tsi 77. The First Redcoats and The Battle of Naseby.mp3

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1645 and the Battle of Naseby began, which historians believe was the start of modern British democracy.

By the end of 1648 all was over. Cromwell was dictator. The Royalist had been crushed. The army needed payment.

Agreement with the King was not forthcoming in 1647 he had escaped to the Isle of Wight at Carisbrooke. In November 1648 the army went to Carisbrooke and brought the King back to the mainland. Seven days later a detachment led by Colonel Thomas Pride locked Parliament stopping all but about 60 members, radical Independents, sitting in the Commons.

In January 1649 Charles I was brought before a High Court to account for the blood he had shed and the mischief he had done against the Lord's cause. Charles refused to recognize the court. He refused to speak in his own defence but it would have made little difference.

It was snowing when Charles Stuart was beheaded in front of the Banqueting House which Inigo Jones had built.

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this sceptered isle 8 Who Are the English.mp3

Anna Massey narrates the history of Britain, revealing how the invading Angles, Saxons and Jutes became the English. The Benedictine monk Bede, writing in the early 8th century, identified the English as the descendants of three Germanic tribes:[4] the Angles, who may have come from Angeln (in modern Germany): Bede wrote that their whole nation came to Britain,[5] leaving their former land empty. The name England (Old English: Engla land or Ængla land) originates from this tribe;[6] the Saxons, from Lower Saxony (in modern Germany; German: Niedersachsen) and the Low Countries; the Jutes, possibly from the Jutland peninsula (in modern Denmark; Danish: Jylland). Their language, Old English, which derived from Ingvaeonic West Germanic dialects, transformed into Middle English from the 11th century. Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish. 55BC Julius Caesar 43AD Conquest begins 410 Romans leave 450 St Patrick 477 Saxons land in Sussex 494 Jutes in Kent c.518 King Arthur 550 St David 563 St Columba 597 St Augustine 715 Beowulf 731 Venerable Bede 760 The Book of Kells 783 Offa's Dyke

this sceptered isle 9 The Arrogant Saint.mp3

Augustine is sent over from Rome to preach the word of God. The Arrival in Kent of the missionaries sent By Gregory the Great (597) In the year of our Lord 582, Maurice, the fifty-fourth emperor from Augustus, ascended the throne and reigned twenty-one years. In the tenth year of his reign, Gregory, a man renowned for learning and behavior, was promoted to the apostolic see of Rome,' and presided over it thirteen years, six months, and ten days. He, being moved by divine inspiration, about the one hundred and fiftieth year after the coming of the English into Britain, sent the servant of God, Augustine, and with him several other monks who feared the Lord, to preach the word of God to the English nation. . . .

this sceptered isle 10 Edwin to Whitby.mp3

how King Edwin became one of the most powerful men of his day. Edwin (Old English: Ēadwine; c. 586 – 12 October 632/633), also known as Eadwine or Æduini, was the King of Deira and Bernicia – which later became known as Northumbria – from about 616 until his death. He converted to Christianity and was baptised in 627; after he fell at the Battle of Hatfield Chase, he was venerated as a saint. Edwin was the son of Ælle king of Deira and seems to have had (at least) two siblings. His sister Acha was married to Æthelfrith, king of neighbouring Bernicia. An otherwise unknown sibling fathered Hereric, who in turn fathered Abbess Hilda of Whitby and Hereswith, wife to Æthelric, the brother of king Anna of East Anglia.[1]

this sceptered isle 15 Athelstan.mp3

Churchill called him 'the valiant Athelstan.' But why was Alfred the Great's grandson so important? Athelstan was the third of the great West Saxon kings. He is the first king of Wessex - the first king of all England, Rex totius Britanniae. In 926 he marched into York. The kings of the Scots and of Strathclyde acknowledged him as their ‘father and lord’ and the Welsh princes agreed to pay tribute. The Celts, the Danes and the Norwegians led by Constantine, king of the Scots, together with Olaf of Dublin declared war on Athelstan. They met at Brunanburh in 937 and Athelstan's victory was overwhelming. Athelstan considered himself not only a British sovereign but also a European one. He arranged for his three sisters to marry, respectively, the Carolinian king Charles the Simple, the Capetian Hugh the Great and Otto the Saxon - a future Holy Roman Emperor. Athelstan died two years later. His legacy was a more United Kingdom with the beginnings of organised courts and councils. He was succeeded by his half brother, Edmund who was followed quickly by Edred. There now appeared a fearsome Viking leader, Eric Bloodaxe. He invaded Northumbria, the Northumbrians were mainly Vikings and welcomed him until it became obvious that he meant to kill them and burn their towns. The Northumbrians turned against Eric and killed him and his sons at the Battle of Stainmore. In 955 Edgar succeeded to the throne of Mercia, his brother, Eadwig became king of Wessex but when Eadwig died a couple of years later Edgar became King of Wessex, Mercia and Northumberland. ATHELSTAN (895 - 939) The first King to rule over all England The first King to be recognised throughout Europe He had his head on coins. The truly British Monarchs can be dated from Athelstan SAXON KINGS • Aethelwulf (d. 858) • Aethelred I (d. 871) • Alfred the Great (d. 899) • Edward the Elder (d. 924) • Athelstan I (d. 939) • Edmund I (d. 946) • Edred (d. 955) • Eadwig (d. 959) • Edgar (d. 975) • Edward the Martyr (d. 978)

this sceptered isle 16 The Saintly Dunstan to the Cann....mp3

Today, the introduction of the Order of Service by King Edgar. King Edgar came to the throne in 955 and reigned peacefully for twenty years. The power behind the throne was a nobleman and a church man who later became a saint. Dunstan became Abbot of Glastonbury at the age of 18 and was later made Archbishop of Canterbury. He did great works rebuilding the English monastic orders. He also encouraged building and decoration, learning and the written word. Edgar, under the tutelage of St Dunstan, was a very religious man. He became King of Wessex when he was 16. He married twice, his successor Edward was his son by his first marriage. Edgar died in 975 and was succeeded by Edward the Martyr who was murdered while visiting his step mother and his half brother Aethelred, who succeeded him and who was known as the Unready. In 980 serious raids began again from Ireland, Scandinavia and Denmark. The next thirty years were once again turbulent. Aethelred was forced to pay enormous amounts of money to the marauding Vikings as bribes - this was known as Danegeld. ST DUNSTAN : Became Abbot of Glastonbury in 943 The most influential organiser of English monastic life in Saxon times A political intriguer as well as monk Became Archbishop of Canterbury thanks to his friendship with King Edgar DID YOU KNOW ? Aethelred the Unready really means Aethelred the badly advised (unread). Chronology 954 Eric Bloodaxe of Norway is routed at York English take Northumbria 959 Edgar king of England 960 St Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury 978 Edward the Martyr murdered at Corfe Castle 10 SAINTS • St Alban • St Patrick • St David • St Columba • St Augustine • St Aidan • St Hild • St Paulinus • St Boniface • St Dunstan

this sceptered isle 17 Cnut and Edmund Ironside.mp3

The Danish King returns to England with his son and Ethelred flees to Normandy . Canute subdues the Yorkshire Danes and sacks Oxford and Winchester, but the tide turns against him when Edmund Ironside becomes king of Wessex. In 1013 the Danish king, Sweyn and his younger son, Cnut (Canute) came to England. They subdued the Yorkshire Danes and the five boroughs in Danelaw and Sweyn was accepted as overlord of Northumbria and Danish Mercia. They sacked Oxford and Winchester and although they did not capture London, Sweyn was proclaimed king of England and Aethelred fled to Normandy. Aethelred had married, Emma, the sister of the Duke of Normandy. Sweyn died in 1014 and Cnut claimed the crown, though many wanted to recall Aethelred from Normandy. His son, Edmund Ironside, took up Aethelred's claim. He fought a brilliant campaign against Cnut and managed to win a partition of the kingdom. So once again England was divided and on Aethelred's death Edmund Ironside became king of Wessex until the spiritual and lay chiefs of England agreed to abandon his royal line and recognise Cnut as king of all England. To seal this agreement Cnut married Emma of Normandy, Aethelred's widow, even though he already had a wife and son. CNUT (Canute) (c. 994-1035) King of the English 1016-1035 An ostentatious Christian but his rule in England was brutal He married Aelfgifu of Northampton and Emma of Normandy His strong monarchy disintegrated on his death during the short reigns of his sons Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut Chronology 1013 Aethelred is forced into exile in Normandy 1014 Death of Sweyn I Forkbeard of Denmark 1016 Edmund II Ironside is chosen as king but defeated by Cnut 1034 Duncan I, king of Scots 1035 Harold I Harefoot, king of England

this sceptered isle 18 Goodwine the Cunning and Edward....mp3

The English must decide between respect for the royal line and the need to be protected. In 1035 Cnut died and the throne was once more contested. Only one of Cnut's three sons was legitimate - Harthacnut. His mother, Emma of Normandy and her adviser, Godwine, Earl of Wessex, thought Harthacnut should be declared king at once but their arrival in England was delayed. Their rival Leofric proposed another of Cnut's sons as king and so it was that Harold I, known as Harold Harefoot, came to the throne. Harold died very soon. Now Harthacnut became king only to die at about the age of 25 in 1042. So it was that Edward, Emma of Normandy's second son by Aethelred became King Edward. This was Edward the Confessor. Godwine, with his eldest son Harold (who later became Harold of Hastings), became more and more powerful. Edward died in 1065 and on his death Edgar, son of the king's nephew claimed the throne but the English had to decide between a respect for the royal line and a need to be protected and they chose the latter and Harold became king. EMMA OF NORMANDY (d. 1052) Queen of the English, daughter of Richard I of the Normans Married Aethelred II the Unready and, on his death, Cnut Created dynastic links between England and Normandy .................................................................................................... did you know? Emma of Normandy was the mother of two English kings: Edward the Confessor and Harthacnut Edward the Confessor was albino. Chronology 1040 Harthacnut becomes king of England Macbeth becomes king of Scotland 1042 Edward the Confessor becomes king of England 1052 Earl Godwine returns to England and regains Wessex 1058 Malcolm III Canmore, king of Scots

this sceptered isle 19 The Battle of Stamford Bridge.mp3

Harold II beats his half brother in battle but doesn't bother to wait for reinforcements before marching his depleted army to Hastings Harold's half brother Tostig and king Harold Hardrada of Norway invaded the north of Britain. Harold II of England raced to York and a battle was fought at Stamford Bridge which Harold won. Meanwhile William of Normandy had landed in the south so Harold immediately marched south and fought another battle at Hastings only twelve days after the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold's army was depleted and he did not wait for reinforcements. On Wednesday 14th October he led his men into battle and was defeated by William of Normandy who became William I of England.

this sceptered isle 32 Penance,rebelion and Ireland.mp3

Penance,rebelion and Ireland. Henry II dies heartbroken after being defeated in war by his son Richard. Henry II was repentant of the murder of Becket. He spent years atoning for his guilt making pilgrimages to the shrine of the archbishop. He made his peace with the Pope. Finally he turned his attentions to Ireland. The Pope was unhappy about the way the Church was managed in Ireland. For example, the bishopric, the see of Armagh, was hereditary; eight bishops appeared to be married and had children; others did not even appear to have been ordained. Pope Alexander approved of Henry's expedition. The King landed at Waterford on 17th October 1171. Only the kings of Tyrone and Tyrconnel refused to pay him homage. He built a palace at Dublin and within a year, supported by the Pope, he was recognised as Lord of Ireland. This, of course, was not the end of Irish story Henry did not understand that as soon as he left Ireland they would forget their allegiance to him. Henry had certainly strengthened his powers in other areas. Through the marriage of his daughters he had forged links with Scicily, Castile and Saxony.

this sceptered isle 53 Henry IV,Hotspur and the Stake.mp3

Henry IV became King in 1399. He had two difficult conflicts to deal with, the first the disunity of the Church, the second the rebellion of the Percys. The Church was being questioned by the Lollards, followers of John Wyclif. The King issued De Haeretico Comburendo making it legal to burn a convicted heretic at the stake. He declared it illegal to preach with license from the bishop of the diocese and to preach, teach or write a book contrary to the Catholic faith or the Holy Church. In 1401 the burnings began. Henry's conflict with the Percys concerned Scotland and Wales and was to last on and off until 1408. Henry suffered ill health from 1405 and eventually died in 1413.

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