westminster
Went to India as a clerk aged 16
Reformed revenue administration and the courts
Organized the opium revenue
Fought a war against the Mahrattas
Resigned in 1784
Burke campaigned for his impeachment
His trial started in 1788 and continued for seven years
Acquitted in 1795 but financially ruined

Did you know?:////////////////////////////////////////////////
The Hastings family had to sell their family home at Daylesford in Worcestershire? Warren Hastings went to India to seek fame, power and enough money to buy his home back. He did so in 1795.

30,6 MB
17 maj 12 17:17

tsi 138. Lord North and The Boston Massacre.mp3

Lord North
In 1770 Frederick North became First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister. He was a Tory. During his 12 years as Prime Minister Britain would lose the War of American Independence. In 1770 there was a move to reform Parliament - The Bill of Rights Society was formed which said that Parliament should sit every year, that placemen (those in Parliament to maintain the government's majority) should be abolished and that MPs should have mandates from the electorate. Debates in the House were still, officially, secret affairs.

In Lord North, George III finally found a leader who would be the King's most loyal subject. George III held Parliament, Cabinet and policy in his hand.

Chronology
1760 George II dies
George III becomes king
Wolfe dies at Quebec
1761 Pitt the Elder falls from power
1762 Newcastle resigns
Bute becomes Prime Minister
1763 Bute resigns
Grenville becomes Prime Minister
1765 Rockingham becomes Prime Minister
Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny
1766 Grafton becomes nominal Prime Minister
1768 Royal Academy of Arts founded
1769 Captain Cook lands at Tahiti
.............................................................................
1770 Lord North becomes Prime Minister .............................................................................
1773 Boston Tea Party
1775 American Revolution begins
1776 American Declaration of Independence
1778 Death of Pitt the Elder
France joins America against Britain
1782 North resigns
Rockingham becomes Prime Minister
Rockingham dies
Shelburne becomes Prime Minister

32,3 MB
16 maj 12 21:34

tsi 137. Watt, Arkwright and the Industrial Revolu tion.mp3

1769 was a remarkable year for England and patents.

Watt, Arkwright & Industrial Revolution
The late 18th century saw the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. In 1769 Richard Arkwright invented a spinning frame powered by water; James Watt patented his steam engine; Josiah Wedgwood opened another pottery and the Royal Academy had its first president, Joshua Reynolds. The style and location of industry was changing. New inventions and the relationship between technology and science were the reasons.

In1769 Britain was almost entirely an agricultural society. In the last 40 years of the 18th century exports and imports more than doubled in value. Steam engines provided a new source of power in factories and foundries. Canals were constructed which carried coal cheaply to new centres of industry. New methods of smelting led to an increase in the output of iron. New roads, with a hard and durable surface, connected the new centres of industries with the ports.

Chronology
1760 George II dies
George III becomes king
Wolfe dies at Quebec
1761 Pitt the Elder falls from power
1762 Newcastle resigns
Bute becomes Prime Minister
1763 Bute resigns
Grenville becomes Prime Minister
1765 Rockingham becomes Prime Minister
Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny
1766 Grafton becomes nominal Prime Minister
1768 Royal Academy of Arts founded
1769 Captain Cook lands at Tahiti
1770 Lord North becomes Prime Minister
1773 Boston Tea Party
1775 American Revolution begins
1776 American Declaration of Independence
1778 Death of Pitt the Elder
France joins America against Britain
1782 North resigns
Rockingham becomes Prime Minister
Rockingham dies
Shelburne becomes Prime Minister

30,6 MB
16 maj 12 7:52

tsi 136. Window Taxes and Highway Robbery.mp3

Window Taxes & Highway Robbery
At the start of the 1700s the Government was taking £4.3million a year in taxes. By the end of the century it was nearly £32million. National Debt was rising. In 1700 it was about £14million by the end of George III's first decade, it was £129million. By the end of the century it would be £456million. The interest alone was £9million a year and taxation had doubled.

Highway robbery was widespread. A police force was desperately required though debated with suspicion. Henry Fielding, a magistrate working from Bow Street, organized freelance thief takers. These became known as Bow Street Runners and are the forerunners of the police force which was not formed until the early part of the 19th Century. Up until 1750 if the law needed enforcing soldiers had to be called.

HENRY FIELDING (1707-1754)

Magistrate, dramatist and novelist and popularly remembered as the author of The History Of Tom Jones, A Foundling and The Adventures Of Joseph Andrews And His Friend
A prolific writer of comedies and farces with a political edge
Helped provoke Walpole's Government into passing the 1737 licensing act
Produced his masterpiece Tom Jones in 1749
Political connections led to his appointment as a Westminster magistrate in 1748
Became chairman in 1749 and, with his brother John, helped set up THE BOW
STREET RUNNERS

Chronology
1756 Pitt the Elder becomes Secretary at War
Seven Years' War starts
Black Hole of Calcutta
1757 Militia Act
Calcutta recaptured
1760 George II dies
George III becomes king
Wolfe dies at Quebec
1761 Pitt the Elder falls from power
1762 Newcastle resigns
Bute becomes Prime Minister
1763 Bute resigns
Grenville becomes Prime Minister
1765 Rockingham becomes Prime Minister
Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny
1766 Grafton becomes nominal Prime Minister
1768 Royal Academy of Arts founded
1769 Captain Cook lands at Tahiti
1770 Lord North becomes Prime Minister

30,7 MB
15 maj 12 22:19

tsi 135. Captain Cook.mp3

Captain Cook
Captain Cook was a navigator, an explorer and an hydrographer. In 1768 he began the first of his three great voyages. In a decade he sailed to Tahiti, New Zealand, Australian and Hawaii. He plotted the exact positions of the Easter Islands and Tonga, New Caledonia and Norfolk Island. He surveyed the North American coast and charted the extreme coast of Siberia before sailing south again to Hawaii.

Geographically, however, there was still great ignorance of what lay south of the equator. Everyone knew about Europe, something of China, India and North America, but not much about the southern hemisphere.

Cook had orders to observe a transit of Venus from Tahiti in June 1769. He took with him a second secret set of orders not to be opened until his first orders had been carried out. These instructed him that, if and when he discovered the Continent he must measure it and survey the coastal waters, shoals, currents, tides and harbours, headlands and rocks. He was to look for fish, plants, minerals, precious stones, beasts and fowl and bring examples back to England.

Chronology
1760 George II dies
George III becomes king
Wolfe dies at Quebec
1761 Pitt the Elder falls from power
1762 Newcastle resigns
Bute becomes Prime Minister
1763 Bute resigns
Grenville becomes Prime Minister
1765 Rockingham becomes Prime Minister
Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny
1766 Grafton becomes nominal Prime Minister
1768 Royal Academy of Arts founded
1769 Captain Cook lands at Tahiti............................................................
1770 Lord North becomes Prime Minister
1773 Boston Tea Party
1775 American Revolution begins
1776 American Declaration of Independence
1778 Death of Pitt the Elder
France joins America against Britain
1782 North resigns
Rockingham becomes Prime Minister
Rockingham dies
Shelburne becomes Prime Minister

30,3 MB
12 maj 12 22:55

tsi 134. Edinburgh New Town.mp3

Pitt the Elder, now the Earl of Chatham, became lord privy seal. He was not at all well, suffering from gout and bouts of desperate depression. By1768 he was not really in control, Grafton was now Prime Minister. Ministers did not rally round the ailing Pitt - it was not until Pitt the Younger became Prime Minister that collective Cabinet responsibility became a reality.

The population was growing and with it the towns and cities. Gradually the habit of emptying chamber pots from upstairs windows was replaced with good drainage and common sewers this helped to raise the average life expectancy from thirty-one or thirty-two to thirty nine.

12,3 MB
10 maj 12 19:37

tsi 133. Goldsmith and Sterne and 18th Century Let ters.mp3

Taxing the Colonies and Smuggling at Home

Pitt the Elder, now the Earl of Chatham, became lord privy seal. He was not at all well, suffering from gout and bouts of desperate depression. By1768 he was not really in control, Grafton was now Prime Minister. Ministers did not rally round the ailing Pitt - it was not until Pitt the Younger became Prime Minister that collective Cabinet responsibility became a reality.

The population was growing and with it the towns and cities. Gradually the habit of emptying chamber pots from upstairs windows was replaced with good drainage and common sewers this helped to raise the average life expectancy from thirty-one or thirty-two to thirty nine.

13,6 MB
10 maj 12 19:20

tsi 132. Rockingham, The Stamp Act, Hargreaves and Jenny.mp3

Stamp Act, Rockingham, Hargreaves and Jenny

In the 1760s there was a growing sense of nationalism, it was felt that the fundamental principles of Englishness, that began with opposition to the Normans, had been abandoned. There was a feeling of anti-Scottishness, not helped by the unpopular Earl of Bute.

Meanwhile the introduction of stamp duty on newspapers as well as legal documents in America was to lead to a debate about Britain's right to tax the colonies. Stamp duty did not last long, by the end of 1765 Rockingham repealing it. Rockingham forced through legislation that declared British sovereignty in America declaring that the colonists were subjects of the Crown and therefore liable to the Crown's laws including taxation. Many governors in America preferred not to impose taxes they could not enforce. The British Americans denied the authority of Parliament over the colonies but declared their loyalty to King and Empire.

15,4 MB
8 maj 12 20:09

tsi 131. Infant Poverty and The North Briton.mp3

The North Briton newspaper exposed corruption within Parliament.

In the 1760s there was a growing sense of nationalism, it was felt that the fundamental principles of Englishness, that began with opposition to the Normans, had been abandoned. There was a feeling of anti-Scottishness, not helped by the unpopular Earl of Bute.

Meanwhile the introduction of stamp duty on newspapers as well as legal documents in America was to lead to a debate about Britain's right to tax the colonies. Stamp duty did not last long, by the end of 1765 Rockingham repealing it. Rockingham forced through legislation that declared British sovereignty in America declaring that the colonists were subjects of the Crown and therefore liable to the Crown's laws including taxation. Many governors in America preferred not to impose taxes they could not enforce. The British Americans denied the authority of Parliament over the colonies but declared their loyalty to King and Empire.

12,4 MB
8 maj 12 20:09

tsi 130. Grenville as PM and How Boswell Met Johns on.mp3

Anna Massey narrates the rise of Grenville.

In 1763 Bute resigned. George Grenville took over but argued with George III who still sought advice from Bute on most subjects. The King even asked Pitt to take over from Grenville but Pitt refused. Grenville felt more secure and demanded that Bute stopped advising the King. Grenville had not always been a Tory, he had been one of the Cobham Cubs, the opposition group to Walpole.

George III did not trust his Prime Minister and Grenville in his turn trusted neither the king nor Parliament. He had resigned by the end of 1765.

13,1 MB
7 maj 12 5:51

CZĘŚĆ CZWARTA 4 LIBERTY OR DEATH.mp3

========================================================================The frustration of 17 years of Roman occupation finally boils over as Boudicca's bloody revolt takes off. Anna Massey narrates.

British history with names that we can remember begins with the Romans in 55 BC. The conquest itself did not start until AD 43.

The resistance produced famous leaders including Caractacus and Boudicca, sometimes called Boadicea. Romans were in Britain for 500 years, roughly the same time as it is from the Wars of the Roses to the present day. When they left in around AD 410 they took with them the discipline of maintaining society. Crafts and skills were lost, houses, villas and roads crumbled.

Gradually the tribes grouped together fought invaders until in the 10th century AD the peoples of England were ruled by one king, Athelstan. The Britons remained beyond the Marches of Wales and the Celtic clans fought each other and marauded into England as far south as Lancashire.

BOUDICCA =============================================================

40,5 MB
5 maj 12 21:04

tsi 129. The End of the Seven Years War.mp3

We've reached the demise of George II and George III's attempts at radical constitutional change.

Parliament negotiates peace at the Treaty of Paris but declares war on Spain;

In 1760 George II died and his grandson, George III became King. The monarch no longer reigned by divine right, there were rules of succession. George III was not bright but was conscientious. He had relied on the Earl of Bute for his political education.

Pitt was the most powerful man in Parliament though not Prime Minister. The Earl of Bute and George III did not want him. Pitt and Newcastle resigned over a disagreement over war with Spain. Parliament had had enough of war and subsequently negotiated peace at the Treaty of Paris. Bute became Prime Minister.

Ironically within three months of Pitt's resignation, the Government was compelled to declare war on Spain.

The terms of the Treaty of Paris, together with new and unpopular taxes brought about mob protests on the streets of England in 1763. Within weeks Bute had resigned. George Grenville became Prime Minister.

33,8 MB
5 maj 12 21:04

tsi 128. The End Of Pitt The Elder and the First C anal.mp3

Despite his achievements in India and North America, Pitt the Elder is forced to resign at the time of his greatest success.

In 1759 India was finally won for the British Empire by the East India Company. The whole British way of life in India had changed. It was now impossible for the British to remain simply as traders. They would have to rule or perish.

Calcutta had been recaptured in 1757. Surajah Dowlah's cruelty led to his own men joining with Clive to depose him and put Mir Jafar on the throne. Clive met Surajah Dowlah at Plessey.

Clive wrote to Pitt that the time was right for Britain to take over India. He understood that the people were fickle, the princes could be bought, there were no deep loyalties. But who should administer India, the East India Company or the Crown? Who should take the profits?

32,4 MB
3 maj 12 11:14

tsi 127. India and the Death of George II.mp3

Focussing on one of the most significant figures of British rule in India,

In India anarchy ruled. In 1761 after a trip to England Clive was made Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Bengal by the East India Company. He had to establish order. His reforms were drastic but their success led the Mogul Emperor to invite him to extend a British protectorate to Delhi and all Northern India. Clive refused. He understood the danger of the Company taking on the responsibilities of Empire. The Indian rulers should administer justice, the Company revenues.

In America in 1760 the British captured Quebec and then Montreal. Canada was won.

The future George III had been brought up by his mother and her adviser the Earl of Bute. In 1760 George II died. George III became king. A year later Pitt resigned and Bute became prime minister.

30,9 MB
2 maj 12 8:49

tsi 126. The First World War.mp3

Global conflict was raging in the middle of the 18th century, but the biggest enemies were Britain and France.

By accepting Pitt as secretary at war, George II accepted that the King's power to choose his own ministers was now negligible.

The war in the Americas was savage. It was fundamentally Britain against France but there was more at stake. There were now more than one million British Americans, some were third or fourth generation. They were not convinced they wanted to fight for the British and were not always sure which side they should fight for. The Red Indians lent another facet to the war many were under the pay of the French.

George Washington, a Virginian officer, was learning his first military lessons.

33,8 MB
30 kwi 12 21:18

tsi 125. Pitt's Militia, The Plan to Invade Canada and An Act Of Marriage.mp3

Pitt makes the decision to invade Canada, and the Marriage Act is passed. Anna Massey narrates the history of the British Isles.

The Seven Years War started badly for Britain. Minorca was lost, Pomerania threatened. In Canada Montcalm was pressing against the American frontier forts. Pitt came to the war office convinced he was the only person who could save Britain. Before the end of 1757 he had sent back the foreign troops paid to defend Britain and introduced the militia, now the Territorial Army. The Militia Act of 1757 laid down who would be called up, who would be trained, for how long and when.

Pitt now turned his attention to America, he planned to invade Canada.

38,8 MB
28 kwi 12 23:02

tsi 124. The Black Hole of Calcutta, Minorca and S even Years War.mp3

Pitt the Elder comes to realise his ambition and proves his worth.

n 1756 Britain and Prussia went to war against France, Russia, Austria, Sweden and Saxony. This war, known as the Seven Years War was the first world war and the beginning of the British Empire.

Pitt became Britain's war secretary - Frederick the Great declared "England has long been in labour, but at last she has brought forth a man". From his office in Cleveland Row Pitt designed and won a war which extended from India in the East to America in the West.

In 1757 Pitt was made Prime Minister. Minorca had been an affront. Calcutta caused outrage. The Indian leader had marched on Calcutta and imprisoned those who had not previously escaped in the Black Hole, a room measuring 14ft by 18ft. There were too many in too small a space and most of them died of suffocation in the hot Indian night. The British wanted revenge.

30,9 MB
28 kwi 12 22:57

tsi 123. Death of a Prime Minister, the Sacking of Pitt and a New Calendar.mp3

Pitt's vision of becoming Prime Minister looks remote and Britain comes to dominate world trade.

William Pitt was still hoping to be Prime Minister but when Henry Pelham died in 1754 the King's relentless dislike of Pitt led to Newcastle becoming Prime Minister and Henry Fox, secretary of state. Pitt's hopes seemed at an end, he was dismissed from the pay office in 1755.

Pitt attacked the Government, for neglecting Britain's trade interests overseas, especially those threatened by France. Two months later a convention was signed between Britain and Prussia; followed by a treaty between the French and the Austrians - a complete reversal of alliances. The French and the British were at war in India and in the north Americas defending trading rights. The Americas were important because they needed iron and wool and this revived the wool industry in Britain and led the young iron industry to boom.

The uneasy peace of Europe slipped away and the Seven Years War began

32,0 MB
28 kwi 12 22:52

tsi 122. Clive of India.mp3

What kind of man was Clive of India?

The great empire of the Moguls was disintegrating, early in the 18th century the succession was disputed and peace broke down. The British and the French were rivals in India but commercial ones, they were interested in trading rather than gaining territories. Gradually trading became more difficult as the Indian territories fought each other. It became clear that India needed a new ruler.

In 1746 the French took Madras. Clive, who had joined the East India Company's army as a Captain, set out to attack Arcot, the French headquarters in India. The French immediately returned, the struggle lasted 50 days and was finally won by the British.

By 1752 Clive had defeated the French and placed Mahomet Ali, the British candidate, on the throne.

30,8 MB
27 kwi 12 3:02

tsi 121. The Treaty of Serene and Potent Kings and Roast Beef and Plum Pudding.mp3

It's the middle of the 18th century and the Whigs are fading fast.

The war of Austrian Succession was over. France was tired. Frederick the Great had won Silesia. England was preoccupied with the Jacobite Rebellion. In London there was more concern for the National Debt than losing the war in Europe. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapell was signed in 1748. The war was inconclusive, so was the treaty and within 8 years England would be at war again.

By the middle of the 18th Century Britain's foreign interests were growing. Britain had territories stretching from India to the Americas. A strong foreign policy was required and not one based on traditional relations and animosities in Europe. England's first interest was now trade rather than political or military ambitions.

30,7 MB
27 kwi 12 1:52

tsi 120. Hogarth, The Price of Gin and Pitt The El der.mp3

The row over William Pitt, the art of William Hogarth, the misery of Gin Lane.

The Jacobite rebellion was quashed by the Duke of Cumberland in 40 minutes on the Moor of Culloden. The Jacobite peers were beheaded, the Scottish Secretary of State's office closed. Protestantism and education were encouraged.

In Parliament the Pelhams wanted William Pitt, the Elder in Government, the King refused. The Pelhams pressed their point and the King agreed that William Pitt should become Secretary at War but that he would not admit him into his presence.

The King complained of being forced and Lord Bath encouraged him. William Pitt renounced the office. The Pelhams refused to allow him to go and demanded that the King give him and them a public vote of confidence. The King refused and the Pelhams resigned. This was the first time a British Government resigned on a matter of political principle.

Bath and Granville, the opposition, were asked by the King to form a Government but did not have the support of the Commons. The King had to back down. The Pelhams were invited back. Pitt was not made Secretary at War but Joint Vice Treasurer of Ireland and then soon after Paymaster General of the Forces.

43,8 MB
22 kwi 12 19:05

tsi 119. Bonnie Prince Charlie, Culloden and God S ave the King.mp3

119. Bonnie Prince Charlie, Culloden and God Save the King

In 1745 Henry Pelham presided over Parliament. Britain was still at war in Europe. The Duke of Cumberland became captain general of the armies. In Europe, the French took Tournai and then Flanders.

It is now that Charles Edward Stuart invaded Scotland. Arms, money and discipline were in short supply. The Lowlands were hostile. Charles marched south, occupying Carlisle, Penrith, Lancaster and Preston. The highland chieftains demanded to return to Scotland. At Derby Charles gave the signal to retreat. The Duke of Cumberland was quick to follow and slaughtered the Scots at Culloden Moor in April 1746.

Bonnie Prince Charlie escaped with the help of Flora Macdonald, who disguised him as a woman. The last hope of a Stuart restoration had gone.

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