Gesher is a small Middle Bronze Age IIA cemetery site located in the central Jordan Valley in Israel. Initial excavations in 1986-1987 indicated the site's importance for examining population and settlement in the interior of Canaan in the early second millennium BCE. In particular, the nature of the interments and the early date of the site's material culture highlighted the importance of Gesher for studies of MB IIA development. Three additional seasons of excavations were conducted from 2002-2004, which were designed to gain further data regarding the mortuary customs, material culture, and social and economic developments of this population in MB IIA Canaan. During the five seasons of excavation, a total of 23 interments were excavated in the cemetery, together with their associated grave goods, consisting of ceramic vessels, bronze weapons, and one bronze toggle pin.

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Yosef Garfinkel - The Middle Bronze Age IIA Cemete ry at Gesher, Final Report (2007).pdf

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Jonathan Bate - The Song of the Earth (2002).jpg

This ambitious, erudite critical study from University of Liverpool English literature professor Bate seeks to recast Romantic poetry from the Wordsworthian"egotistical sublime"to an ecological one. Romantic literature's love of nature, its fierce individualism and its political radicalism make it a plausible candidate for planting the seeds of the Green movement. As Bate observes, Wordsworth and Coleridge published their seminal Lyrical Ballads in the same year that Thomas Malthus sounded his (premature) warnings of overpopulation. Likewise, he notes how changed global weather patterns resulting from a volcanic eruption could inspire both Byron's"Darkness"and Keats's"To Autumn."

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Jonathan Bate - The Song of the Earth (2002).pdf

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Brian Duignan, - The History of Western Ethics (20 10).jpg

Ethics is the business of moral philosophy by which humans try to determine what behaviors are right and wrong; good and bad; noble and ignoble. Each person strives for rectitude as they understand it, while working within the accepted values of a larger group dynamic. The moral view of the larger group is developed and refined within a state of flux, and new circumstances are constantly arising that defy individual consciences and compel each individual to reexamine how he or she applies ethical principles in everyday life. This absorbing volume looks at the development of the three major fields of Western ethics over time, while providing insightful cross-cultural comparisons between ancient moral philosophies of societies across the globe.

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Brian Duignan, - The History of Western Ethics (20 10).pdf

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Frederick T. M. Gibbs - The Illustrated Guide to t he Royal Navy and Foreign Navies (1896).jpg

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Frederick T. M. Gibbs - The Illustrated Guide to t he Royal Navy and Foreign Navies (1896).pdf

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Clifford R. Backman - The Worlds of Medieval Europ e (2003).jpg

Deftly written and beautifully illustrated, The Worlds of Medieval Europe, Second Edition, presents a distinctive and nuanced portrayal of a western world that was sharply divided between its northern and southern aspects. By integrating the histories of the Islamic and Byzantine worlds into the main narrative, author Clifford R. Backman offers an insightful, detailed, and often witty look at the continuum of interaction--social, cultural, intellectual, and commercial--that existed among all three societies.

Filled with relevant primary documents, this compelling volume surpasses traditional textbook representations of the Middle Ages by balancing the conventional focus on political affairs, especially those of northern Europe, with equally detailed attention to medieval society as it developed in the Mediterranean. In addition, Backman describes the ways in which the medieval Latin West attempted to understand the unified and rational structure of the human cosmos, which they believed existed beneath the observable diversity and disorder of the world. This effort to re-create a human ordering of "unity through diversity" provides an essential key to understanding medieval Europe and the ways in which it regarded and reacted to the worlds around it.

Thoroughly updated and redesigned, the second edition features an inviting and accessible layout and integrates captivating new illustrations--nearly twice as many as in the previous edition--to stimulate students' engagement with the material. Moreover, it offers a sophisticated analysis of gender, along with an intriguing examination of the tumultuous relationship between the Mediterranean and Islam.

An invaluable resource for both students and instructors, The Worlds of Medieval Europe, Second Edition, is ideal for undergraduate courses in medieval history, Western civilization, the history of Christianity, and Muslim-Christian relations. It also serves as an excellent supplement on the history of a specific country in the medieval period, the history of medieval art, or the history of the European economy.

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Kathryn A.Bard - Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (1999).jpg

This is the first reference work in English to provide systematic coverage of the archaeology of this region from the earliest finds of the Paleolithic period through to the fourth century AD. This lavishly illustrated encyclopedia features over 300 A-Z entries on all of the major areas of the study of ancient Egypt, including artifacts, short biographies of prominent Egyptologists, buildings, archaeological sites and techniques, and more, all contributed by an international team of the most eminent scholars in the field, many of them currently excavating in Egypt.

The Encyclopedia also includes 14 overview articles on the history and significance of each period; maps; a chronology of periods and dynasties, suggestions for further reading, and a comprehensive index.

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Gregory Fremont-Barnes - Encyclopedia of the Age o f Political Revolutions (2007).jpg

By giving rise to new ideologies that in time transformed the political structure of much of the world, the American and French Revolutions stand as two of the most important political events in global history. The American establishment of a republican government, and the gradual expansion of democracy that ensued, altered traditional political and social thought, thus shaping the later French Revolution and creating the core ethic of later American political values. The Enlightenment ideals of the French Revolution, as later spread by the armies of Napoleon, dissolved most traditional European notions of political authority. This encyclopedia offers current, detailed information on the people, events, movements, and ideas that defined the revolutions in France and America, as well as in other parts of the world during the late eighteenth-century Age of Revolutions. Besides numerous entries on various countries of Europe whose histories were affected by the French Revolution, such as Austria, Belgium, Germany, Poland, and Russia, the many entries covering the people, events, groups, and ideologies of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France include the following: BLCivil Constitution of the Clergy BLGeorges Jacques Danton BLThe Directory BLGuillotine BLJosephine, Empress of France BLLaw of Suspects BLThe Mountain BLPrairial Insurrection BLTennis Court Oath BLWhite Terror Besides various entries covering American colonies/states, such as Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Virginia, the numerous entries covering the figures, events, and ideologies of the American Revolution and Early Federal Period of the United States include the following: BLAbigail Adams BLBoston Massacre BLConstitutional Convention BLWilliam Franklin BLLexington and Concord, Actions at BLLoyalists BLMassachusetts Government Act BLNewspapers, American BLEdmund Randolph BLSigners of the Declaration of Independence Finally, the encyclopedia offers various entries covering important revolutionary figures and movements that were active in other parts of the world during the period 1760-1815, including the following: BLSimon Bolivar BLDutch Revolutions BLHaitian Revolution BLHispaniola BLLatin American Revolutions BLMexican Revolution BLPugachev Rebellion BLToussaint l'Ouverture Besides over 450 clearly written and highly informative entries, the encyclopedia also includes primary documents, a chronology, an extensive introductory essay, a bibliography, a guide to related topics, and a series of useful maps.

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Gregory Fremont-Barnes - Encyclopedia of the Age o f Political Revolutions (2007).pdf

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Sarayia Faroqhi - The Ottoman Empire and the World Around it (2004).jpg

In Islamic law the world was made up of the House of Islam and the House of War with the Ottoman Sultan--the perceived successor to the Caliphs--supreme ruler of the Islamic world. However, Suraiya Faroqhi demonstrates that there was no iron curtain between the Ottoman and other worlds but rather a long-established network of diplomatic, financial, cultural and religious connections. These extended to the empires of Asia and the modern states of Europe. Faroqhi's book is based on a huge study of original and early modern sources, including diplomatic records, travel and geographical writing, as well as personal accounts.

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John C. H. Laughlin - Fifty Major Cities of the Bible (2005).jpg

From the ruins of the ancient seaside city of Acco, to the small but archaeologically important town of Yokneam, Fifty Major Cities of the Bible provides readers with a comprehensive guide to the ancient cities that played a vital role in the world from which the Bible originated.

Included are not only well known cities such as Jerusalem and Jericho, but also lesser known towns like Aroer, Beth-Zur and Gibeah, which have all provided their own valuable contributions to the way in which we now understand the biblical world.

This book Includes the biblical context of each city or town; a summary of its known archaeological history; non-biblical references to the site; photographs and illustrations; a concise bibliography for further reading

Also provided is a handy reference map to the major archaeological sites in Israel, as well as chronological tables for easy reference.

About the Author
John C. H. Laughlin is Professor of Religion and Chair of the Department of Religion, Averett University in Danville, Virginia. He is an experienced field archaeologist who has served on the staff of several excavations, and is also the author of Archaeology and the
Bible (Routledge, 1999).

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John C. H. Laughlin - Fifty Major Cities of the Bible (2005).pdf

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Ancient Weapons (1993).jpg

В настоящем альбоме представлены предметы вооружения, выполненные русскими и европейскими мастерами, мастерами Северного Кавказа, оружейниками Ирана, Турции, Индии, Китая и Японии.

The collection of weaponry at the State History Museum in Moscow is one of the largest in Russia. This album presents weapons made by Russian and European armorers, craftsmen of the North Caucasus, Iran, Turkey, India, China and Japan. Every piece reproduced in the album is accompanied by a detailed description.

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Ancient Weapons (1993).pdf

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Ian Shaw, Paul Nicholson - The British Museum, Dic tionary of Ancient Egypt (2002).jpg

This illustrated dictionary provides descriptions of the important ideas, events and personalities throughout four thousand years of Egyptian civilization. Included are over 600 extensively cross-referenced and indexed entries, 420 illustrations, 70 maps and many line drawings.

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Ian Shaw, Paul Nicholson - The British Museum, Dic tionary of Ancient Egypt (2002) [PDF].rar

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Ania Loomba, Jonathan Burton - Race in Early Moder n England, A Documentary Companion (2007).jpg

“A terrific supplement to research and teaching on race. Assembling a range of disparate and difficult to find materials from early modern English writing and their classical antecedents, this collection will change how we think about early racial conception. It is an indispensable component of any comprehensive library on the history of race and racism.”--David Theo Goldberg, Director and Professor, University of California Humanities Research Institute

“Recent preferencing of nationalism over pan-Europeanism and the return of religious fundamentalisms, of crusade and jihad, suggest recursion to the premodern. This book, dedicated to early modern England, tests such suggestions to the full; its timeliness can hardly be exaggerated. An astutely edited, capacious anthology.”--David Wallace, Judith Rodin Professor of English, University of Pennsylvania

“This rich collection changes the conversation about early modern ideas of race. Burton and Loomba's smashing introduction is a model of clarity on a complex topic, and they have intelligently assembled a wide range of primary materials, including a number of compelling and little-known visual images, that reveal the salience and ubiquity of race as an early modern concept. A magnificently useful classroom text, Race in Early Modern England is a state-of-the-art contribution to contemporary scholarship on racial difference.”--Jean E. Howard, George Delacorte Professor in the Humanities, Columbia University

“Loomba and Burton have given us a rich treasure in this collection of texts on ‘race’ in early modern England. Many categories of difference are at play here, and the editors' insightful commentary helps us navigate through these wide-ranging and unsettling English views about peoples of another religion or ethnicity or appearance. An absorbing book and an essential resource for early modern studies.”--Natalie Zemon Davis, Princeton University

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Bernard Lewis - The Arabs in History (1993).jpg

Now brought completely up to date, this classic study by one of the world's premier historians of the Middle East considers the achievement of the Arab peoples and their place in world history, from pre-Islamic times to the present-day. In a concise and readable account, Lewis examines the awakening that accompanied the advent of Islam and the political, religious, and social developments that transformed the Arab kingdom into an Islamic empire. He brings the edition up-to-the-minute with an account of recent events in the Middle East and analyzes the forces, internal and external, that have shaped the modern Arab world. Lewis shows how Western inventions and institutions have shattered the old structures and the traditional way of life, affecting every Arab, and causing a still unsatisfied demand for social, political, and cultural renewal. Incisive and intriguing, this highly regarded and timely work--previously translated into Arabic, as well as many other European, Asian, and Middle Eastern languages--is sure to advance a greater understanding of the Arab past and present.

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Eric Margolis, Stephen Laurence - Creations of the Mind, Theories of Artifacts and Their Representat ion (2007).jpg

All History - Eric Margolis, Stephen Laurence - Creations of the Mi... Theories of Artifacts and Their Representation 2007.jpg

Creations of the Mind presents sixteen original essays by theorists from a wide variety of disciplines who have a shared interest in the nature of artifacts and their implications for the human mind. All the papers are written specially for this volume, and they cover a broad range of topics concerned with the metaphysics of artifacts, our concepts of artifacts and the categories that they represent, the emergence of an understanding of artifacts in infants' cognitive development, as well as the evolution of artifacts and the use of tools by non-human animals. This volume will be a fascinating resource for philosophers, cognitive scientists, and psychologists, and the starting point for future research in the study of artifacts and their role in human understanding, development, and behavior.

Contributors: John R. Searle, Richard E. Grandy, Crawford L. Elder, Amie L. Thomasson, Jerrold Levinson, Barbara C. Malt, Steven A. Sloman, Dan Sperber, Hilary Kornblith, Paul Bloom, Bradford Z. Mahon, Alfonso Caramazza, Jean M. Mandler, Deborah Kelemen, Susan Carey, Frank C. Keil, Marissa L. Greif, Rebekkah S. Kerner, James L. Gould, Marc D. Hauser, Laurie R. Santos, and Steven Mithen.

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Eric Margolis, Stephen Laurence - Creations of the Mind, Theories of Artifacts and Their Representat ion (2007).pdf

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Jacques Le Goff - Medieval Civilization 400 - 1500 (1991).jpg

This one thousand year history of the civilization of western Europe has already been recognized in France as a scholarly contribution of the highest order and as a popular classic. Jacques Le Goff has written a book which will not only be read by generations of students and historians, but which will delight and inform all those interested in the history of medieval Europe.

Part one, Historical Evolution , is a narrative account of the entire period, from the barbarian settlement of Roman Europe in the fifth, sixth and seventh centuries to the war-torn crises of Christian Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Part two, Medieval Civilization , is analytical, concerned with the origins of early medieval ideas of culture and religion, the constraints of time and space in a pre-industrial world and the reconstruction of the lives and sensibilities of the people during this long period. Medieval Civilization combines the narrative and descriptive power characteristic of Anglo-Saxon scholarship with the sensitivity and insight of the French historical tradition.

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Jacques Le Goff - Time, Work, and Culture in the M iddle Ages (1982).jpg

Jacques Le Goff is a prominent figure in the tradition of French medieval scholarship, profoundly influenced by the Annales school, notably, Bloch, Febvre, and Braudel, and by the ethnographers and anthropologists Mauss, Dumézil, and Lévi-Strauss. In building his argument for "another Middle Ages" (un autre moyen âge), Le Goff documents the emergence of the collective mentalité from many sources with scholarship both imaginative and exact.

For a number of years, historians of various backgrounds have attempted to conceptually and operationally define the "Middle Ages." In 'Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages' Jacques Le Goff, a top French Historian outlines his perspective via a collection of essays he developed on this subject over several years.

Le Goff suggests the modern historian should use the techniques of the ethnographer, the findings of archeologists, and the records of courts, commerce, and confessor's manuals to construct the everyday world of the inhabitants of Europe during the Middle Ages. He says he is not going to try to turn the Dark Ages into the Golden Ages, and he is not operating without a theory since that is virtually impossible--in spite of the claims to the contrary by some modern theorists. As he mentions the 'division of labor' in several contexts, I imagine he is following social theories outlined by 20th Century French historians such as Durkheim, Mauss, and Bloch.

Le Goff sets about untangling a story he says began with the fall of the Roman Empire and ended with the Industrial Age ('Longue duree' of Fernand Braudel). He seems to view the Renaissance and Reformation as the natural culmination of forces that arose during the Middle Ages: the division of labor and the division of time.

Le Goff says much evidence suggests a tripartite society arose in the 900s and gained ascendency by the 1200s. This society was composed of: oratores (clergy), bellatores (warriors), and laboratores (workers). Fortunately or unfortunately, the division of society did not end with three groups. He says the Middle Ages involved two major processes: the division of labor and the division of time, and that these two processes were inseparable.

Le Goff spends much time discussing the laboratores and how their work day, which was once measured as sun-up to sun-down (God's time as depicted in the "Book of Months") came to be measured and paid in hourly rates as the result of the growing power of commercial interests. The land-based wealth of the feudal lords and their peasant farmer tenants was subverted by commercial practices that ultimately exploited and alienated the artisan workers. These alienated workers later grew in power and became involved in peasant revolutions and other disruptive activities.

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Jacques Le Goff - The Birth of Purgatory (1984).jpg

In The Birth of Purgatory, Jacques Le Goff, the brilliant medievalist and renowned Annales historian, is concerned not with theological discussion but with the growth of an idea, with the relation between belief and society, with mental structures, and with the historical role of the imagination. Le Goff argues that the doctrine of Purgatory did not appear in the Latin theology of the West before the late twelfth century, that the word purgatorium did not exist until then. He shows that the growth of a belief in an intermediate place between Heaven and Hell was closely bound up with profound changes in the social and intellectual reality of the Middle Ages. Throughout, Le Goff makes use of a wealth of archival material, much of which he has translated for the first time, inviting readers to examine evidence from the writings of great, obscure, or anonymous theologians.

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Jacques Le Goff - Your money or your life, Economy and Religion in the Middle Ages (1990).jpg

In this book one of the most esteemed contemporary historians of the Middle Ages presents a concise examination of the problem that usury posed for the medieval Church, which had long denounced the lending of money for interest. Jacques Le Goff describes how, as the structure of economic life inevitably began to include financial loans, the Church refashioned its ideology in order to condemn the usurer not to Hell but merely to Purgatory. Le Goff is in the forefront of a history that studies "the deeply rooted and the slowly changing." As one keenly aware of the inertia of older societies, he is all the more able to delineate for us the disruptive forces of change.

Jacques Le Goff is director of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Science Sociales, Paris, and codirector of the Annales - Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations. lie is the author of The Birth of Purgatory and Time, Work, and Culture. Distributed for Zone Books.

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Josef Meri - The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria (2002).jpg

This accessible study is the first critical investigation of the cult of saints among Muslims and Jews in medieval Syria and the Near East. Through case studies of saints and their devotees, discussion of the architecture of monuments, examination of devotional objects, and analysis of ideas of "holiness", Meri depicts the practices of living religion and explores the common heritage of these two faiths.

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Josef Meri - The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria (2002).pdf

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