01. The youngest man in Europe.pdf

master-commander / Winston Churchill / 01. The youngest man in Europe.pdf

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Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, a descendant of the famous 18th-century English militaryman and statesman John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, was born in one of the top aristocratic families of Great Britain. Hence his ascension to the upper élite of the British power was partly predetermined, or at least favoured, although his strong, independent personality became a serious obstacle in such ascension. Yet, at the end it was his personality that eventually brought him to the top.

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14. The last of the Big Three.pdf

The summer of 1946 had brought a yet another disappointment to Winston Churchill: On 1 August the United States Congress adopted the Atomic Energy Act, which made it illegal to sell nuclear technologies to the foreign countries. The United States grasped the monopoly on the “super-weapon”. Since then Churchill had to abandon any hope that it would be him to dictate his will to Joseph Stalin.

13. From Potsdam to Fulton.pdf

As the final victory in the Second World War was approaching, Winston Churchill was more and more losing the grip on reality in the foreign and domestic policy. He acted as if he possessed full dictatorial powers in England. Yet, the Britons received his acts with growing disapproval.

12. Beyond Yalta.pdf

Joseph Stalin had little reason to trust his allies. But they were ideologically disunited as well. The Germans understood it too. Some of them, like the Chief of the SS and the German Police, SS-Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler, were ready to seek a deal with the Western Allies. In February 1945 SS-Gruppenführer Karl Wolff, the acting military commander of Italy, established contacts with the American Office of the Strategic Services (OSS) in Switzerland. In the beginning of March he met Allen Dulles, the OSS director in Bern. The meeting took place in Zurich. Details were kept secret from the Allied command, and political leadership.

11. Yalta conference.pdf

It is remarkable that the second conference of the leaders of the great powers took place in Crimea, the Russian territory liberated from the Nazis. The final victory was closing; it was the time to take care of the future peace. There were no doubts that the USSR and USA would substantially expand their zones of influence. And that could happen only at the expense of the British Empire. Winston Churchill faced a difficult problem: How to check this process?

10. Second meeting in Moscow.pdf

In 1944 the overall situation in the world was unfavourable to the British Empire. Winston Churchill had to reconcile with the role of America's minor partner, although in Europe he continued to play one of the major political roles. During the Teheran conference, when Joseph Stalin praised the superiority of the USA as the industrial power (at least ahead of Great Britain), which manufactured huge quantities of the quality weapons, the British prime-minister might be thinking about the super-weapons, which were under development in Germany and the USA. With such weapons his country might be able to dictate its will to other nations again. He could not guess, however, that the USSR was forcing research on the atomic bomb as well.

09. Struggle for influence.pdf

Soon after the Teheran conference, Winston Churchill undertook attempts to revise its decisions. During the second Cairo conference with Franklin Delano Roosevelt in December 1943, the British prime-minister tried to impress the American president with the difficulties of the Overlord. He insisted on launching a parallel landing on the Greek island of Rhodes (at that time in Italian-held Dodecanese). Churchill attached to the occupation of that island big hopes to have Turkey joint the war against Germany, which was an important link in Churchill's Balkan plans.

08. True lies.pdf

From the Nazi point of view, it is paramount to have purely biological, genetic features distinguishing the tribe (or the nation) from the others. And it does not matter if one is a decent person or rascal, cultural or vulgar, talented or incompetent. That is why it is most attractive to all kinds of scoundrels, dullards, and losers, who look to nationalism as an opportunity to become a part of a bigger whole, of which they are unworthy. That is how the quotation "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel" should be properly understood.

07. Teheran conference.pdf

After the German defeat on the Kursk Salient in the summer of 1943 the Red Army's superiority became obvious. The Red Army was able to launch the strategic offensive along the whole East front. That fact forced Sir Winston Spencer Churchill to undertake some measures to hold the Russian advance to the West. As they delayed the opening of the "second front", and procrastinated in the Italian campaign (only Sicily was occupied relatively quickly, and with the help of the local mafiosi, who have firmly installed themselves in Sicily ever since), the Western Allies ran the risk of losing their influence in Europe, which could fall into the hands of the communists. What could be done with that?

06. Reliable partner.pdf

It is hard to say what impression had Winston Churchill made on Joseph Stalin. It probably was not very nice. After all, the British prime-minister whom Stalin received with demonstrated respect had clearly shown his ability to jiggle with equivocal expressions and reservations to be able to renounce his promises later. But Churchill too had demonstrated the will to “face the dictator”, and the resolve to visit his misled ally in person with full understanding that he would have to listen to numerous rebukes, and even insults. In personal dealing Churchill in some ways seemed sincere, and even ingenuous. May be it was so because he underestimated the intellectual power of his host. Yet, he was not a simpleton, and did not forget that he was dealing with a smart and cunning partner.

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