Pliki dostępne do 21.01.2024	1984	A CLOCK WORK ORANGE ______
a midsummer night`s dream	accents	Aldous Huxley
Alfred Hitchcock presents Jerome K. Jerome	alice in wonderland	Allen Ginsberg
AMADEUSZ -------------------------	angry young men	animal farm
Anthony And Cleopatra	anton czechow PŁATONOW	BADFELLAS IN VEGAS
BARTLEBY THE SCRIVENER __________________	BARY LYNDON William Makepeace Tackeray	BEOWULF
BLAKE	Byron swimming	CHAUSER ---------Lenny Henry
chesterton,człowiek,który był czwartkiem	clichés	COLERIDGE SAMUEL TAYLOR
DAVID BOWIE	delve special	------------------------------------------DICKENS ----------------------------------------
dickens hardy portsmouth	Doris Lessing - The Grass Is Singing	DOSTOJEWSKI IDIOTA
Dylan Thomas	EDUCATING RITA	edward lear
Edward The Black Prince	Edward VI	ELVIS
enigma variations op.36	ezra pound ,yale lecture	ezra pound, A FEW DON`TS
fahrenheit 451	Faust	Frankenstein Part 1
gargantua i	George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss	gogol,rewizor
great gatsby the_________	gulliver`s travels	Hamlet 2014
HAMLETS	HEART OF DARKNESS	HENRY V
historic scotish figures	JA,KLAUDIUSZ	JANE EYRE
JOYCE. dubliners	Kandyd	Karol I
Karol II	KEATS	ken kesey
KENNEDY pop star	Kenneth Grahame ________	king Athelstan
king james`s bible	KIPLING	knowing me,knowing you
Led Zeppelin John Bonham story	Les Liaisons Dangereuses	Madame Bovary
margaret thatcher	mark steel lectures	Mary Shelley - The Mortal Immortal
Mary Stuart	milczenie owiec .D	Miles Davis
MOBY DICK ______---------------------	MONTY PYTHON	Nathaniel Hawthorne
NATION`S FAVOURITE POEMS 1996______________________________	Oscar Wilde	Oscar Wilde The Ballad of Reading Gaol
Othello, Lenny Henry	Paradise Lost	pink floyd
poetry please	POJEDYNEK NA SZOSIE,the DUEL	PRINCE ROGERS
proms 2010	Prywatne	Richard III
ROB ROY	robinson crusoe	romeo i julia
Różewicz	Salinger.fan letters	Samuel Pepys
Sapho	Shakespeare and love 2012	Shakespeare,life of W.Shakespeare
shakespeare`s playlist	Shakespeare's Restless World	Siegfried Sassoon
Sketches by Boz	SLANG	słuchowisko PRadia ------------------------------------
Somerset Maugham	Spring Storm, by Tennessee Williams	STUDY IN SCARLET '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
sylvia plath	Szymborska 02.02.2012	T.S. ELLIOT ____________
TAKE IT FROM HERE	Tamburlane MARLOWE	Ted Hughes 2011
TENNYSON,IN MEMORIAM	The Battle of Bosworth Field	THE CARETAKER __________________
THE ENTERTAINER __________	The Fall of the House of Usher	The Gothic Imagination Bloody Poetry +Marry Shelley
the RAVEN	the tempest	THE VANISHING
The Wizard of Oz	Thomas Hardy	three men in a boat ))
Tori Amos	TROY Wojna Trojańska	TUDOR TARANTINO Middelton
Twelfth Night_________________	ULYSSES 2012 !!! w radio bbc 4 _________------------------------------------------	Vivat Rex !! _____________
w poszukiwaniu straconego czasu cz.2	WESTMINSTER ABBEY	Whitman
Wilfred Owen	Wordsworth,Tintern Abbey,The Prelude	zachomikowane

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12,3 MB
26 sty 12 18:43

this sceptered isle 58 The English people are stil l recovering from plague,famine and war when Tudor s begin their reign.mp3

The England Henry inherited was tired. It was recovering from endless wars and from the deadly plague. Henry was well aware of the vulnerability of his throne. He had had the foresight to declare himself King before the Battle of Bosworth therefore all who fought against him were branded traitors. When Parliament confirmed his right to the throne he married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter thereby satisfying the Yorkists. The Duchess of Burgundy, Richard III's sister sent two pretenders to overcome Henry. The first Lambert Simnel ended up as a scullion in the royal kitchen, the second Perkin Warbeck threatened Henry's peace for seven years but was finally executed.
The first Tudor king

Scotland and France raised their heads again. Henry married his daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland in 1502.

He allied himself with the King of Spain through the marriage of his eldest son to the Infanta, Catherine. France was held at bay and the French King had to buy Henry off thereby making the King wealthy.

12,6 MB
26 sty 12 17:04

this sceptered isle 57 how Richard III came to pow er and what happened to the princess in tower.mp3

Richard murders his nephews, aged 12 and nine.

Edward IV's Queen, Elizabeth, had seven children - her two sons were aged 12 and nine in 1483 when the King was suddenly struck down by an illness and died. Richard of Gloucester, the King's brother became Protector. Richard put the Princes in the Tower and set about invalidating Edward's marriage to Elizabeth thereby proving his right to the throne was greater than theirs. He executed or exiled their supporters. Parliament accepted Richard III as their King. The new King's first task was to murder the Princes.

The murder of the Princes outraged the people and the Duke of Buckingham conspired with the Countess of Richmond to put her son, Henry Tudor, the Earl of Richmond on the throne. Buckingham paid with his head.

In 1484 Richard III's only son died and Henry Tudor became the rival claimant and successor to the throne. In 1485 Richard marched against him and lost the battle of Bosworth and his life

12,2 MB
26 sty 12 17:04

this sceptered isle 56 the wars of the roses.mp3

The King has a breakdown and the Lancastrians rise against the Government.

Henry VI was finally crowned in 1429, though he was not declared of age until 1437. In 1450 the Kentish Rebellion reflected a breakdown in law and order.

Then in 1453 the King had a breakdown. His queen, Margaret of Anjou, aspired to be Protector - in October she gave birth to a son, Edward, but there was uncertainty whether Henry was his father. In 1454 the Duke of York was declared Protector in her stead. The Beauforts (Lancastrians) rose against the Government. The King then recovered slightly. Margaret was ready to do battle, so was the Duke of York.

The Wars of the Roses had begun.

Edward of York, the Earl of March, joined forces with the Earl of Warwick. At Towton Field in Yorkshire Edward won a battle which won him the throne. Henry was imprisoned in the Tower. Edward IV was crowned king in 1465. He beheaded Henry VI in 1471. He died suddenly in 1483.

12,2 MB
26 sty 12 16:58

this sceptered isle 55 Henry VI a sickly child bot h physically and mentally,is crowned King.Joan of Arc and another road to war.mp3

Henry VI came to the throne in 1422, at nine months old. He was not crowned until 1429. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester was made Protector, John, Duke of Bedford, went to France as Regent and Commander in Chief. England was governed by an aristocratic council. The war with France continued but P
Henry VI becomes King of England at the age of nine month.

Parliament was loath to pour more money into the war. The English were
defeated at Orleons in 1429 by Joan of Arc. The Maid of Orleons led her King in triumph to Rheims to be crowned Charles VII of France. At this point she considered her work done but the French court would not let her go home. In May 1430 she was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English, a year later she was burned a the stake. From then on the war went badly for the English. Bedford died and all northern France was reconquered leaving only Calais to the English.

12,2 MB
21 sty 12 19:27

this sceptered isle 54 Henry V the reign of henry V unites england as he takes them into battle with france.mp3

Henry V
Henry V came to the throne in 1415 and ignoring internal disputes set out to conquer France and claim that throne. The French marched to meet him at Agincourt. The English were outnumbered but the English archers were extremely effective and won the day. For the next two years, Henry besieged Normandy. Finally an agreement was reached - Henry would marry Catherine, daughter of Charles VI of France and on the latter's death would become King of France. They married in 1420 but Henry was desperate to end the war. He fought on and died of exhaustion and disease two years later.

The new king Henry VI was just nine months old.

12,1 MB
21 sty 12 19:27

this sceptered isle 53 Henry IV,Hotspur and the St ake.mp3

Henry IV became King in 1399. He had two difficult conflicts to deal with, the first the disunity of the Church, the second the rebellion of the Percys.

The Church was being questioned by the Lollards, followers of John Wyclif. The King issued De Haeretico Comburendo making it legal to burn a convicted heretic at the stake. He declared it illegal to preach with license from the bishop of the diocese and to preach, teach or write a book contrary to the Catholic faith or the Holy Church. In 1401 the burnings began.

Henry's conflict with the Percys concerned Scotland and Wales and was to last on and off until 1408.

Henry suffered ill health from 1405 and eventually died in 1413.

12,0 MB
19 sty 12 7:07

this sceptered isle 52 Lancaster and Bolingbroke.mp3

In 1389 Richard II was beginning to rule for himself. John Of Gaunt on the death of his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, went abroad and left his son, Henry Bolingbroke, to look after his English estates.

Robert de Vere, the King's favourite, was created Duke of Ireland. Civil War raised its head again. Henry Bolingbroke of Lancaster with Thomas of Woodstock, the Duke of Gloucester and the Earls of Arundel and Warwick marched on London. Robert de Vere raised an army and met the Lord Appellants, as they became known, at Radcot Bridge in Oxfordshire in 1387 but was defeated.

In 1390 the Merciless Parliament executed the King's friends. The King bided his time. In 1397 he declared Arundel a traitor and beheaded him. Gloucester was arrested and later murdered. Warwick and Bolingbroke were exiled.

In 1399 John of Gaunt died and Richard, instead of allowing Bolingbroke to inherit his estates, confiscated them. He then left for Ireland. In July, Henry of Lancaster landed in Yorkshire. Richard met Henry at Flint Castle and abdicated in Henry's favour.

12,2 MB
19 sty 12 7:07

this sceptered isle 51 Richard II,Wyat Tyler,peasa nts` revolt.mp3

Richard II came to the throne in 1377 aged 10. John of Gaunt became Steward of England. John of Gaunt was unpopular with the businessmen of City of London, the clergy and the commoners of Parliament. He wanted to re-establish the authority of the crown and the Royal Family. He had at the end of Edward III's reign charged the Chancellor and the Treasurer and replaced them with his own men. 'The Good Parliament' spent the rest of Edward III's reign trying to overthrow Gaunt's men and at the start of Richard II's reign politics were complicated and unsettled.

The country was over-taxed and when in 1381 an extra poll-tax was introduced, the peasants' of Kent and Essex rebelled. They gathered behind Wat Tyler and marched to London. The Chancellor and the Treasurer were beheaded by the mob on Tower Hill. The young King met the mob at Smithfield, Wat Tyler presented their charter. Tyler attacked the Lord Mayor of London as he tried to arrest him, he was later beheaded.

12,1 MB
17 sty 12 8:50

this sceptered isle 50 the black prince and the De ath of Edward III.mp3

12,3 MB
15 sty 12 13:32

this sceptered isle 49 the black death.mp3

The Scots invade as England is devastated by floods, famine and plague.

St George replaced Edward the Confessor as the Patron Saint of England in 1348 but no saint could protect the country from the Black Death which arrived that year. Floods had led to famine and thus the plague hit a nation already weakened and the effects were devastating.

The Church was weakened not only by the loss of so many of its clergy but also by the nation's loss of faith.

The Scots seeing their opportunity invaded only to be overcome by the disease themselves.

St George replaced Edward the Confessor as the Patron Saint of England in 1348 but no saint could protect the country from the Black Death which arrived that year. Floods had led to famine and thus the plague hit a nation already weakened and the effects were devastating.

The Church was weakened not only by the loss of so many of its clergy but also by the nation's loss of faith.

The Scots seeing their opportunity invaded only to be overcome by the disease themselves.

At last the plague abated and by 1355 England was back at war with France.

12,8 MB
12 sty 12 19:41

this sceptered isle 48 Crecy, Calais and the Garte r.mp3

Edward and his 16-year-old son invade France and reach the gates of Paris before being driven back to Crecy where they fight an horrific battle.

Edward had to find money to fund his invasion of France. He set up Staple Ports and demanded that all wool exports be made via these ports.

In 1346 he and his son, Edward, aged 16, invaded France hoping to sack Paris. They reached the city walls but were driven back to Crecy where they fought an horrific battle. Edward was victorious and this led to the colonisation of Calais.

On his return to England, Edward set up the Order of the Knights of the Garter in 1348-1349

12,0 MB
12 sty 12 19:41

this sceptered isle 47 start of100 years war. Edwa rd III has his eye on the thrones of both Scotland and France.mp3

Edward III makes a claim to the throne of France, and the English win a great sea battle.

Edward III's reign was taken up with wars against Scotland and France.

He supported John Balliol against David II of Scotland. In 1332 Balliol invaded Scotland, David II went into exile and Balliol was crowned King at Scone but was driven back into England by the Scots.

England's relations with the French were deteriorating not only because of their alliance with Scotland but because of their interference in the English/Flemish wool trade.

In 1337 the One Hundred Years' War began. There was more to the war with France than the price of wool. Edward had made a claim to the throne of France after the death of Charles IV. Philip VI of France won succession and Edward put his claim aside. In 1337 Philip confiscated Gascony. Edward tried to negotiate but war seemed inevitable. In 1340 a great sea battle was won by the English. This was just the beginning of the war that would rage on and off for a century.

14,0 MB
12 sty 12 19:41

this sceptered isle 46 Isabella and Mortimer.mp3

It's 1327 and Edward II has been killed, so Roger Mortimer takes control.

Edward III gives his seven-year-old sister to Robert the Bruce's five-year-old son.

In 1326 Isabella and Mortimer led a successful invasion of England and in 1327 Edward II abdicated in favour of his son who was crowned Edward III. Roger Mortimer governed until Edward III overthrew him in 1330.

In 1328 Edward III, on the advice of Mortimer and Isabella, relinquished Scotland to the Scots. He gave his sister, Joan, to David, son of Robert the Bruce of Scotland. Joan was aged seven, David five. This caused outrage.

Mortimer quarreled with the barons. He declared himself the Earl of March, the barons headed by Henry of Lancaster, said he had no right to do so and in 1328 Mortimer, taking Edward III, with him attacked the lands of Lancaster. The barons were in disorder and could not resist Mortimer.

In 1330 Mortimer executed the Duke of Kent, the late king's half brother, for treason. This proved to the barons how dangerous Mortimer was. They backed Edward III and when Parliament sat in Nottingham in 1330 their chance had come. They arrested and executed Mortimer and imprisoned Isabella.

12,3 MB
12 sty 12 19:36

this sceptered isle 45 ghastly egsecution,King Edw ard II leads the retreat from Robert the Bruce and his army.mp3

Edward II is murdered by his wife and her lover.

On Edward II's defeat at Bannockburn, Thomas of Lancaster became Steward of England. He was extremely inefficient and unpopular and was overthrown by a royalist party led by the Despensers. The Despensers were not a landowning family and set out to win land in the Welsh marches.

In 1321 the Welsh marcher lords and the Lancastrian party joined together and fought the King and the Despensers. The Marcher lords were defeated first and then the northern barons led by Lancaster were defeated at Boroughbridge in Yorkshire. Lancaster was beheaded by the King.

One of the Marcher lords, Roger Mortimer, escaped to France.

Meanwhile Charles IV of France seized Gascony, Isabella suggested she went to France to negotiate for Edward II. She became Mortimer's lover and the scheming began. She sent for her son, Prince Edward, to do homage for Gascony. Once he arrived safely she and Mortimer headed an invasion of England. The Despensers were hanged. The King was deposed and later died, almost certainly murdered, at Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire.

12,4 MB
6 sty 12 17:49

this sceptered isle 44 battle of Bannockburn.mp3

Robert the Bruce defeats Edward II at Falkirk.

The King's Favourite and Bannockburn;

Edward II succeeded in 1307. He immediately offended the barons by his infatuation with Piers Gaveston, son of a Gascon knight, he made him earl of Cornwall and left him to rule England while he, Edward, went to France to marry Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. The barons demanded that Gaveston be banished and forced the King to agree. Gaveston was appointed lieutenant in Ireland.

The barons set up a lay, ecclesiastical and lordly committee, the Lord Ordainers, which drew up the Ordinances of 1311. Edward agreed to the Ordinances on condition that Gaveston returned. He did so only to be hounded to the north by the barons. At Scarborough, Gaveston made terms with the barons but was later killed by nobles who were not present at Scarborough.

In 1314 Edward II met Robert the Bruce at Falkirk and was defeated in, what became known as, the Battle of Bannockburn.

12,1 MB
6 sty 12 17:49

this sceptered isle 43 from the Maid of Norway to Robert the Bruce.mp3

William Wallace leads the Scots to victory at Stirling Bridge.

The Maid of Norway and Robert the Bruce;
In 1290 there was relative peace between England and Scotland. Edward was asked to arbitrate between the two strongest claimants for the Scottish throne: John Balliol and Robert the Bruce. Edward chose Balliol and expected him to become his puppet. The Scots were wise to this and although they accepted John as their king they insisted on a council of 12 Scottish lords to look after the rights of Scotland.

At this point Edward's attentions were required in France and he spent the rest of his reign struggling with north and south. The Scots saw their opportunity and allied themselves with the French. Edward was furious and marched on Berwick capturing Balliol, Edward's success continued until William Wallace rose to lead the Scottish and won a victory at Stirling Bridge, only to be defeated a year later at Falkirk.

In 1306 Robert the Bruce was crowned and defeated at Methven. He rose again in 1307 and Edward I died on the road to meet him.

12,1 MB
6 sty 12 17:42

this sceptered isle 42 The Welsh wars.mp3

English mercenaries do battle in Wales.

The Welsh Wars and the Most-Feared Weapon :

Edward I was devoted to protecting his interests in France - but he also wanted a united Britain. This led him to do battle in Wales and Scotland.

In Wales there was little unity. Their strongest prince was Llewellyn Prince of North Wales - but there were many factions. This meant that to conquer Wales would mean a long campaign rather than one decisive battle. The Marcher lords, the Mortimers, the Bohuns and the Clares, were meant to keep the frontiers safe for the King. But in fact they were untrustworthy and disloyal.

Edward I was determined. His army consisted for the first time of paid troops who had superior armour and weaponry. In 1282 Llewellyn was killed in a skirmish at Builth and six months later his brother Daffyd was captured by the English and executed. In 1284 the Statute of Rhuddlan declared Edward I the conqueror of Wales.

12,3 MB
6 sty 12 17:39

this sceptered isle 41chancery,treasury,wedding br owl.mp3

The King threatens to execute barons who refuse to fight for him.

Edward I took the work of administration and good government very seriously. By the end of 13th Century, three departments of administration were at work - the Exchequer, the Chancery and the Wardrobe.

The Church, with John Pecham as Archbishop of Canterbury, reinforced its independence. The King could no longer shower bishoprics on his loyal subjects.

Edward I still found time for battle. He was determined to regain Gascony and expected the barons not only to fund his campaign but also fight in it. They resented this and refused to go. The King was enraged and threatened to take the barons lands and even execute them should they refuse. The barons did raise an army. Edward sailed for Flanders. The barons marched into London and demanded that the King should accept the principles of the Magna Carta. The King had little choice. Two principles were established. First, the King had no right to despatch the feudal host wherever he might choose, this would lead in the following century to the rise of indentured armies serving for pay. Second, the King could not plead urgent necessity as a reason for imposing taxation without consent.

12,2 MB
3 sty 12 8:51

this sceptered isle 40.mp3

A DAy in the Life of 13 Century England .

In 1272 Henry III died and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Edward I became King though he would not be crowned until 1274.

Edward was on a Crusade at the time of his accession and was absent for two years. On his return he made Robert Burnell, Bishop of Bath and Wells, his Chancellor and set about an inquiry into local administration to find out the rights and possessions of the King, what encroachments had been made upon them, which officials were negligent or corrupt, which sheriffs concealed felonies, neglected their duties, were harsh or bribed.

Land became a commodity. The Jews began to trade land for money with the penniless peers of 13th-century England. Land was often mortgaged to the Jewish moneylenders. As they grew richer and more powerful, they became more and more hated.

In 1275 the Statute of the Jewry was issued. It laid down the rules by which a Jew must lead his life. Jews could buy land but could not own it for more than a few years.

11,1 MB
30 gru 11 19:17

this sceptered isle 39 Simon De Monfort.mp3

Edward I escapes from de Montfort.

Simon de Monfort
Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, married to the King's sister, was Governor of English land in Gascony for four years. He was to become the driving force behind the barons in the Second Barons' War.

In October 1258 the King accepted the Provisions of Oxford, but he had no intention of living by them. The barons that had written them had differing ideas of how far they should be taken. Simon de Montfort took them to their most extreme. He believed that the Council of Fifteen, set up by the Provisions of Oxford, could if necessary rule against the King's wishes. Edward, heir to the throne, believed the council should be a group of advisers and nothing more than that.

Civil War was inevitable. In May 1264 de Montfort won the Battle of Lewes and captured the king and his heir. Edward escaped and de Montfort fought and died at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. In 1267 the Provisions of Oxford and Westminster were revoked and the King could once again choose his own councillors.

12,2 MB
30 gru 11 19:17

this sceptered isle 38 Henry III.mp3

Richard the Marshal and Prince Llewellyn fight the King in the Welsh Marches and sack Shrewsbury.

Henry III
Henry III was King for 56 years. He was nine years old on accession. William the Marshall became his guardian. England was in the middle of the barons' war. The barons had even invited Louis, the dauphin of France, to invade England hoping to make him their King.

Two years later William the Marshal died and Hubert de Burgh became the Justiciar, the chief officer of the realm. Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, believed in England for the English. Henry III, on coming of age in 1227, wanted to recover his domains in France. But de Burgh was against this.

On de Burgh's downfall, Peter des Roches the Bishop of Winchester filled the Court with French men. The barons once again became hostile. Richard the Marshal, second son of William, in alliance with Prince Llewellyn fought the King in the Welsh Marches and sacked Shrewsbury. In September 1234 Henry was forced to accept terms. Peter des Roche and his Poitevin officials were dismissed and de Burgh returned.

The barons wanted to control the Treasury and Chancellery. The Provisions of Oxford (1258) formed a Council of Fifteen - seven earls, five barons, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Worcester and one royal clerk. The King had to consult the Council in all state affairs. The Provisions of Oxford declared that the 15 should be chosen not by the King but by the Earl Marshal, Hugh Bigod, John Mansel and the Earl of Warwick.

11,6 MB
30 gru 11 19:17

this sceptered isle 37 the barons war.mp3

At the age of nine, Henry III inherits the throne of a country at Civil War.

The Barons' War
King John died in 1216. Henry III, at the age of nine, inherited the throne of a country at civil war. William the Marshal acted as guardian.

In 1215 at the invitation of the English barons the French dauphin, who would be Louis VIII, had invaded England. The barons, completely fed up with John, hoped to make Louis King of England. In 1216 Alexander II King of Scots invaded England. The rebellion was supported in the west by Prince Llewellyn of North Wales. The death of John changed the conditions of the conflict, the sole reason and justification for the war died with John - but nobody was in the mood for peace.

In the winter of 1215 Louis returned to France for reinforcements and lost much of his English support while he was away. He returned only to be defeated at the battle of Lincoln.

12,7 MB
25 gru 11 10:00

this sceptered isle 36 Magna Carta.mp3

The Barons and the English Church establish a law that even the King must not break.

Magna Carta
In 1213 King John gave England to the Pope as a fiefdom. The barons and the English Church were outraged and they came together under the leadership of Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury. They acknowledged the laws of Henry I and in 1215 produced the Articles of the Barons and eventually the Magna Carta.

They aimed to protect the monarchy and nobility from any one king. The boldest of the barons and churchmen met at Runnymede, they had prepared a short document, which would become known as the Article of the Barons. They called on the king to attend. John arrived with the Papal legate, the Archbishop of Canterbury and several bishops and agreed to the terms set down.

The Charter establishes the rights of the whole landed class, it establishes a law which is above the king and which even he must not break.

The Charter did not solve the problems of the day. The barons were at war with each other and at war with the King.

12,1 MB
25 gru 11 10:00

this sceptered isle 35 bad king john and loss of N ormandy.mp3

John imprisons and murders his nephew Arthur, Prince of Brittany.

In 1199 John claimed the dukedom of Normandy and then the crown of England. Arthur, prince of Brittany, John's nephew, was the only possible challenge. England chose John. The French chose Arthur. The northern provinces of France now felt a unity with the kingdom of France rather than England.

John returned to France to find his lands had been given to Arthur. He immediately declared war on Arthur and surprised him at Mirebeau. Arthur's died while being held prisoner by John in 1203. The Bretons were outraged by the murder of their duke. The French united against John, who returned to England at the end of 1203 allowing Philip to claim all his French territories leaving.

In England Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury died. The Pope chose Cardinal Stephen Langton to replace him. John declared the Pope had no right to choose and seized Church lands. The Pope served England with an interdict. The whole country was excommunicated. Finally John offered to make England a fief of the Papacy and do homage to the Pope. The Pope leapt at this chance and forgave John. The English barons were outraged. Even Stephen Langton the Archbishop of Canterbury felt that the English Church would now be exploited by Rome.

The time had come for the Magna Carta.

12,3 MB
25 gru 11 10:00

this sceptered isle 34 third crusade and death of the Lionheart.mp3

Duke Leopold of Austria sells Richard I to the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI, who demands a huge ransom.

Richard I and other Princes of Europe buried their differences and journeyed to the Holy Land. It was a temporary truce indeed on his way home, in 1193, Richard was captured and imprisoned by one of those Princes, the Duke Leopold of Austria. Finally the Duke sold the king to the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry the Sixth who demanded a huge ransom, twice the annual revenue of the English Crown. The English peoples were taxed and taxed again and Richard finally returned home on 13th March 1194.

He had to leave almost immediately to defend his territories in France against his brother, John and Philip Augustus II of France. He left England in the care of Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury and chief justice.

Richard I never returned to England, he died trying to win treasure in order to continue the defence of his French territories. On his deathbed he declared John, his brother, as his heir.

12,3 MB
18 gru 11 10:27

this sceptered isle 33.mp3

Coeur De Lion .

Richard the Lionheart ruthlessly taxes the nation to fund his crusade to rescue the Holy Land from the infidel .

Richard I, Coeur de Lion (the Lionheart) became King in 1189. He gained the crown by defeating his own father in battle. He rejected the peace efforts of the Pope and bishops and with the king of France.

His first task was to free his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and install her as his representative in England while he was settling his affairs in Normandy. Richard was forgiving. He made his peace with William the Marshal who was Henry's man and sent him to England to act on his behalf. William the Marshal married the heiress of Pembroke and thus became a powerful English baron. Richard made his brother, Geoffrey the Archbishop of York. To his youngest brother, John he gave lordships, castles and six entire counties, married him to Isabel of Gloucester and finally made him Lord of Ireland.

Richard's first commitment was to the Third Crusade: to rescue the Holy Land from the infidel. To fund this trip he ruthlessly taxed the nation and sold every office possible including Scotland. As soon as Richard left for Saladin the scheming began.

12,3 MB
15 gru 11 2:36

this sceptered isle 32 Penance,rebelion and Irela nd.mp3

Penance,rebelion and Ireland.

Henry II dies heartbroken after being defeated in war by his son Richard.

Henry II was repentant of the murder of Becket. He spent years atoning for his guilt making pilgrimages to the shrine of the archbishop. He made his peace with the Pope.

Finally he turned his attentions to Ireland. The Pope was unhappy about the way the Church was managed in Ireland. For example, the bishopric, the see of Armagh, was hereditary; eight bishops appeared to be married and had children; others did not even appear to have been ordained. Pope Alexander approved of Henry's expedition.

The King landed at Waterford on 17th October 1171. Only the kings of Tyrone and Tyrconnel refused to pay him homage. He built a palace at Dublin and within a year, supported by the Pope, he was recognised as Lord of Ireland. This, of course, was not the end of Irish story Henry did not understand that as soon as he left Ireland they would forget their allegiance to him.

Henry had certainly strengthened his powers in other areas. Through the marriage of his daughters he had forged links with Scicily, Castile and Saxony.

16,7 MB
12 gru 11 23:09

this sceptered isle 31 Murder in the Cathedral.mp3

murder at the catedral
While in exile in Normandy, the Archbishop of Canterbury plans to excommunicate the King.

While in exile in Normandy Becket denounced Henry II. He planned to excommunicate him. He was told the king was ill and he relented.

Henry wanted to crown his son, Henry the Young King, as his successor. As Archbishop of Canterbury Becket should have officiated. Henry said the Archbishop of York could stand in for him. Becket was outraged. The Pope supported Becket, as did Louis VII. The King and the Archbishop met and were reconciled and the King assented to the Archbishop and punished those members of the clergy who had acted in his stead. They were excommunicated and sent into exile in Normandy.

The archbishop then put together an army, Henry II was so outraged at this that he raged against the archbishop and four knights overhearing his rage undertook to murder the Archbishop. On December 29, 1170, they sought him out at Canterbury Cathedral and murdered him.

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this sceptered isle 30 Becket.mp3

battle between state and church,murder of archbishop...
The quarrel between Thomas Becket and Henry II was based on the Roman church's belief that the single most important religious role of the monarchy had to be its allegiance to the Church. Thomas Becket agreed but Henry II did not.

Henry II believed that the monarch is appointed by God to rule not only that State but to protect and guide the Church. Becket believed that the government of the Church should be in the hands of the clergy and answerable to the Pope. The Church had its own allegiance and its own laws.

Becket, who as Chancellor had become Henry II's greatest friend, as Archbishop of Canterbury became his worst enemy.

The feud came to a head over the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164. This was a written statement of Henry II's view of his customary rights over the English Church. Thomas Becket accepted the Constitutions but later rejected them and was called to trial for contempt of court by Henry II. He escaped and remained in exile in Normandy until 1170.

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this sceptered isle 29 law,church,and coming trage dy.mp3

Henry II reorganises the legal system, to create juries and the Common Law.

England in the reign of Henry II at last seemed to be enjoying some peace. London was reputed to have been a happy and healthy place.

Henry II reorganised the legal system. He set up the jury system and created the Common Law. He aimed to rely on documents rather than memory. He wanted justice to be swift.

Henry II was also interested in the Church and early in his reign he ruled closely with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket who was then his closest friend.

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