Pliki dostępne do 21.01.2024	1984	A CLOCK WORK ORANGE ______
a midsummer night`s dream	accents	Aldous Huxley
Alfred Hitchcock presents Jerome K. Jerome	alice in wonderland	Allen Ginsberg
AMADEUSZ -------------------------	angry young men	animal farm
Anthony And Cleopatra	anton czechow PŁATONOW	BADFELLAS IN VEGAS
BARTLEBY THE SCRIVENER __________________	BARY LYNDON William Makepeace Tackeray	BEOWULF
BLAKE	Byron swimming	CHAUSER ---------Lenny Henry
chesterton,człowiek,który był czwartkiem	clichés	COLERIDGE SAMUEL TAYLOR
DAVID BOWIE	delve special	------------------------------------------DICKENS ----------------------------------------
dickens hardy portsmouth	Doris Lessing - The Grass Is Singing	DOSTOJEWSKI IDIOTA
Dylan Thomas	EDUCATING RITA	edward lear
Edward The Black Prince	Edward VI	ELVIS
enigma variations op.36	ezra pound ,yale lecture	ezra pound, A FEW DON`TS
fahrenheit 451	Faust	Frankenstein Part 1
gargantua i	George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss	gogol,rewizor
great gatsby the_________	gulliver`s travels	Hamlet 2014
HAMLETS	HEART OF DARKNESS	HENRY V
historic scotish figures	JA,KLAUDIUSZ	JANE EYRE
JOYCE. dubliners	Kandyd	Karol I
Karol II	KEATS	ken kesey
KENNEDY pop star	Kenneth Grahame ________	king Athelstan
king james`s bible	KIPLING	knowing me,knowing you
Led Zeppelin John Bonham story	Les Liaisons Dangereuses	Madame Bovary
margaret thatcher	mark steel lectures	Mary Shelley - The Mortal Immortal
Mary Stuart	milczenie owiec .D	Miles Davis
MOBY DICK ______---------------------	MONTY PYTHON	Nathaniel Hawthorne
NATION`S FAVOURITE POEMS 1996______________________________	Oscar Wilde	Oscar Wilde The Ballad of Reading Gaol
Othello, Lenny Henry	Paradise Lost	pink floyd
poetry please	POJEDYNEK NA SZOSIE,the DUEL	PRINCE ROGERS
proms 2010	Prywatne	Richard III
ROB ROY	robinson crusoe	romeo i julia
Różewicz	Salinger.fan letters	Samuel Pepys
Sapho	Shakespeare and love 2012	Shakespeare,life of W.Shakespeare
shakespeare`s playlist	Shakespeare's Restless World	Siegfried Sassoon
Sketches by Boz	SLANG	słuchowisko PRadia ------------------------------------
Somerset Maugham	Spring Storm, by Tennessee Williams	STUDY IN SCARLET '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
sylvia plath	Szymborska 02.02.2012	T.S. ELLIOT ____________
TAKE IT FROM HERE	Tamburlane MARLOWE	Ted Hughes 2011
TENNYSON,IN MEMORIAM	The Battle of Bosworth Field	THE CARETAKER __________________
THE ENTERTAINER __________	The Fall of the House of Usher	The Gothic Imagination Bloody Poetry +Marry Shelley
the RAVEN	the tempest	THE VANISHING
The Wizard of Oz	Thomas Hardy	three men in a boat ))
Tori Amos	TROY Wojna Trojańska	TUDOR TARANTINO Middelton
Twelfth Night_________________	ULYSSES 2012 !!! w radio bbc 4 _________------------------------------------------	Vivat Rex !! _____________
w poszukiwaniu straconego czasu cz.2	WESTMINSTER ABBEY	Whitman
Wilfred Owen	Wordsworth,Tintern Abbey,The Prelude	zachomikowane

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12,2 MB
10 mar 12 15:20

tsi 88. The First Winston Churchill.mp3

The influence and legacy of King Charles II, who died in 1685.

The suspicion that Catholicism was gaining hold of the King and the country grew. The King was attracted to Rome, the queen was a Catholic, the Duke of York was a convert and because the Queen had no children, he was heir to the throne. Added to this the Treaty of Dover with the French provided England with much needed cash in return for the promise of help in a third war against the Dutch and a secret clause - "The King of Great Britain, being convinced of the truth of the Catholic Faith, is determined to declare himself a Catholic as soon as the welfare of his realm will permit". Early in 1670 Henry Bennett, Earl of Arlington confessed this secret clause to Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury. Shaftesbury set up in opposition, he demanded that every man who held office or a King's commission, declare his disbelief in the doctrine of Transubstantiation. This was known as the Test Act. It applied to James, the Duke of York, heir to the throne. He laid down his post of Lord High Admiral rather than submit to the Test - the nation was faced with a Catholic heir.

13,6 MB
10 mar 12 15:20

tsi 87. Unholy Trinity Church, Law and Medicine.mp3

According to Culpepper, liberty is impaired by three sorts of men: priests, physicians and lawyers.

The Clarendon Code is the name given to the four Acts passed by Charles II and Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon which reinforced the established Church and restricted the activity of dissenters. Clarendon had hoped for a union in Church and State but these Acts were more brutal than he ever intended and would not lead to the cooling of religious fervour. Meanwhile Nicholas Culpeper was revolutionizing the medical profession by rewriting the medical textbook the Pharmocoepia Londinensis opened medical mysteries to non Latin speakers and the Royal College of Surgeons lost their monopoly in all medical fields but surgery. The third important profession in the 17th Century were the lawyers. Relative peace gave time to the rewriting of the common law, often in favour of commercial interest. With no police force everything had to be proved by lawyers, who grew rich on delays and obfuscation. As it cost £40 a year to send a son to one of the Inns of Court law students were almost all sons of gentlemen and peers.

15,0 MB
7 mar 12 9:47

tsi 86. The Great Plague and the Great Fire.mp3

In the space of one year, London suffered two of Britain's greatest catastrophes.

Bubonic plague hit London in 1665. More than 7,000 people died in one week. A year later on September 3rd 1666 the Great Fire of London started. In less than five days, the City of London between the Tower and the Temple was destroyed. Meanwhile England had gone to war with the Dutch. The Dutch had gradually been gnawing away at British interests in America, India and Africa. Parliament voted for war and granted a sum of £2.5million to pay for it. More than one hundred new ships were built and War at seat began in 1664 off the West African coast.

12,0 MB
7 mar 12 9:43

tsi 85.The First Political Parties.mp3

Charles II begins his long reign and the first political parties emerge. Anna Massey narrates the history of the British Isles.

n 1662 Charles II married Catherine of Braganza. She came as part of an alliance with Portugal and brought with her a fine dowry: trading concessions in the Portuguese empire and the gift of Tangiers and Bombay. Parliament was in need of restructure but lacked a strong leader. Parliament rendered all honour to the king but had not intention of being ruled by him. There emerged two political groups, the Court Party and the Country Party, Tories and Whigs. Religion took second place to politics for the first time.

12,3 MB
3 mar 12 18:12

84 tsi. The Cavalier Parliament.mp3

Charles II returns to England to become King, but he is in a great deal of debt.

Charles's reign was dated to 1649 when his father was beheaded. All the Parliamentary acts of Charles I were legal under Charles II, everything that had happened in between was illegal. The power of the king became contained by increasing regional and local responsibilities. Charles II called upon Parliament to pay not only his debts but those of his father, Charles I. The bill was presented to Parliament within four months of the king's return.

The country was in terrible financial straits. Parliament granted the king revenues for life, the king relinquished his feudal dues from wardships, knight service, and other mediaeval survivals. Charles II was not interested in revenge, he tried to prevent Parliament executing Roundheads.

12,2 MB
3 mar 12 18:05

tsi 83.Charles II and the Return of the Monarchy.mp3

As royalty and Parliament are restored, Samuel Pepys reports on the King's homecoming.

Charles II signed the Declaration of Breda in 1660. He boarded ship with his brothers, the Dukes of York and Gloucester, his aunt Elizabeth, who was Queen of Bohemia, his sister Mary who was the Princess Royal and her son, William who was the Prince of Orange and who one day would be King of England himself. Charles II returned to England as King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith.

The elections for a new Parliament were held. Presbyterians and Royalists won a great majority against Anabaptists and Republicans. The latter tried to recall Richard Cromwell and rise against the Royalists again but in vain, their men deserted them.

12,4 MB
2 mar 12 8:43

tsi 82. Milton and the Galileo Connection.mp3

It is a time of new ideas and challenges to accepted ways of thinking.

At the time of the Restoration 80 per cent of the population worked in agriculture. The land had been ravaged by the Civil War.

The biggest industry was cloth though it was still a cottage industry. Coal was not a cottage industry it was the beginning of private enterprise industry. Industry that produced collective, structured employment.

By the end of the 17th century the population of England and Wales stood at 5.25million.

In May 1660 Charles II entered London in triumph. The people lined the streets to welcome the new monarch.

11,9 MB
29 lut 12 7:22

tsi 81. The Beginning of the Restoration.mp3

With the death of Cromwell, England once more aims towards a monarchy.

On Oliver Cromwell's death the Commons set about regaining all the powers which it believed Cromwell had taken over. Parliament did not believe the Army should be separate. Within four months of coming to power Richard Cromwell found himself deserted on all sides. The army demanded the dissolution of Parliament - they wanted a pure republic.

Richard Cromwell was overthrown and the army resurrected the Rump Parliament. However, the army was divided. The troops became unconfident in the army's ability to rule and called for reconciliation with Parliament. General Monck, Commander in Chief of the army, marched on London. He opposed the idea that the army should rule, he accepted the need for free parliamentary elections. On those elections men who did not believe in England as a Republic came back into power. The Restoration of the Monarchy was inevitable.

65,9 MB
28 lut 12 9:25

tsi 80. The Lord Protector.wav

With his new powers and godly duties, Cromwell is asked to become King.

Oliver Cromwell became Supreme Ruler of the State, Lord Protector. Parliament in The Humble Petition and Advice offered Cromwell the Crown, allowed him to name his successor and to choose his own council of rulers. Cromwell did not accept the Crown though there were many indications that he liked the idea.

Cromwell was willing to govern through Parliament but only if Parliament agreed with his beliefs. Parliament battled with Cromwell who time and time again threatened them with army. On 3rd September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son, Richard, took over as Lord Protector. Within 18 months Charles II would return to the throne.

12,2 MB
26 lut 12 2:07

tsi 79. The Republic of England.mp3

Upon the execution of Charles I, England becomes a republic. Anna Massey narrates the history of the British Isles.

England became a republic in 1649. The monarchy, the House of Lords and the Anglican Church were all abolished. The great seal of England was replaced with a new one. Scotland was integrated, Ireland savaged and war declared on the Dutch. The country was now governed by a Council of State

Meanwhile Charles II was proclaimed king of Great Britain, France and Ireland in Scotland. One of the conditions of the Scots was that Charles should support the Presbyterian cause. Cromwell knew he had to leave Ireland and led his forces on Scotland. The Scots crowned Charles II at Scone. One year later after a terrible defeat at Worcester Charles II escaped to Holland.

12,2 MB
23 lut 12 19:23

tsi 78.The Execution of Charles I.mp3

Money had to be found for the war and taxes were high.

By the end of 1648 all was over. Cromwell was dictator. The Royalist had been crushed. The army needed payment.

Agreement with the King was not forthcoming in 1647 he had escaped to the Isle of Wight at Carisbrooke. In November 1648 the army went to Carisbrooke and brought the King back to the mainland. Seven days later a detachment led by Colonel Thomas Pride locked Parliament stopping all but about 60 members, radical Independents, sitting in the Commons.

In January 1649 Charles I was brought before a High Court to account for the blood he had shed and the mischief he had done against the Lord's cause. Charles refused to recognize the court. He refused to speak in his own defence but it would have made little difference.

It was snowing when Charles Stuart was beheaded in front of the Banqueting House which Inigo Jones had built.

12,2 MB
22 lut 12 18:12

tsi 77. The First Redcoats and The Battle of Naseb y.mp3

1645 and the Battle of Naseby began, which historians believe was the start of modern British democracy.

By the end of 1648 all was over. Cromwell was dictator. The Royalist had been crushed. The army needed payment.

Agreement with the King was not forthcoming in 1647 he had escaped to the Isle of Wight at Carisbrooke. In November 1648 the army went to Carisbrooke and brought the King back to the mainland. Seven days later a detachment led by Colonel Thomas Pride locked Parliament stopping all but about 60 members, radical Independents, sitting in the Commons.

In January 1649 Charles I was brought before a High Court to account for the blood he had shed and the mischief he had done against the Lord's cause. Charles refused to recognize the court. He refused to speak in his own defence but it would have made little difference.

It was snowing when Charles Stuart was beheaded in front of the Banqueting House which Inigo Jones had built.

12,2 MB
22 lut 12 17:53

tsi 76 .The Rise and Rise of Oliver Cromwell.mp3

Some Kings lost their heads but only Charles I lost the monarchy.

Charles I raised his royal standard in Nottingham and declared war in 1642.

The first major battle of the English Civil War took place on 23rd October 1642 at Edgehill in Warwickshire. It was a draw. In 1643 the war became more general. The ports, towns and manufacturing centre tended to support Parliament, Old England supported Charles. The North and the West supported the King, especially when Henrietta Maria arrived in Yorkshire from Holland.

On 20th September the armies clashed again at Newbury, Berkshire. The king finally withdrew. Things looked hopeful for the King as the Scots invaded England. They demanded the imposition of Presbyterianism throughout England; a share in the government; and the maintenance of the monarchy. Parliament would not accept these terms and the Civil War continued.

On 2nd July 1644 the bloodiest battle of the Civil War took place at Marston Moor it was a disaster for the Royalists. The two armies met again at Newbury. Cromwell was convinced his army needed reorganizing, his attack on the Earl of Manchester, the army's leader led to Sir Thomas Fairfax taking over with instructions to form the New Model Army.

12,0 MB
20 lut 12 19:53

tsi 75. The civil war begins.mp3

It's January 1642 and Charles I is about to make a big mistake.

The Parliamentarians and the Royalists prepared for war. Then Charles decided to prosecute five of his principal opponents in the Commons for high treason, these MPs were tipped off and were absent went Charles I stormed the Commons Chamber. This action lost him the support of many moderates and hastened Civil War. Charles I left London.

On 1st June 1642 Parliament presented 19 Propositions to the King inviting him to surrender his whole effective sovereignty over Church and State.

England went to war. Both sides fought in the name of the king and both upheld the Parliamentary institution. In August 1642 the King raised his royal standard in Nottingham. This was the formal declaration of war.

13,3 MB
19 lut 12 11:35

tsi 74. The King's on the Run.mp3

Parliament flexes its muscles, challenging the power of the sovereign. For some supporters of the King, the end is nigh.

For 11 years James I ruled without Parliament, through the King's Council. War with Scotland made him recall Parliament in 1640, this was the Short Parliament, it lasted three weeks. John Pym, a Puritan, wanted to discuss the grievances of the last 11 years before giving Charles the money for his war. Charles dissolved Parliament but was forced to recall it in November. John Pym and John Hampden dominated the new House of Commons.

Thomas Wentworth, the Earl of Strafford, spoke for the King outlining the correspondence carried on by Pym and others with the invading Scots. Pym was furious and Parliament impeached Strafford, he was tried for treason. Parliament passed the Act of Attainder, Charles was forced to sign it and Strafford was executed in 1641. This led to rebellion in Ireland.

William Laud was impeached in 1644, found not guilty by the Lords which meant another Bill of Attainder had to be granted by the Commons before his execution in 1645.

The Monarch's constitutional rights were challenged by the Commons culminating in the Grand Remonstrance which Charles could not accept. Civil War was inevitable

12,2 MB
19 lut 12 10:57

tsi 73 .The Scottish Revolt and The Seeds of Civil War.mp3

Trouble north of the border means Charles I now needs the Parliament he had dissolved 11 years earlier.

In 1640 England is on the brink of Civil War. William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, is desperately trying to unite the Church in England and Scotland. His determination that Scotland should adhere to the English Prayer Book led to conflict with Scotland.

Charles sent the Marquis of Hamilton to Scotland to face the Assembly who demanded the abolition of Episcopacy. Charles ordered the dissolution of the Assembly. The supporters of the Assembly were known as Covenanters, they raised an army and invaded England. Charles signed the Treaty of Berwick agreeing to call the Assembly and Parliament. Scotland sensed its power and capitalized on its alliance with France.

Charles looked to the first Earl of Strafford, Sir Thomas Wentworth, Lord Deputy of Ireland who called upon the 8000 strong Irish army. Charles was forced to recall Parliament after 11 years of rule without it, in order to raise money for war. Meanwhile Henrietta Maria was hatching a plot to enhance the Catholics' position.

The Scots invaded and took Northumberland and Durham. They were supported by Parliament and the Puritans.

12,0 MB
19 lut 12 10:35

tsi 72. Charles I and the Right of an Englishman.mp3

At the age of 25, Charles I assumes the throne and soon finds himself at loggerheads with an increasingly restless Parliament.

Charles I was 25 when he became King of England in 1625. Towards the end of his father's reign he virtually ruled with George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham. It was Buckingham who arranged his marriage to Henrietta Maria of France, whom the King adored.

England faced a political and religious crisis. Parliament was becoming increasingly powerful in foreign policy, the levying of taxes and in general affairs. One of the first things Parliament set out to do when Charles I came to the throne was get rid of Buckingham. He had many enemies and was generally distrusted. Parliament blocked the supply of money to the King and impeached Buckingham. Charles I was outraged and dissolved Parliament. Both Parliament and the King wanted to go to war to defend the Huguenots, or more importantly the Protestant faith.

Parliament offered Charles I subsidies and the Petition of Right which he finally accepted. Parliament once again demanded Buckingham's resignation. Charles once again dismissed the Houses.

Buckingham led the King's forces against La Rochelle where Protestant Huguenots were besieged and rescued them. To Parliament's delight and Charles's sorrow Buckingham lost his life, assassinated by one of his own men.

12,1 MB
19 lut 12 10:33

tsi 71. The Death of Raleigh and the First King of Great Britain.mp3

1616 - Walter Raleigh is in prison. Then a young man called George Villiers appears in court circles.

James I was a peacemaker. His accession brought peace with Scotland and thus France.

In 1604 Robert Cecil negotiated peace with Spain this led to James I imprisoning Sir Walter Raleigh, one of Elizabeth's favourites. Sir Walter Raleigh was released to lead an expedition to Guiana, this failed and led to more clashes with the Spanish. On his return Raleigh was executed.

James I married his daughter, Elizabeth, to the Elector Palatine of the Rhine in 1613.

Charles, the Prince of Wales, tried to claim the Spanish Infanta's hand only to be faced with such demands for English Catholics' rights that he knew Parliament would not agree. George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, one of the King's favourites who succeeded Robert Cecil, suggested marriage between Charles and Henrietta Maria of France.

James I became ill and died in 1625.

12,1 MB
19 lut 12 10:33

tsi 70 A Damp Squib, A Bible and Widow Thirkettle.mp3

It is the time of James I, the gunpowder plot and religious strife

James I aimed to be as fair in religious matters as possible, the English Church suited him but he was happy to tolerate Catholics as long as they did not make trouble. However in 1604 he ordered the Jesuits out of Britain. Catholic unrest led to the Gunpowder Plot in 1605.

Catholics were banned from living anywhere near London, from holding public or official office, and James took over two-thirds of Catholic owned lands, all Catholics were asked to swear an oath of allegiance to the Crown. The Puritans were also disappointed by James I but Dr John Reynolds, the leader of the Puritan delegation at the Hampton Court conference in 1604, suggested a new version of the Bible. This was finally produced by the King's printer, was known as the Authorized Version of the Bible and lasted for 300 years.

12,2 MB
12 lut 12 8:53

tsi 69 How A King Of Scots Became King Of England.mp3

Elizabeth has died and James becomes the first Stewart King of England. Anna Massey narrates the history of the British Isles.

Robert Cecil supported James VI in the tense days before he was proclaimed James I of England, he became his closest adviser in the first years of his reign.

James I believed in his divine right to rule but was also a democrat. He called Parliament more often than Elizabeth had though this was partly due to a financial crisis. The first Parliament of his reign was called in 1604 and sat until 1610. It was the Parliament that Guy Fawkes tried to blow up.

The Parliament was dominated more and more by lawyers. In the first gathering of Parliament in James I's reign there were 467 Members in the House of Commons, many of them inexperienced. James I noted that the real problem was the gaggle of lawyers who tried to dominate everything.

12,6 MB
12 lut 12 8:34

tsi 68 Essex, Ireland and Sturdy Beggars.mp3

It is a time of court rivalries in the late 16th Century.

In the 1590s, adventuring heroes such as Sir Walter Raleigh and the Earl of Essex vied for the Queen's favour. Essex was promoted and led a fleet to fight a new Spanish Armada in the Azores. It was a disaster, Essex was forced to leave the Court. His letters and pleas did nothing to change the Queen's mind. Then in 1599 his chance came.

Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone was threatening English dominance in Ireland. Essex persuaded Elizabeth to let him go to Ireland with a large army to put an end to the rebellion.

Essex's orders were to subdue Ulster and the Earl of Tyrone but Essex turned south to Leinster. He needed time to gather his forces, find sufficient packhorses and wait for the weather to improve. He wrote to the Queen, who was furious and ordered Essex not to return until he had defeated Tyrone. Essex met Tyrone and agreed to a two-week truce, he then returned to London. Angry scenes followed between Essex and Elizabeth, Essex was placed under house arrest and then in desperation plotted to overthrow the Queen which led to his execution in 1601.

14,3 MB
8 lut 12 21:31

tsi 67 Trading, Slavery, Piracy and the Spanish Ar mada.mp3

The English begin to show their thirst for knowledge and trading. New routes are explored by men such as Frobisher and Raleigh.

Trade was very important in Elizabethan times. England traded mostly with Europe and Africa. Elizabeth encouraged men like Humphrey Gilbert to open trade routes to China and the New World. Men such as Sir John Hawkins traded in slaves in Africa.

England's main rival was Spain, who tried to block the trade routes to the New World. This led to constant skirmishes at sea between the Spanish and English.

Finally the situation at sea and in the Netherlands drove Spain to prepare the Armada which sailed in 1588. The Spanish intended to land their army in Kent and fight a battle, they had orders to avoid a major naval confrontation and therefore when Drake attacked them outside Plymouth they raced for the French harbours opposite the Kent coast. They had not calculated the depth of the waters and their ships were too large to enter the harbours, they had to anchor outside. During the night the English sent in fire ships, the Armada scattered, a south-westerly gale drove any survivors out into the North Sea. This victory achieved very little apart from high morale and loyal support for Elizabeth in England.

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7 lut 12 18:09

this sceptered isle 66 The Spinster, the Habsburg and Scottish Widow.mp3

The advisers of Elizabeth attempt to persuade her to marry.

The House of Parliament called upon Elizabeth I to marry - they said it was her duty. Elizabeth did not want to choose a husband from her Court - her authority might be weakened and here would be fighting amongs the suitors. She also feared marriage with one of the great houses of Europe - this would mean entanglement in European policy.

A queen whose head did not rule her heart in this way was Mary Queen of Scots. She had grown up in France, was more French than Scottish and spoke no English. However many saw her as the rightful Queen of England and she was the centre of many Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth who finally ordered her execution in 1587.

Meanwhile the English and the Spanish had fallen out over the Netherlands - a Catholic-dominated state undergoing a Protestant revolution. English support of this revolution led to Elizabeth I's excommunication. The Spanish and English were also battling at sea. In 1568 Cecil ordered the seizure of Spanish treasure ships on their way to the Netherlands and relations with Philip of Spain were strained to the point of war.

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7 lut 12 17:51

this sceptered isle 65 The Elizabethans.mp3

Elizabeth comes to power at the age of twenty-five. Anna Massey narrates the history of the British Isles, with Paul Eddington.

In 1558 Mary I died and Elizabeth I came to the throne. Mary Queen of Scots was a serious threat to Elizabeth.

Catholic legislation was repealed and England became Protestant by law with the Sovereign declared Supreme Governor of the English Church.

Elizabeth knew she faced opposition from not only the Catholics but the Puritans. The Puritans were led by the fanatical Protestant exiles of Mary's reign.

12,8 MB
4 lut 12 11:23

this sceptered isle 64 Bloody Mary and the Burning of Cranmer.mp3

Mary intends to restore England to the authority of the Pope. Anna Massey narrates the history of Britain.

On Mary I's ascendancy the Catholics returned to power. Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester was released from the Tower and made Lord Chancellor. Mary I wanted reunion with Rome - 200 Protestants were burned at the stake including Thomas Cranmer.

Mary married Philip II of Spain - Elizabeth was imprisoned. The link with Spain led to war with France and eventually to the loss of Calais in 1558.

In 1555 Stephen Gardiner died, Cardinal Reginald Pole became Archbishop of Canterbury. The Queen, Philip of Spain and Pole became more and more unpopular.

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4 lut 12 11:18

this sceptered isle 63 A Decade of Rebellion, Exec utions and Common Prayer.mp3

Henry VIII is dead and his weakling son is now King. Anna Massey narrates the history of the British Isles, with Paul Eddington.

On Henry VIII's death, England once again faced turmoil. Edward VI was only 10, Edward Seymour, the Duke of Somerset, became guardian and chief counsellor. He worked with Cranmer to further the Protestant revolution. Somerset was ineffective and was soon usurped by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, soon to be Duke of Northumberland.

By 1553 it was obvious that Edward VI was dying. Mary was the rightful successor but she was a Catholic - Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed Queen by Northumberland but the Privy Council supported Mary. Northumberland was executed, Lady Jane Grey and her husband were sent to the Tower.
bbc

12,2 MB
4 lut 12 11:15

this sceptered isle 62 The Auld Alliance and the D eath of Henry VIII.mp3

Henry pursues his war with France and Scotland and brings Wales under the rule of England.

In 1542 the English invaded Scotland only to have to turn back. The Scots proceeded into England to be defeated at Solway Moss - the news killed James V leaving as his heir Mary Queen of Scots who was one week old. At once both the English and the French tried to negotiate marriage agreements with the Scots this led to yet another English/French conflict. This led to the Scots and the French re-establishing the Auld Alliance which had united them against England, on and off, since 1295.

Henry VIII died in 1547, he had been ill for a long time. England needed a strong heir but Edward VI did not fulfil this hope. He came to the throne at the age of 10. Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, became his Protector.

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1 lut 12 4:41

This sceptered isle 61 .The End of the Monasteries.mp3

Anne Boleyn is beheaded, Henry marries Jane Seymour and Thomas Cromwell gains a powerful position. Narrated by Anna Massey.

In 1536 Catherine of Aragon died, Anne Boleyn was beheaded, Henry VIII married Jane Seymour, Wales lost its independency, the Privy Council was established and Parliament agreed the Act against the Pope's authority which makes the monarch the head of the English church.

Thomas More and John Fisher lost the King's favour by refusing to swear to the supremacy of the King. Thomas Cromwell who became chief councillor on the demise of Thomas Wolsey swore the King's supremacy and kept his position. He reformed Government policy creating Government departments including the Privy Council He did not fall from power until 1540.

Henry's treasury needed replenishing - he looked to the church, namely the monasteries. The dissolution of the monasteries began.

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1 lut 12 4:39

This sceptered isle 60. Erasmus, Anne Boleyn and t he Death of Wolsey.mp3

Henry attempts to rid himself of Catherine and opens up a religious can of worms. Anna Massey narrates the history of the British Isles.

In Cambridge a monk named Erasmus was at work on a new version of the New Testament, Novum Instrumentum. He published tracts against the superstitions of Catholicism and thus the Pope. He won respect and reform from the new scholars of England, among them Thomas More and John Colet.

Henry VIII, meanwhile, was desperate for a male heir, Catherine of Aragon had given him a daughter, Mary. He set out to annul his marriage but insisted that the Pope should acknowledge his marriage as a Papal mistake. This led in the end to his falling out of favour with the Pope and to the dissolution of the monasteries. Wolsey's failure to negotiate the annulment with the Pope led to his downfall. He was stripped of many of his possessions and sent north to his archbishopric at York. He died on the way.

In 1527 he fell madly in love with Anne Boleyn. He finally married her in 1533. She also gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, but the King was happy until she gave birth to a stillborn baby in 1536. Henry found a new love in Jane Seymour and was easily convinced by Thomas Cromwell that Anne was having an affair. She was beheaded in 1536.

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29 sty 12 17:03

This sceptered isle 59 Henry VIII,Flodden and Wols ey.mp3

James IV is killed in a bloody battle against the Scots.

In 1509 Henry VIII came to the throne and immediately, on the advice of his councillors, negotiated to marry Catherine of Aragon.

He distrusted the hereditary nobility choosing men of low birth as his advisers. He made Thomas Wolsey his Lord Chancellor and Chief Councillor in 1515. Wolsey's rise through the Church was rapid - Bishop of Lincoln, Archbishop of York, Cardinal, Papal Legate - the latter made him above all ecclesiastical authority in the land. Wolsey ruled, in the King's name, for 14 years. He favoured the Star Chamber and used it for ministerial judgements. These were fair but often ruthless.

Henry VIII was ambitious he looked towards Europe. In 1512 he hired Austrian mercenaries and defeated the French in the Battle of the Spurs in 1513. In the same year at home the Earl of Surrey won a bloody victory against the Scots at Flodden killing James IV. The one-year-old James V came to the throne of Scotland and his mother, Margaret - Henry's sister, became Regent.

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