this sceptered isle 3 Caratacus - the First Sung Hero.mp3

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Claudius is now top man in Rome, and after 100 years another invasion of Britain is on the way.

55BC Julius Caesar
43AD Conquest begins
410 Romans leave
450 St Patrick
477 Saxons land in Sussex
494 Jutes in Kent
c.518 King Arthur
550 St David
563 St Columba
597 St Augustine
715 Beowulf
731 Venerable Bede
760 The Book of Kells
783 Offa's Dyke

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this sceptered isle 65 The Elizabethans.mp3

Elizabeth comes to power at the age of twenty-five. Anna Massey narrates the history of the British Isles, with Paul Eddington. In 1558 Mary I died and Elizabeth I came to the throne. Mary Queen of Scots was a serious threat to Elizabeth. Catholic legislation was repealed and England became Protestant by law with the Sovereign declared Supreme Governor of the English Church. Elizabeth knew she faced opposition from not only the Catholics but the Puritans. The Puritans were led by the fanatical Protestant exiles of Mary's reign.

this sceptered isle 63 A Decade of Rebellion, Executio....mp3

Henry VIII is dead and his weakling son is now King. Anna Massey narrates the history of the British Isles, with Paul Eddington. On Henry VIII's death, England once again faced turmoil. Edward VI was only 10, Edward Seymour, the Duke of Somerset, became guardian and chief counsellor. He worked with Cranmer to further the Protestant revolution. Somerset was ineffective and was soon usurped by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, soon to be Duke of Northumberland. By 1553 it was obvious that Edward VI was dying. Mary was the rightful successor but she was a Catholic - Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed Queen by Northumberland but the Privy Council supported Mary. Northumberland was executed, Lady Jane Grey and her husband were sent to the Tower. bbc

this sceptered isle 62 The Auld Alliance and the Death....mp3

Henry pursues his war with France and Scotland and brings Wales under the rule of England. In 1542 the English invaded Scotland only to have to turn back. The Scots proceeded into England to be defeated at Solway Moss - the news killed James V leaving as his heir Mary Queen of Scots who was one week old. At once both the English and the French tried to negotiate marriage agreements with the Scots this led to yet another English/French conflict. This led to the Scots and the French re-establishing the Auld Alliance which had united them against England, on and off, since 1295. Henry VIII died in 1547, he had been ill for a long time. England needed a strong heir but Edward VI did not fulfil this hope. He came to the throne at the age of 10. Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, became his Protector.

This sceptered isle 61 .The End of the Monasteries.mp3

Anne Boleyn is beheaded, Henry marries Jane Seymour and Thomas Cromwell gains a powerful position. Narrated by Anna Massey. In 1536 Catherine of Aragon died, Anne Boleyn was beheaded, Henry VIII married Jane Seymour, Wales lost its independency, the Privy Council was established and Parliament agreed the Act against the Pope's authority which makes the monarch the head of the English church. Thomas More and John Fisher lost the King's favour by refusing to swear to the supremacy of the King. Thomas Cromwell who became chief councillor on the demise of Thomas Wolsey swore the King's supremacy and kept his position. He reformed Government policy creating Government departments including the Privy Council He did not fall from power until 1540. Henry's treasury needed replenishing - he looked to the church, namely the monasteries. The dissolution of the monasteries began.

This sceptered isle 59 Henry VIII,Flodden and Wolsey.mp3

James IV is killed in a bloody battle against the Scots. In 1509 Henry VIII came to the throne and immediately, on the advice of his councillors, negotiated to marry Catherine of Aragon. He distrusted the hereditary nobility choosing men of low birth as his advisers. He made Thomas Wolsey his Lord Chancellor and Chief Councillor in 1515. Wolsey's rise through the Church was rapid - Bishop of Lincoln, Archbishop of York, Cardinal, Papal Legate - the latter made him above all ecclesiastical authority in the land. Wolsey ruled, in the King's name, for 14 years. He favoured the Star Chamber and used it for ministerial judgements. These were fair but often ruthless. Henry VIII was ambitious he looked towards Europe. In 1512 he hired Austrian mercenaries and defeated the French in the Battle of the Spurs in 1513. In the same year at home the Earl of Surrey won a bloody victory against the Scots at Flodden killing James IV. The one-year-old James V came to the throne of Scotland and his mother, Margaret - Henry's sister, became Regent.

this sceptered isle 58 The English people are still re....mp3

The England Henry inherited was tired. It was recovering from endless wars and from the deadly plague. Henry was well aware of the vulnerability of his throne. He had had the foresight to declare himself King before the Battle of Bosworth therefore all who fought against him were branded traitors. When Parliament confirmed his right to the throne he married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's daughter thereby satisfying the Yorkists. The Duchess of Burgundy, Richard III's sister sent two pretenders to overcome Henry. The first Lambert Simnel ended up as a scullion in the royal kitchen, the second Perkin Warbeck threatened Henry's peace for seven years but was finally executed. The first Tudor king Scotland and France raised their heads again. Henry married his daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland in 1502. He allied himself with the King of Spain through the marriage of his eldest son to the Infanta, Catherine. France was held at bay and the French King had to buy Henry off thereby making the King wealthy.

this sceptered isle 57 how Richard III came to power a....mp3

Richard murders his nephews, aged 12 and nine. Edward IV's Queen, Elizabeth, had seven children - her two sons were aged 12 and nine in 1483 when the King was suddenly struck down by an illness and died. Richard of Gloucester, the King's brother became Protector. Richard put the Princes in the Tower and set about invalidating Edward's marriage to Elizabeth thereby proving his right to the throne was greater than theirs. He executed or exiled their supporters. Parliament accepted Richard III as their King. The new King's first task was to murder the Princes. The murder of the Princes outraged the people and the Duke of Buckingham conspired with the Countess of Richmond to put her son, Henry Tudor, the Earl of Richmond on the throne. Buckingham paid with his head. In 1484 Richard III's only son died and Henry Tudor became the rival claimant and successor to the throne. In 1485 Richard marched against him and lost the battle of Bosworth and his life

this sceptered isle 56 the wars of the roses.mp3

The King has a breakdown and the Lancastrians rise against the Government. Henry VI was finally crowned in 1429, though he was not declared of age until 1437. In 1450 the Kentish Rebellion reflected a breakdown in law and order. Then in 1453 the King had a breakdown. His queen, Margaret of Anjou, aspired to be Protector - in October she gave birth to a son, Edward, but there was uncertainty whether Henry was his father. In 1454 the Duke of York was declared Protector in her stead. The Beauforts (Lancastrians) rose against the Government. The King then recovered slightly. Margaret was ready to do battle, so was the Duke of York. The Wars of the Roses had begun. Edward of York, the Earl of March, joined forces with the Earl of Warwick. At Towton Field in Yorkshire Edward won a battle which won him the throne. Henry was imprisoned in the Tower. Edward IV was crowned king in 1465. He beheaded Henry VI in 1471. He died suddenly in 1483.

this sceptered isle 55 Henry VI a sickly child both ph....mp3

Henry VI came to the throne in 1422, at nine months old. He was not crowned until 1429. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester was made Protector, John, Duke of Bedford, went to France as Regent and Commander in Chief. England was governed by an aristocratic council. The war with France continued but P Henry VI becomes King of England at the age of nine month. Parliament was loath to pour more money into the war. The English were defeated at Orleons in 1429 by Joan of Arc. The Maid of Orleons led her King in triumph to Rheims to be crowned Charles VII of France. At this point she considered her work done but the French court would not let her go home. In May 1430 she was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English, a year later she was burned a the stake. From then on the war went badly for the English. Bedford died and all northern France was reconquered leaving only Calais to the English.

this sceptered isle 54 Henry V the reign of henry V un....mp3

Henry V Henry V came to the throne in 1415 and ignoring internal disputes set out to conquer France and claim that throne. The French marched to meet him at Agincourt. The English were outnumbered but the English archers were extremely effective and won the day. For the next two years, Henry besieged Normandy. Finally an agreement was reached - Henry would marry Catherine, daughter of Charles VI of France and on the latter's death would become King of France. They married in 1420 but Henry was desperate to end the war. He fought on and died of exhaustion and disease two years later. The new king Henry VI was just nine months old.

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