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MFGZubr

	Byzantium
	Carthage - Phoenicia (Kartagina - Fenicja)
	Crusaders (Krzyżowcy)
	Crusaders (Krzyżowcy)(1)
	Crusaders (Krzyżowcy)(2)
	Dokumenty
	Galeria
	Germans
	Gothes (Goci - Z Gotlandii poprzez teren dzisiejszej Polski wędrowali na nadczarnomorski step)
	Greckie miasta-kolonie handlowe na wybrzeżu Morza Czarnego
	Greece - Sparta
	Greece (Grecja)
	Hittites (Hetyci - Pierwsza indo-europejska cywilizacja, Centralna Anatolia)
	Huns ( Hunowie po 375 AD zniszczyli potężne państwo Sarmatia )
	Hurrians ( Huryci z królestw Mitanni i Urartu - Przodkowie Czeczenów)
	Kultura Przeworska - Lugiowie plemię Swebów - przodkowie Wandałow i Burgundów, między Wisłą i Odrą
	Polska prehistoryczna i średniowieczna
	Polska przedwojenna
	Prusy
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	Roman Army - Rzymska Armia
	Rome
	Russia
	Samuraje
	Spanish Civil War-Guerra Civil Espanola 1936-1939
	Thraco-Phrygian - (Grupa Tracko-Frygijska - Indo-europejczycy z obu stron cieśniny Bosforu)
	Troy
	Visigoths (Wizygoci - razem z Alanami stworzyli na Połwyspie Iberyjskim swoje państwo)
	Wikingowie-Warego wie-Normanowie
	World War II
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Byzantium

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David Nicolle - Nicopolis 1396 (2001).jpg

By the second half of the 14th century, the once mighty Byzantine Empire had been reduced to little more than the city of Constantinople. In 1391 the Ottoman ruler Sultan Bayazid I 'The Lightning' besieged the city. Pope Boniface IX preached a crusade and a French-led army of 10,000 marched east. At Nicopolis they met the Ottoman army in battle. Ignoring the advice of their Hungarian and Transylvanian allies the Crusaders charged the Turks and were in turn smashed by the Ottoman heavy cavalry. This book details how the last Crusade ended on the banks of the Danube as the Crusaders desperately sought to escape from the pursuing Turks.

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Osprey - Essential Histories 33 - John Halden - By zantium at War AD 600-1453 (2003).jpg

Byzantium survived for 800 years, yet its dominions and power fluctuated dramatically during that time. John Haldon tells the story from the days when the Empire was barely clinging on to survival, to the age when its fabulous wealth attracted Viking mercenaries and Asian nomad warriors to its armies, their very appearance on the field enough to bring enemies to terms. In 1453 the last emperor of Byzantium, Constantine XII, died fighting on the ramparts, bringing to a romantic end the glorious history of this legendary empire.

Contents
Introduction · Chronology · Background to war : The political world of Byzantium· Warring sides: Neighbours and enemies· Outbreak: Why and how did Byzantium fight wars? · The fighting: Organising for war · Portrait of a soldier: Recruitment, discipline, and life on campaign · The world around war: War and peace · Portrait of a civilian: Matrios - a farmer · How the wars ended: Death of an empire· Conclusion and consequences: War, peace, and survival · Further reading ·Byzantine rulers AD 527–1453 · Index

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Michael Maas - Companion to the Age of Justinian ( 2005).jpeg

Dominated by the policies and personality of emperor Justinian I (527-565), this period of grand achievements and far-reaching failures witnessed the transformation of the Mediterranean world from Roman to Byzantine. Twenty specialists explore the most important aspects of the age--including the mechanics and theory of empire, warfare, urbanism, and economy. They also discuss the impact of the great plague, the codification of Roman law, and the many religious upheavals taking place at the time.

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Lars Brownworth - Lost to the West; The Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization (2009).jpg

In AD 476 the Roman Empire fell–or rather, its western half did. Its eastern half, which would come to be known as the Byzantine Empire, would endure and often flourish for another eleven centuries. Though its capital would move to Constantinople, its citizens referred to themselves as Roman for the entire duration of the empire’s existence. Indeed, so did its neighbors, allies, and enemies: When the Turkish Sultan Mehmet II conquered Constantinople in 1453, he took the title Caesar of Rome, placing himself in a direct line that led back to Augustus.For far too many otherwise historically savvy people today, the story of the Byzantine civilization is something of a void. Yet for more than a millennium, Byzantium reigned as the glittering seat of Christian civilization. When Europe fell into the Dark Ages, Byzantium held fast against Muslim expansion, keeping Christianity alive. When literacy all but vanished in the West, Byzantium made primary education available to both sexes. Students debated the merits of Plato and Aristotle and commonly committed the entirety of Homer’s Iliad to memory. Streams of wealth flowed into Constantinople, making possible unprecedented wonders of art and architecture, from fabulous jeweled mosaics and other iconography to the great church known as the Hagia Sophia that was a vision of heaven on earth. The dome of the Great Palace stood nearly two hundred feet high and stretched over four acres, and the city’s population was more than twenty times that of London’s.From Constantine, who founded his eponymous city in the year 330, to Constantine XI, who valiantly fought the empire’s final battle more than a thousand years later, the emperors who ruled Byzantium enacted a saga of political intrigue and conquest as astonishing as anything in recorded history. Lost to the West is replete with stories of assassination, mass mutilation and execution, sexual scheming, ruthless grasping for power, and clashing armies that soaked battlefields with the blood of slain warriors numbering in the tens of thousands.Still, it was Byzantium that preserved for us today the great gifts of the classical world. Of the 55,000 ancient Greek texts in existence today, some 40,000 were transmitted to us by Byzantine scribes. And it was the Byzantine Empire that shielded Western Europe from invasion until it was ready to take its own place at the center of the world stage. Filled with unforgettable stories of emperors, generals, and religious patriarchs, as well as fascinating glimpses into the life of the ordinary citizen, Lost to the West reveals how much we owe to this empire that was the equal of any in its achievements, appetites, and enduring legacy.

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Lars Brownworth - Lost to the West; The Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization (2010).jpg

Review
“Captivating…In Lost to the West Lars Brownworth shows a novelist’s eye for character, bringing to life some of the most fascinating — and yet little known -- figures of the Byzantine era. But it is as a researcher into the obscurities of palace intrigue, treachery, and battlefield carnage that Lars really shines. With dry humor and a palette of vivid images, he recounts the dizzying game of musical chairs that placed one usurper after another on the Byzantine throne, only to be pitched off in a gaudily macabre way. In the end, one is left agog by the irony that the upshot of this centuries-long scrum was the preservation of nearly all that the Greeks have bequeathed to us.”
—Steven Pressfield, author of Gates of Fire

“Rome never fell -- it simply moved five hundred miles East -- to Byzantium. For over a thousand years the Byzantines commanded one of the most visceral and vivid empires the world has ever known. And yet their achievements are consistently underplayed; written out of history. Lars Brownworth is a rare talent. His contagious passion brings murderous empresses, conniving eunuchs, lost Greek texts and Byzantine treasures of fairy-tale proportions blinking back into the light. Confidently striding through time and across the mountains and plains of the Eastern Mediterranean, Brownworth puts this theocratic superstate slap-bang in the center of mankind's global story; back where it should be. The Byzantines made our world what it is today. Lars Brownworth matches their verve and brio in his seductive and gripping account.”
—Bettany Hughes, PBS host and author of Helen of Troy

“This is history as it used to be, history as story-telling. In this fascinating account of the Byzantine empire, Lars Brownworth covers a thousand years of blood-letting, outrageous luxury, bitter religious disputes and vaulting ambition without giving the slightest impression of being rushed or crowded. The page turns unaided.”
—Anthony Everitt, bestselling author of Augustus, Cicero and The First Emperor

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A. A. Vasiliev - Justin, the First, An Introductio n to the Epoch of Justinian the Great (1950).jpg

A. A. VASILIEV. Justin the First. An Introduction to the Epoch of Justinian the Great. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1950. Pp. viii + 439. (Dumbarton Oaks Studies, I.)

To the many works of fundamental importance which he has produced in nearly sixty years of devoted scholarship, A. A. Vasiliev, the eminent and revered dean of Byzantinists, has now added a definitive study of the reign of Justin I (518-527). Careful interpretation of a wide range of sources, searching critical analysis of complicated problems, some of which are treated with almost monographic thoroughness, and convincing conclusions whenever they are possible, these are the merits of a book which should be a source of gratification and pride to a great scholar. Occasionally the machinery of investigation intrudes into the text and interrupts the smooth flow of the narrative, but the author's lively interest in his subject and his lucid exposition are assurance that the reader's attention will be stimulated and maintained. Aside from Ernest Stein's long article, "Justinus," R.-E., X (1919), cols. 1314-29, no special study until now has been devoted to the elderly emperor Justin, who has been overshadowed by his brilliant nephew and successor, Justinian. Vasiliev gives a portrayal of Justin against a background so broad that the book is also a reconstruction of the whole period. He shows how Justin was dominated by Justinian, whose rule from behind the throne began from the moment of Justin's elevation. When, in 527, Justinian became emperor, he continued policies unquestionably inaugurated under his influence during the nine years of his uncle's reign. Justinian's principal ideas, his ambitious plans for the reconquest of the west, his religious orientation as one of the foundations for his future western campaigns, his conception of a great legislative work, his building activities, all these were definitely formulated during Justin's reign. Professor Vasiliev's book, is, therefore, as the subtitle indicates, an introduction to the epoch of Justinian, and as such it will be a necessary point of departure for any new study of that period. The book consists of a brief sketch of the historical background; eight chapters devoted respectively to Justin's rise from swineherd to emperor, his domestic rule, religious policy, foreign policy (in two chapters), economic conditions, and legislation; an epilogue describing his death and burial; an excursus on the Archangel Ivory in the British Museum and the coins of Justin; and an excellent index of names and subjects, including sources and modern writers. Scholars will be grateful for the extensive notes which provide full bibliographical data. The longest, and in many respects the most interesting, chapter considers Justin's religious policy. Justinian's influence on the development of that policy is demonstrated, and the imperial efforts to enforce the Chalcedonian creed and to restore normal relations with the Pope, after the breach of 482, are very carefully analyzed. The chapter includes a translation of contemporary documents of observers at the Synod of Constantinople in 518.

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A. A. Vasiliev - Justin, the First, An Introductio n to the Epoch of Justinian the Great (1950).pdf

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A.A. Vasiliev - History of the Byzantine Empire (1 958).jpg

“Vasiliev’s survey of Byzantine history is unique in the field. It is complete, including a sketch of literature and art for each period, while all other works of the kind, even the most recent, either are restricted to a shorter time, or neglect some side of eastern civilization. . . . This widely known and highly prized History of the Byzantine Empire needs not the commendation of any reviewer. Written originally in Russian, it has been turned into English, French, Spanish, and Turkish. It has always been a favorite with students.”

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A.A. Vasiliev - History of the Byzantine Empire (1 958).pdf

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Lynda Garland - Byzantine Empresses, Women and Pow er in Byzantium, AD 527–1204 (2002).jpg

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Lynda Garland - Byzantine Empresses, Women and Pow er in Byzantium, AD 527–1204 (2002).pdf

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J. M. Hussey - The Orthodox Church in the Byzantin e Empire (2010).jpg

This book describes the role of the medieval Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (c.600-c.1453). As an integral part of its policy it was (as in western Christianity) closely linked with many aspects of everyday life both official and otherwise. It was a formative period for Orthodoxy. It had to face doctrinal problems and heresies; at the same time it experienced the continuity and deepening of its liturgical life. While holding fast to the traditions of the fathers and the councils, it saw certain developments in doctrine and liturgy as also in administration.
Part I discusses the landmarks in ecclesiastical affairs within the Empire as well as the creative influence exercised on the Slavs and the increasing contacts with westerners particularly after 1204. Part II gives a brief account of the structure of the medieval Orthodox Church, its officials and organization, and the spirituality of laity, monks, and clergy.

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J. M. Hussey - The Orthodox Church in the Byzantin e Empire (2010).pdf

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Timothy E. Gregory - History of Byzantium (2005).jpg

This book is a concise narrative of Byzantine history from the time of Constantine the Great (AD 306) to the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

* Argues that Byzantium was important in its own right but also served as a bridge between East and West and ancient and modern society.
* Uses the chronological political history of the empire as a narrative frame.
* Considers social and economic life and the rich culture of the Byzantine Empire.
* Integrates visual documents, such as photographs of art, architecture, and implements from daily life.
* Makes the latest scholarship accessible to a wide audience.
* Includes a chronological list of emperors, a glossary and maps.

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John H. Rosser - Historical Dictionary of Byzantiu m (2001).jpg

Rosser (history, Boston Coll.), an active participant in field research related to Byzantine archaeology, begins this volume with a chronology that summarizes the history of Byzantium from its beginnings in 324 C.E. to the fall of its last outpost in 1461. This is followed by an introduction that provides concise overviews of Byzantine civilization. The dictionary proper covers people, events, and important aspects of Byzantine culture, such as art and economics, with a useful bibliography wrapping up the text. While the present volume cannot compete in scale with the three-volume Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (LJ 8/91), it does possess the advantage of access to the latest archaeological discoveries and the coherence of approach that comes from its compilation by a single author.

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John H. Rosser - Historical Dictionary of Byzantiu m (2001).pdf

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Averil Cameron - The Byzantines (2006).jpg

"Averil Cameron’s The Byzantines marks a welcome departure from most previous attempts to portray and characterize Byzantine civilization. The book focuses squarely on the people of the Byzantine Empire, their views of themselves and their culture, and how these changed over time. The result is a remarkably clear view of who the Byzantines were, and the book will contribute significantly to a restoration of Byzantium to its rightful place at the center of the historical tradition of Europe."

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Averil Cameron - The Byzantines (2006).pdf

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Kamila Twardowska - Kobiety a władza, Cesarzowe Bi zantyńskie II poł. V w. po Chr. (2009).jpg

W zdominowanym przez mężczyzn Imperium Rzymskim cesarzowe nie zawsze pozostawały w cieniu mężów. Książka ukazuje polityczną aktywność i rolę dynastyczną kobiet na dworze bizantyjskim w II połowie V wieku. Jej bohaterkami są cztery kobiety należące do jednej rodziny, które odegrały istotną rolę w historii tego okresu.Niniejsza, pierwsza w języku polskim monografia tego tematu wypełnia znaczącą lukę w polskiej historiografii.

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Walter Emil Kaegi Jr - Some Thoughts on Byzantine Military Strategy (1983).jpg

Byzantine Empire; History, Military; 527-1081; Strategy; Tactics; Military art and science; History; Medieval, 500-1500

Walter Kaegi's research concentrates on Byzantine (and Late Roman) history, especially from the fourth through eleventh centuries,with special attention to the seventh century. He investigates relationships between Byzantium and the Near East, including Islam, military and historiographical subjects and their interrelationships with religion and thought. He seeks to set these researches in broader European and Mediterranean contexts. He is the co-founder of the Byzantine Studies Conference and the editor of the journal Byzantinische Forschungen.

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Walter Emil Kaegi Jr - Some Thoughts on Byzantine Military Strategy (1983).pdf

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James Allan Evans - The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire (2005).jpg

When Justinian first assumed the title of Roman Emperor in 527 CE, his inherited empire—now based in Constantinople— had lost almost all of its connection with the Eternal City itself, and was threatened from within by profound theological splits, and from without by the various barbarian kingdoms that surrounded it. By taking military action against the barbarian Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and Vandals, and signing an eternal peace with Persia, Justinian managed to reclaim much of the lands formerly held by Rome; while through his incessant legislation and monetary contributions to an extensive building program, he sought to reestablish the old Roman cultural institutions of order and architectural beauty in his newly won kingdom. This inveterate reformer and innovative leader, whose name remains on the beams of the Hagia Sophia, and whose influence extends into the legal practices of the present time, remains as compelling a man today as he was to his original historians almost 1500 years ago.

Designed as an accessible introduction to Justinian's reign and his time, The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire offers readers and researchers an appealing mix of descriptive chapters, biographical sketches, and annotated primary documents. An overview of the world of Late Antiquity is presented in the introduction, and is followed by chapters on the shape of the Empire, the Nike revolt of 532, the legal achievements of Justinian, the Empress Theodora, and Justinian's building program. The narrative chapters conclude with a section discussing the imperial achievements as a whole. An annotated bibliography and index are also included in this work.

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James Allan Evans - The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire (2005).pdf

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Historyczne Bitwy 162 - Marian Witasek - Konstanty nopol 1453 (2008).jpg

Upadek Cesarstwa Rzymskiego nie spowodował zagłady cywilizacji rzymskiej. Przetrwała, wzbogacona elementami wschodniego chrześcijaństwa, jeszcze tysiąc lat w Cesarstwie Bizantyjskim - które, choć niejeden raz przechodziło kryzys wywołany najazdami Arabów, Persów, Seldżuków, krzyżowców czy Bułgarów, potrafiło w średniowieczu zachować dominującą pozycję na styku Europy, Azji i Afryki. Dopiero zagrożenie ze strony Turków osmańskich okazało się przełomowe i brzemienne w skutkach. Spóźnione i mało energiczne próby pomocy ze strony Europy Zachodniej nie przyniosły powodzenia. W 1453 r. osamotniony Konstantynopol padł. Tysiącletnie cesarstwo odeszło w mrok historii, a miasto - już pod nazwą Stambułu - zostało na kilka stuleci stolicą nowego imperium, Turcji.

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The Modern Scholar - Thomas F. Madden - Empire of Gold, A History of the Byzantine Empire (2008).jpg

In this epic course, esteemed university professor Thomas F. Madden offers a fascinating history of the remarkable culture and state that developed out of the ancient Roman Empire, particularly its eastern portion, throughout the Middle Ages. The story begins at the end of the Roman Empire in the third century AD and continues over the next one thousand years.
With incisive commentary, Professor Madden leads a discussion covering Justinian's re-conquest of the West, the great city of Constantinople, and the aftermath and influence of this extraordinary empire. The term "Byzantine" was invented by modern historians to identify the final millennium of the Roman Empire. By the third century and into the fourth century, there were changes in the Roman Empire so profound that historians during the Enlightenment began to call the period Byzantine rather than Roman. Most historians would place the beginnings of the Byzantine Empire roughly around the reign of the emperor Diocletian, who instituted widespread reforms to halt civil wars and economic decline.
One of the primary characteristics of the Byzantine Empire was the relegation of Rome to a place of honor only. Rome was not the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The capital, instead, was Constantinople. Therefore, power was based in the eastern Mediterranean. Next was the dominance of Greek culture and eastern perspectives, and a final characteristic was the integration of Christianity into the social and political fabric of the empire. Constantinople was the beating heart of the Byzantine Empire and the greatest city in the Western world at this time. Constantinople sat at the crossroads of the world and controlled east-west land traffic. Eventually, the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks reverberated across the Christian world. Europeans now saw a world in which nothing stood between them as the last remnant of free Christendom and the ever-growing powers of Islam.

Course Syllabus

Lecture 1 The Emerging Empire of New Rome, 284–457
Lecture 2 Justinian and the Reconquest of the West, 457–565
Lecture 3 The City of Constantinople: A Guided Tour of the Greatest City in the Western World
Lecture 4 The Turn Eastward, 565–717
Lecture 5 Survival, 717–867
Lecture 6 A Golden Age: The Macedonian Dynasty, 867–1025
Lecture 7 Weakness and Wealth, 1025–1081
Lecture 8 The Turn to the West: The Comnenan Dynasty, 1081–1180
Lecture 9 Decline, Decay, and Destruction, 1180–1204
Lecture 10 Struggle for Byzantium’s Corpse, 1204–1261
Lecture 11 The Empire Reborn, 1261–1328
Lecture 12 The Final Decline, 1328–1391
Lecture 13 The Fall of Rome, 1391–1453
Lecture 14 Aftermath and Legacy

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The Modern Scholar - Thomas F. Madden - Empire of Gold, A History of the Byzantine Empire, course gu ide (2008).pdf

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Audiobook - The Modern Scholar - Thomas F. Madden - Empire of Gold, A History of the Byzantine Empir e (2008) Read by Author (501m49s).mp3

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The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Byzantine a nd Near Eastern History, AD 284-813 (1997).jpg

Theophanes the Confessor (d.818) was a Byzantine abbot who fell victim to the Iconoclastic persecution. The Chronicle that goes under his name, written in Greek, is here translated in full for the first time, together with an introduction and commentary. It provides a unique source for the history of the Byzantine Empire to AD 813, as well as the history of the Persians, Arabs, Bulgarians, and other neighboring peoples.

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The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, Byzantine a nd Near Eastern History, AD 284-813 (1997).djvu

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Norman H. Baynes - Byzantium, An Introduction to E ast Roman Civilization (1961).jpg

Professor Norman Hepburn Baynes (1877–1961) was a noted 20th century British historian of the Byzantine Empire.

Career

Baynes was Professor of Byzantine History at University College London (UCL) from 1931 until 1942. He was given the title of Emeritus Professor in 1943 and a Doctor of Literature honoris causa in 1951.

Death and Afterward

In his will he made a bequest to UCL which established 'The Norman Hepburn Baynes Prize' in 1961. The biennial prize is awarded in respect of 'an essay on some aspect of history, including art, religion and thought of the Mediterranean lands within the period from 400 B.C. to A.D. 1453'

Selected published works

Intellectual liberty and totalitarian claim. The Romanes lecture for 1942 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1942)

The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, 1922-1939. Ed. Norman H. Baynes, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1942)

Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization. Ed. Norman H. Baynes and H. St. L. B. Moss. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1948; Oxfore Paperbacks, 1961). A collection of signed articles by authorities; good bibliography.

Constantine the Great and the Christian Church. Norman H Baynes. (1972) Second Edition, with a preface by Henry Chadwick

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