Jacques Le Goff is a prominent figure in the tradition of French medieval scholarship, profoundly influenced by the Annales school, notably, Bloch, Febvre, and Braudel, and by the ethnographers and anthropologists Mauss, Dumézil, and Lévi-Strauss. In building his argument for "another Middle Ages" (un autre moyen âge), Le Goff documents the emergence of the collective mentalité from many sources with scholarship both imaginative and exact.

For a number of years, historians of various backgrounds have attempted to conceptually and operationally define the "Middle Ages." In 'Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages' Jacques Le Goff, a top French Historian outlines his perspective via a collection of essays he developed on this subject over several years.

Le Goff suggests the modern historian should use the techniques of the ethnographer, the findings of archeologists, and the records of courts, commerce, and confessor's manuals to construct the everyday world of the inhabitants of Europe during the Middle Ages. He says he is not going to try to turn the Dark Ages into the Golden Ages, and he is not operating without a theory since that is virtually impossible--in spite of the claims to the contrary by some modern theorists. As he mentions the 'division of labor' in several contexts, I imagine he is following social theories outlined by 20th Century French historians such as Durkheim, Mauss, and Bloch.

Le Goff sets about untangling a story he says began with the fall of the Roman Empire and ended with the Industrial Age ('Longue duree' of Fernand Braudel). He seems to view the Renaissance and Reformation as the natural culmination of forces that arose during the Middle Ages: the division of labor and the division of time.

Le Goff says much evidence suggests a tripartite society arose in the 900s and gained ascendency by the 1200s. This society was composed of: oratores (clergy), bellatores (warriors), and laboratores (workers). Fortunately or unfortunately, the division of society did not end with three groups. He says the Middle Ages involved two major processes: the division of labor and the division of time, and that these two processes were inseparable.

Le Goff spends much time discussing the laboratores and how their work day, which was once measured as sun-up to sun-down (God's time as depicted in the "Book of Months") came to be measured and paid in hourly rates as the result of the growing power of commercial interests. The land-based wealth of the feudal lords and their peasant farmer tenants was subverted by commercial practices that ultimately exploited and alienated the artisan workers. These alienated workers later grew in power and became involved in peasant revolutions and other disruptive activities.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Jacques Le Goff - The Birth of Purgatory (1984).jpg

In The Birth of Purgatory, Jacques Le Goff, the brilliant medievalist and renowned Annales historian, is concerned not with theological discussion but with the growth of an idea, with the relation between belief and society, with mental structures, and with the historical role of the imagination. Le Goff argues that the doctrine of Purgatory did not appear in the Latin theology of the West before the late twelfth century, that the word purgatorium did not exist until then. He shows that the growth of a belief in an intermediate place between Heaven and Hell was closely bound up with profound changes in the social and intellectual reality of the Middle Ages. Throughout, Le Goff makes use of a wealth of archival material, much of which he has translated for the first time, inviting readers to examine evidence from the writings of great, obscure, or anonymous theologians.

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Jacques Le Goff - Your money or your life, Economy and Religion in the Middle Ages (1990).jpg

In this book one of the most esteemed contemporary historians of the Middle Ages presents a concise examination of the problem that usury posed for the medieval Church, which had long denounced the lending of money for interest. Jacques Le Goff describes how, as the structure of economic life inevitably began to include financial loans, the Church refashioned its ideology in order to condemn the usurer not to Hell but merely to Purgatory. Le Goff is in the forefront of a history that studies "the deeply rooted and the slowly changing." As one keenly aware of the inertia of older societies, he is all the more able to delineate for us the disruptive forces of change.

Jacques Le Goff is director of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Science Sociales, Paris, and codirector of the Annales - Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations. lie is the author of The Birth of Purgatory and Time, Work, and Culture. Distributed for Zone Books.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Josef Meri - The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria (2002).jpg

This accessible study is the first critical investigation of the cult of saints among Muslims and Jews in medieval Syria and the Near East. Through case studies of saints and their devotees, discussion of the architecture of monuments, examination of devotional objects, and analysis of ideas of "holiness", Meri depicts the practices of living religion and explores the common heritage of these two faiths.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Josef Meri - The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria (2002).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Mark P. O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon - Classical Mythology (1985).jpeg

Building on the best-selling tradition of previous editions, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, is the most comprehensive survey of classical mythology available in one volume. Featuring the authors' clear and extensive translations of original sources, it brings to life the myths and legends of Greece and Rome in a lucid and engaging style. The text contains a wide variety of faithfully translated passages from Greek and Latin sources, including Homer, Hesiod, all the Homeric Hymns, Pindar, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Herodotus, Plato, Lucian, Lucretius, Vergil, Ovid, and Seneca. The authors incorporate a dynamic combination of poetic narratives and enlightening commentary to make the myths come alive for students. Offering historical and cultural background on the myths--including evidence from art and archaeology--they also provide ample interpretative material and examine the enduring survival of classical mythology and its influence in the fields of art, literature, music, dance, and film.
Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, enables students to explore the fascinating nature of Greek and Roman gods, goddesses, heroes, and heroines, and to appreciate the most significant ancient sources of classical myths and legends. The book is beautifully enhanced by 22 color plates and 160 black and white illustrations with lucid explanatory captions, as well as maps, a glossary, a companion website, and an instructor's manual.

Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, has been updated and revised to reflect recent scholarship, featuring:

* The most recent results of excavations at Troy and Orestes
* Expanded discussions of Asclepius, Antigone, and Orestes
* Many new text boxes including those on Homer, Hesiod, and the worship of Artemis at Brauron
* A new chapter (25) on Ovid's treatment of classical mythology
* Incorporation of local legends--for example, the myth of Bellerophon--in relevant myths and sagas (these legends, located in the former Chapter 25 in the previous edition, have now been distributed throughout the book where they best fit)
* An improved art program, with new images, better-quality reproductions, and improved maps
* Numbering of lines for all translations, for easy reference
* Improved indexes and updated bibliographies
* An improved and updated companion website, including images and maps
* An instructor's manual and test bank (available for the first time)

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Peter Macinnis - Bittersweet Story of Sugar (2002).jpg

This is a wonderfully interesting and engrossing history of a major food crop filled with interesting details concerning people and events. Although Peter Macinnis traces the story of sugar from its origins in New Guinea through to the 20th century, he does so in a very entertaining rather than comprehensive way. As such, this is a good introduction, but will leave the reader with many questions unanswered.
The subtitle, The Story of Sugar could really have been The Story of Sugar and Slavery since, according to the author, this form of forced labor has been so integral to the success of the crop. In fact I am sure that the "Bitter" half of the title is a reference to slavery. Macinnis states that not only the institution of slavery, but also the global politics of Colonialism, has its foundation in the global production of sugar.
So as you can see, the world as we know it has to a large extent been molded by the story of sugar. Thus this book,orsome other like it, is important reading for a good understanding of modern world history. Being an Australian gives the author just enough distance from the European and American sugar empires to tell the story with a balanced and somewhat objective point of view.
The book is illustrated with black-and-white maps and each chapter ends with a historic sugar recipe. There is a two page glossary of terms related to sugar production as well as a seven page bibliography of further readings. There are no footnotes to break the narrative.
This is a great introduction to the story of one of the most important cash crops in world history.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Peter Macinnis - Bittersweet Story of Sugar (2002).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Nicholas P. Money - The Triumph of the Fungi, A Ro tten History (2007).jpg

This book is concerned with the most devastating fungal diseases in history. These are the plagues of trees and crop plants, caused by invisible spores that have reshaped entire landscapes and decimated human populations. The Triumph of the Fungi focuses on the fascinating biology of the well- and lesser-known diseases, and also tells the stories of the scientists involved in their study, and of the people directly impacted by the loss of forest trees like the chestnut, and cash crops such as coffee and cacao. In a surprisingly brief time, human knowledge of the fungi that infect plants has evolved from Biblical superstition, to the recognition of the true nature of plant disease, and, more recently, to a sense of awe for the sophistication of these microbes. The crucial issue of human culpability in these fungal epidemics is addressed in the books closing chapter.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Charles G. Nauert - Historical Dictionary of the R enaissance (2004).jpg

The Historical Dictionary of the Renaissance covers the history of Western and Central Europe from about 1350 to the early 17th century. It emphasizes those persons, movements, and places that are especially important in the growth of the humanistic culture and the new artistic and musical styles that are the most important aspects of European history in this period. The heart of the book is the alphabetically organized dictionary.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Charles G. Nauert - Historical Dictionary of the R enaissance (2004).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Stephen C. Neff - War and the Law of Nations, A Ge neral History (2005).jpg

This ambitious volume is a history of war, from the standpoint of international law, from the beginning of history to the present day. Its primary focus is on legal conceptions of war as such, rather than on the substantive or technical aspects of the law of war. It tells the story, in narrative form, of the interplay, through the centuries, between, on the one hand, legal ideas about war and, on the other hand, state practice in warfare. Its coverage includes reprisals, civil wars, UN enforcement and the war on terrorism. This book will interest historians, students of international relations and international lawyers.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Tim Murray - Milestones in Archeology (2007).jpg

This engaging work uses key discoveries, events, people, techniques, and controversies to give the general reader a rich history of archaeology from its beginnings in the 16th century to the present.

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12,9 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Tim Murray - Milestones in Archeology (2007).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Henri Pirenne - Mohammed and Charlemagne (1959).jpg

Remarkable classic that developed the revolutionary theory of how the advance and influence of Islam caused the Europe of the Roman Empire to evolve into the Europe of the Middle Ages. A masterly study that is essential reading for history students and medievalists. "... an important ... seminal book, worthy to close one of the most distinguished careers in European scholarship.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Henri Pirenne - Mohammed and Charlemagne (1959).pdf

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Anthony J. Spalinger - War In Ancient Egypt, The N ew Kingdom (2005).jpg

This book is an introduction to the war machine of New Kingdom Egypt from c. 1575 bc–1100 bc.
# Focuses on the period in which the Egyptians created a professional army and gained control of Syria, creating an “Empire of Asia”.
# Written by a respected Egyptologist.
# Highlights new technological developments, such as the use of chariots and siege technology.
# Considers the socio-political aspects of warfare, particularly the rise to power of a new group of men.
# Evaluates the military effectiveness of the Egyptian state, looking at the logistics of warfare during this period.
# Incorporates maps and photographs, a chronological table, and a chart of dynasties and pharaohs

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Anthony J. Spalinger - War In Ancient Egypt, The N ew Kingdom (2005).pdf

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B. B. Price - Ancient economic thought (1997).jpg

This book explores the interrelationship between economic practice and religion, ethics and social structure in a number of ancient cultures, including studies of East Indian, Hebraic, Greek, Hellenistic, Roman and emerging European cultures. Each chapter presents a new, richer understanding of the preoccupation of the ancients with specific economic problems such as distribution, civic pride, management and uncertainty, and how they were able to resolve them. Presenting fascinating insights into the economic thinking of ancient cultures, this volume will enhance the reawakening of interest in ancient economic history and thought, as well as the history of ideas.

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B. B. Price - Ancient economic thought (1997).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Charles E. Orser Jr - Encyclopedia of Historical A rchaeology (2002).jpg

This groundbreaking encyclopedia is the first in-depth reference source on the most rapidly growing area in archaeology. Edited by one of the world's most renowned historical archaeologists, this work offers a comprehensive guide to the essential sites, concepts, and issues central to the study of historical archaeology, and at the same time helps to define it as a field.
The more than 370 entries, written by 120 experts from around the world, make this an indispensable reference source for students and scholars alike.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Charles E. Orser Jr - Encyclopedia of Historical A rchaeology (2002).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Felipe Fernandez-Armesto - The Times Illustrated H istory of Europe (1996).jpg

With nearly 300 illustrations and full-color maps, this latest work from Oxford historian Fernandez-Armesto, editor of The Times Guide to the Peoples of Europe (Times Bks., 1994), is a fascinating companion volume to The Times Atlas of European History (HarperCollins, 1994). The author traces the cultural, social, and political evolution of Europe from its origins (c.10,000 B.C.) to the present day. The presentation is not a succession of facts and dates but a sweeping overview of European currents, interweaving art, ideology, and socioeconomic conditions. The narrative is very readable but would have been enhanced by chronologies similar to those used at the bottom of pages in The Harper Atlas of World History (HarperCollins, 1992. rev. ed.). While the absence of such chronologies may limit the usefulness of this publication as a reference tool, it is highly recommended for the history collections of most public and academic libraries.?

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Friedemann Schrenk, Stephanie Müller - The Neander thals (2005).jpg

All History - Friedemann Schrenk, Stephanie Mller - The Neanderthals 2005.jpg

The Neanderthal is among the most mysterious relatives of Homo sapiens: Was he a dull, club-swinging muscleman, or a being with developed social behaviour and the ability to speak, to plan precisely, and even to develop views on the afterlife?

For many, the Neanderthals are an example of primitive humans, but new discoveries suggest that this image needs to be revised. Half a million years ago in Ice Age Europe, there emerged people who managed to cope well with the difficult climate – Neanderthal Man. They formed an organized society, hunted Mammoths, and could make fire. They were able to pass on knowledge; they cared for the old and the handicapped, burying their dead, and placing gifts on their graves. Yet, they became extinct, despite their cultural abilities.

This richly illustrated book, written for general audiences, provides a competent look at the history, living conditions, and culture of the Neanderthal.

About the Author
University of Southern Mississippi, USA

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6,7 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Friedemann Schrenk, Stephanie Müller - The Neander thals (2005).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson - A Dictionary of Archaeo logy (1999).jpg

"Shaw and Jameson have assembled a roster of authoritative and readable contributors to cover sites, cultures, regions worldwide (even continents), concepts and theories, methods and techniques. The quality of the entries is very high." Antiquity

"This is a modern, thoughtful, and extremely useful dictionary with a wealth of contextualized definitions, and important if comparatively lesser-known sites and cultures." Times Higher Education Supplement

"Blackwell's graphics greatly enhance it; drawings relate to text, maps locate site entries, and chronologies are provided for all detailed regional sections except Africa." Choice

"The book's strength rests on its geographical coverage ... Its theoretical content will be of particular use to advanced students and scholars seeking to find the current state-of-the-art approaches to the discipline." College and Research Libraries

"It should be particularly useful to those requiring an introduction to the archaeological sites in particular regions. I also found it interesting for insights into the way archaeologists work and perceive human-environmental interactions." The Holocene

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8,3 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson - A Dictionary of Archaeo logy (1999).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

J.J.Saunders - History of Medieval Islam (2002).jpg

This is an introduction to the history of the Muslim East from the rise of Islam to the Mongol conquests. It explains and indicates the main trends of Islamic historical evolution during the Middle Ages, and will help the non-Orientalist to understand something of the relationship between Islam and Christendom in those centuries.

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J.J.Saunders - History of Medieval Islam (2002).pdf

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Roger Ryan - Judges (2007).jpg

In this new contribution to the Readings series of commentaries, Roger Ryan offers a challenge to the fashionable disdain for the heroes of the Book of Judges. As against the current consensus majoring on the supposed flaws in the characters of the judges, and denigrating them as participants in Israel's moral and religious decline, he paints a positive portrait of each of the book's judge-deliverers. The key element in all the stories of the judges is that each of them wins independence for oppressed Israelites against great odds-an element that should predispose readers to a favourable evaluation of the heroes. Ehud slaughters an enemy king when the only weapon he has is a homemade dagger. Barak resolutely charges downhill against enemy chariots reinforced with iron. Jael slaughters an enemy commander by improvising with a hammer and a tent peg. Gideon defeats hordes of nomadic invaders with a small token army. The lone hero Samson slaughters the Philistine foe in great numbers. The Book of Judges presents in this reading a dark story-world in which its characters take heroic risks as they resolve conflicts by violent means. Their stories are jubilantly told and readers are expected to be neither squeamish nor censorious.

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