fahrenheit 451.mp3

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this sceptered isle 50 the black prince and the Death ....mp3

this sceptered isle 49 the black death.mp3

The Scots invade as England is devastated by floods, famine and plague. St George replaced Edward the Confessor as the Patron Saint of England in 1348 but no saint could protect the country from the Black Death which arrived that year. Floods had led to famine and thus the plague hit a nation already weakened and the effects were devastating. The Church was weakened not only by the loss of so many of its clergy but also by the nation's loss of faith. The Scots seeing their opportunity invaded only to be overcome by the disease themselves. St George replaced Edward the Confessor as the Patron Saint of England in 1348 but no saint could protect the country from the Black Death which arrived that year. Floods had led to famine and thus the plague hit a nation already weakened and the effects were devastating. The Church was weakened not only by the loss of so many of its clergy but also by the nation's loss of faith. The Scots seeing their opportunity invaded only to be overcome by the disease themselves. At last the plague abated and by 1355 England was back at war with France.

this sceptered isle 48 Crecy, Calais and the Garter.mp3

Edward and his 16-year-old son invade France and reach the gates of Paris before being driven back to Crecy where they fight an horrific battle. Edward had to find money to fund his invasion of France. He set up Staple Ports and demanded that all wool exports be made via these ports. In 1346 he and his son, Edward, aged 16, invaded France hoping to sack Paris. They reached the city walls but were driven back to Crecy where they fought an horrific battle. Edward was victorious and this led to the colonisation of Calais. On his return to England, Edward set up the Order of the Knights of the Garter in 1348-1349

this sceptered isle 47 start of100 years war. Edward I....mp3

Edward III makes a claim to the throne of France, and the English win a great sea battle. Edward III's reign was taken up with wars against Scotland and France. He supported John Balliol against David II of Scotland. In 1332 Balliol invaded Scotland, David II went into exile and Balliol was crowned King at Scone but was driven back into England by the Scots. England's relations with the French were deteriorating not only because of their alliance with Scotland but because of their interference in the English/Flemish wool trade. In 1337 the One Hundred Years' War began. There was more to the war with France than the price of wool. Edward had made a claim to the throne of France after the death of Charles IV. Philip VI of France won succession and Edward put his claim aside. In 1337 Philip confiscated Gascony. Edward tried to negotiate but war seemed inevitable. In 1340 a great sea battle was won by the English. This was just the beginning of the war that would rage on and off for a century.

this sceptered isle 46 Isabella and Mortimer.mp3

It's 1327 and Edward II has been killed, so Roger Mortimer takes control. Edward III gives his seven-year-old sister to Robert the Bruce's five-year-old son. In 1326 Isabella and Mortimer led a successful invasion of England and in 1327 Edward II abdicated in favour of his son who was crowned Edward III. Roger Mortimer governed until Edward III overthrew him in 1330. In 1328 Edward III, on the advice of Mortimer and Isabella, relinquished Scotland to the Scots. He gave his sister, Joan, to David, son of Robert the Bruce of Scotland. Joan was aged seven, David five. This caused outrage. Mortimer quarreled with the barons. He declared himself the Earl of March, the barons headed by Henry of Lancaster, said he had no right to do so and in 1328 Mortimer, taking Edward III, with him attacked the lands of Lancaster. The barons were in disorder and could not resist Mortimer. In 1330 Mortimer executed the Duke of Kent, the late king's half brother, for treason. This proved to the barons how dangerous Mortimer was. They backed Edward III and when Parliament sat in Nottingham in 1330 their chance had come. They arrested and executed Mortimer and imprisoned Isabella.

this sceptered isle 45 ghastly egsecution,King Edward ....mp3

Edward II is murdered by his wife and her lover. On Edward II's defeat at Bannockburn, Thomas of Lancaster became Steward of England. He was extremely inefficient and unpopular and was overthrown by a royalist party led by the Despensers. The Despensers were not a landowning family and set out to win land in the Welsh marches. In 1321 the Welsh marcher lords and the Lancastrian party joined together and fought the King and the Despensers. The Marcher lords were defeated first and then the northern barons led by Lancaster were defeated at Boroughbridge in Yorkshire. Lancaster was beheaded by the King. One of the Marcher lords, Roger Mortimer, escaped to France. Meanwhile Charles IV of France seized Gascony, Isabella suggested she went to France to negotiate for Edward II. She became Mortimer's lover and the scheming began. She sent for her son, Prince Edward, to do homage for Gascony. Once he arrived safely she and Mortimer headed an invasion of England. The Despensers were hanged. The King was deposed and later died, almost certainly murdered, at Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire.

this sceptered isle 44 battle of Bannockburn.mp3

Robert the Bruce defeats Edward II at Falkirk. The King's Favourite and Bannockburn; Edward II succeeded in 1307. He immediately offended the barons by his infatuation with Piers Gaveston, son of a Gascon knight, he made him earl of Cornwall and left him to rule England while he, Edward, went to France to marry Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. The barons demanded that Gaveston be banished and forced the King to agree. Gaveston was appointed lieutenant in Ireland. The barons set up a lay, ecclesiastical and lordly committee, the Lord Ordainers, which drew up the Ordinances of 1311. Edward agreed to the Ordinances on condition that Gaveston returned. He did so only to be hounded to the north by the barons. At Scarborough, Gaveston made terms with the barons but was later killed by nobles who were not present at Scarborough. In 1314 Edward II met Robert the Bruce at Falkirk and was defeated in, what became known as, the Battle of Bannockburn.

this sceptered isle 43 from the Maid of Norway to Robe....mp3

William Wallace leads the Scots to victory at Stirling Bridge. The Maid of Norway and Robert the Bruce; In 1290 there was relative peace between England and Scotland. Edward was asked to arbitrate between the two strongest claimants for the Scottish throne: John Balliol and Robert the Bruce. Edward chose Balliol and expected him to become his puppet. The Scots were wise to this and although they accepted John as their king they insisted on a council of 12 Scottish lords to look after the rights of Scotland. At this point Edward's attentions were required in France and he spent the rest of his reign struggling with north and south. The Scots saw their opportunity and allied themselves with the French. Edward was furious and marched on Berwick capturing Balliol, Edward's success continued until William Wallace rose to lead the Scottish and won a victory at Stirling Bridge, only to be defeated a year later at Falkirk. In 1306 Robert the Bruce was crowned and defeated at Methven. He rose again in 1307 and Edward I died on the road to meet him.

this sceptered isle 42 The Welsh wars.mp3

English mercenaries do battle in Wales. The Welsh Wars and the Most-Feared Weapon : Edward I was devoted to protecting his interests in France - but he also wanted a united Britain. This led him to do battle in Wales and Scotland. In Wales there was little unity. Their strongest prince was Llewellyn Prince of North Wales - but there were many factions. This meant that to conquer Wales would mean a long campaign rather than one decisive battle. The Marcher lords, the Mortimers, the Bohuns and the Clares, were meant to keep the frontiers safe for the King. But in fact they were untrustworthy and disloyal. Edward I was determined. His army consisted for the first time of paid troops who had superior armour and weaponry. In 1282 Llewellyn was killed in a skirmish at Builth and six months later his brother Daffyd was captured by the English and executed. In 1284 the Statute of Rhuddlan declared Edward I the conqueror of Wales.

this sceptered isle 41chancery,treasury,wedding browl.mp3

The King threatens to execute barons who refuse to fight for him. Edward I took the work of administration and good government very seriously. By the end of 13th Century, three departments of administration were at work - the Exchequer, the Chancery and the Wardrobe. The Church, with John Pecham as Archbishop of Canterbury, reinforced its independence. The King could no longer shower bishoprics on his loyal subjects. Edward I still found time for battle. He was determined to regain Gascony and expected the barons not only to fund his campaign but also fight in it. They resented this and refused to go. The King was enraged and threatened to take the barons lands and even execute them should they refuse. The barons did raise an army. Edward sailed for Flanders. The barons marched into London and demanded that the King should accept the principles of the Magna Carta. The King had little choice. Two principles were established. First, the King had no right to despatch the feudal host wherever he might choose, this would lead in the following century to the rise of indentured armies serving for pay. Second, the King could not plead urgent necessity as a reason for imposing taxation without consent.

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