Samuraje - historia - alibi251 - Chomikuj.pl, Strona 2

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Osprey - Weapon 05 - Stephen Turnbull - Katana, Th e Samurai Sword (2010).jpeg

The Samurai sword of Japan is probably the finest edged weapon ever made. This volume by leading Samurai expert Stephen Turnbull reveals the story of how and why it achieved this distinction. Particular attention is paid to the development of the familiar curved blade from the original straight blades, the associated development of Japan’s famous steel-making techniques and the challenges from contemporary warfare. Together with the technical details of forging, polishing, mounting and testing; this volume is brought to life with details of the great swordmakers themselves. Moreover, no history of the sword would be complete without a detailed examination of its use in combat, from the greatest Samurai armies to individual duels and revenge killings. Personal accounts allow the reader to discover the art of Japanese swordsmanship in the hands of masters such as Miyamoto Musashi to the unnamed Japanese warrior defending his family’s honour. This lively text is perfectly complemented by artwork reconstructions of the sword in use and colour photographs of the swords in use.

Contents
* Introduction
* Development
* Use
* Impact
* Conclusion

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Osprey - Raid 06 - Stephen Turnbull - The Samurai Capture a King, Okinawa 1609 (2009).jpg

A brilliant but little-known operation, the Shimazu clan raid on the independent kingdom of Ryukyu (modern Okinawa) in 1609 is one of the most extraordinary episodes in samurai history and the culmination of centuries of rivalry between the two powers. The defeat of the Shimazu at Sekigahara in 1600, and their need to win favour with the new Shogun, led them to hatch an audacious plot to attack the islands on the Shogun’s behalf and bring back the king of Ryukyu as a hostage. Stephen Turnbull gives a blow-by-blow account of the operation, from the daring Shimazu amphibious landing, to their rapid advance overland, and the tactical feigned retreat that saw the Shimazu defeat the Okinawan army and kidnap their king in spectacular fashion. With a detailed background and specially commissioned artwork, the scene is set for a dramatic retelling of this fascinating raid.

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Osprey - Elite 35 - Anthony Bryant - Early Samurai AD 200-1500 (2001).pdf

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John Ferejohn, Frances Rosenbluth - War and State Building in Medieval Japan (2010).jpg

The nation state as we know it is a mere four or five hundred years old. Remarkably, a central government with vast territorial control emerged in Japan at around the same time as it did in Europe, through the process of mobilizing fiscal resources and manpower for bloody wars between the 16th and 17th centuries. This book, which brings Japan's case into conversation with the history of state building in Europe, points to similar factors that were present in both places: population growth eroded clientelistic relationships between farmers and estate holders, creating conditions for intense competition over territory; and in the ensuing instability and violence, farmers were driven to make Hobbesian bargains of taxes in exchange for physical security.

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John Ferejohn, Frances Rosenbluth - War and State Building in Medieval Japan (2010).pdf

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Mikael Adolphson, Kames Edward, Stacie Matsumoto, Edward Kamens - Heian Japan, Centers And Peripheri es (2007).jpg

Samuraje - Mikael Adolphson, Kames Edward, Stacie Matsumoto, Edwa...ard Kamens - Heian Japan, Centers And Peripheries 2007.jpg

The first three centuries of the Heian period (794–1086) saw some of its most fertile innovations and epochal achievements in Japanese literature and the arts. It was also a time of important transitions in the spheres of religion and politics, as aristocratic authority was consolidated in Kyoto, powerful court factions and religious institutions emerged, and adjustments were made in the Chinese-style system of rulership. At the same time, the era’s leaders faced serious challenges from the provinces that called into question the primacy and efficiency of the governmental system and tested the social/cultural status quo. Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries, the first book of its kind to examine the early Heian from a wide variety of multidisciplinary perspectives, offers a fresh look at these seemingly contradictory trends.
Essays by fourteen leading American, European, and Japanese scholars of art history, history, literature, and religions take up core texts and iconic images, cultural achievements and social crises, and the ever-fascinating patterns and puzzles of the time. The authors tackle some of Heian Japan’s most enduring paradigms as well as hitherto unexplored problems in search of new ways of understanding the currents of change as well as the processes of institutionalization that shaped the Heian scene, defined the contours of its legacies, and make it one of the most intensely studied periods of the Japanese past. Throughout, the widely deployed model of "centers and peripheries" is tested as a guiding concept: It serves here as a point of departure for a reexamination of the dynamic tensions among and between literary languages, administrative structures, urban centers and rural regions, orthodoxies and heterodoxies, the status quo and the pressures for adaptation and change, and many other powerful entities and socio-cultural forces.

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Mikael Adolphson, Kames Edward, Stacie Matsumoto, Edward Kamens - Heian Japan, Centers And Peripheri es (2007).pdf

An introductory chapter lays out the volume’s four main points. The first emphasizes the importance of the early tenth century as a watershed that highlights the institutional and political transformations at court whereby provincial governors were allowed more freedom and, by extension, greater financial benefits. The second point problematizes the notion of a singular dichotomy between center and periphery in Heian Japan. The various essays suggest instead that the nexuses of power were in fact plural, and the periphery was not as peripheral as had been imagined. Thus, rather than conceiving Heian society as a static and one-dimensional formation centering on Kyoto alone, it might better be understood as a society of multiple centers and peripheries. The third point challenges the long-held view that the central government’s lessening of administrative control of the provinces meant an increasing loss of power. Rather, the abandonment of a strict administrative approach in favor of a more effective one allowed elites in the capital to strengthen their hold on the provinces, reflecting an improved integration of centers and peripheries. Fourth, the methods and means of exercising power shifted from one relying solely on official titles and procedures to one that was increasingly based on extra-governmental means, a process of "privatization" that reflected the development of multiple centers of social, political, and economic practice outside the official structures of the state.
Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries presents not only a set of new interpretations of this epochal moment in the Japanese past, but also offers a host of new questions to be addressed in future international and interdisciplinary research modeled on this exemplary volume.

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Donald Keene - Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion, The Creation of the Soul of Japan (2003).jpg

During Yoshimasa's reign, the aesthetic taste of the Japanese was shaped: the nÃµ theater flourished, Japanese gardens were developed, and the tea ceremony had its origins in a small room at the Silver Pavilion. Flower arrangement, ink painting, and shoin-zukuri architecture began or became of major importance under Yoshimasa. Poets introduced their often barely literate warlord-hosts to the literary masterpieces of the past and taught them how to compose poetry. Even the most barbarous warlord came to want the trappings of culture that would enable him to feel like a civilized man. This long-neglected but critical period in Japanese history at last has the thorough treatment it deserves.

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Jonathan Clements - A Brief History of the Samurai (2010).jpg

From a leading expert in Japanese history, this is one of the first full histories of the art and culture of the samurai warrior. The samurai emerged as a warrior caste in medieval Japan and would have a powerful influence on the history and culture of the country for the next 500 years.

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Mark Ravina - The Last Samurai, The Life and Battl es of Saigo Takamori (2003).jpg

Within the complicated chronology of the Tokugawa shogunate's fall and succession by a modernizing monarchy, the so-called Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 is clearly the definitive last stand of Japanese feudalism. For that reason, the life of Saigo Takamori, who headed that rebellion, has acquired a romantic aura that doesn't strictly withstand Ravina's historical scrutiny; nevertheless, what survives the author's inspection contributes to an interesting portrait of a samurai in interesting times. Saigo rose from the bottom tiers of the warrior class, eventually leading the armies supporting the emperor against those of the shogun. His ascent was hardly smooth, though, entailing two exiles, a suicide pact that he survived, and three marriages. Ravina recounts the tumults that resulted in Saigo's acquiescence in revolt, capturing the protagonist's struggle with loyalty and showing American readers the quality of enigmatic nobility that makes Saigo a well-known historical figure in Japan.

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Mark Ravina - The Last Samurai, The Life and Battl es of Saigo Takamori (2003).pdf

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Leon Kapp, Hiroko Kapp, Yoshindo Yoshihara - The C raft of the Japanese Sword (1987).jpg

Well over a thousand years old, the tradition of swordmaking in Japan is one of the most highly regarded metal crafts in the world. When all sword manufacture was prohibited in Japan for seven years after World War II, the age-old techniques were in danger of being lost forever. Today, in the hands of a new generation of practitioners, the craft is making a startling comeback. Connoisseurs say that the swords being produced now are the equal of anything made in Japan in the past few hundred years.
This book takes the reader into the workshops of four of Japan's leading sword craftsmen. Each craftsman has a different role in the manufacture of a blade. Yoshindo Yoshihara, the swordsmith, begins with raw steel made in a traditional charcoal-fueled smelter and refines it by folding and forging, gradually shaping it into a sword with a hardened edge. Okisato Fujishiro then sharpens and polishes the sword with fine stones to reveal the color and texture of the steel. Metalworker Hiroshi Miyajima makes the small copper-and-gold habaki collar that fits between the blade and the scabbard. Finally, Kazuyuki Takayama carves the hilt and the scabbard out of a single piece of wood. Black-and-white photographs show every stage of the manufacture, while important information on history, metallurgy, and modern-day appraisal is presented in an extensive introduction.

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Leon Kapp, Hiroko Kapp, Yoshindo Yoshihara - The C raft of the Japanese Sword (1987).pdf

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Osprey - Elite 178 - Stephen Turnbull - Hatamoto, Samurai Horse and Foot Guards 1540-1724 (2010).jpg

Each great samurai warlord, or daimyo, had a division of troops known as the Hatamoto, 'those who stand under the flag'. The Hatamoto included the personal bodyguards, the senior generals, the standard bearers and colour-guard, the couriers, and the other samurai under the warlord's personal command. Apart from bodyguard and other duties in immediate attendance on the daimyo, both horse and foot guards often played crucial roles in battle. Their intervention could turn defeat into victory, and their collapse meant certain defeat. As favoured warriors under the warlord's eye, members of the bodyguards could hope for promotion, and a few even rose to be daimyo themselves. All the three great leaders of the 16 and 17th centuries - including Oda, Hideyoshi and Tokugawa - had their own elite corps. Such troops were naturally distinguished by dazzling apparel and heraldry, with banners both carried and attached to the back of the armour, all of which will be detailed in an array of colour artwork specially created for this publication.

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Stephen Turnbull - Toyotomi Hideyoshi, The backgro und, strategies, tactics and battlefield experienc es of the greatest commanders of history (2010).jpg

Samuraje - Stephen Turnbull - Toyotomi Hideyoshi, The background,...experiences of the greatest commanders of history 2010.jpg

Arguably the greatest military commander in the history of the samurai, Toyotomi Hideyoshi rose from the ranks of the peasantry to rule over all Japan. A student of the great unifier Oda Nobunaga, Hideyoshi would later avenge the murder of his master at the battle of Yamazaki.
After consolidating his position, Hideyoshi went on the offensive, conquering the southern island of Kyushu in 1587 and defeating the Hojo in 1590. By 1591, he had accomplished the reunification of Japan. This book looks at the complete story of Hideyoshi's military accomplishments, from his days as a tactical leader to his domination of the Japanese nation.

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Fumon Tanaka - Samurai Fighting Arts, The Spirit a nd the Practice (2003).jpg

SAMURAI FIGHTING ARTS introduces the world of traditional Japanese martial arts and will provide readers with a deeper understanding of Bushido and Japan. Also known as Kobudo, these traditional martial arts can be seen as a continuation of samurai culture, and comprise a number of styles formulated in the samurai era that are still being taught today.

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Fumon Tanaka - Samurai Fighting Arts, The Spirit a nd the Practice (2003).pdf

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Osprey - General Military - Stephen Turnbull - War riors of Medieval Japan (2005).jpg

The fearless, elite warriors of medieval Japan were loyal comrades but deadly foes. Whether foot soldier, samurai or trained assassin, these men were driven by strict codes of honor and bound by deep allegiances of rank, family or religion.
This book examines the military lives of four formidable warrior types, covering the samurai and the ninja as well as the experiences of warrior monks and ashigaru foot soldiers, less familiar to western readers. The recruitment, training and equipment of each warrior type are described, and their beliefs, motivation and experience of warfare are explored. Rare material from Japanese sources makes this a highly authoritative treatment of the military elites of medieval Japan, brought to life by lavish illustrations and photography.

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Osprey - General Military - Stephen Turnbull - War riors of Medieval Japan (2005) [PDF].rar

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Stephen Turnbull - Samurai Invasion, Japan's Korea n War 1592 -1598 (2004).jpg

After unifying Japan by force, in 1592 Hideyoshi Toyotomi (1536-98) attempted to establish an empire in East Asia. The conquest of China was his ultimate objective, but Korea had to be subdued first. Instead, it proved an insuperable obstacle to Hideyoshi's imperial fantasy. Turnbull's lively and lavishly illustrated history of the failed invasion brightly illuminates the world of late 16th-century warfare in East Asia. After reeling under the initial Japanese attacks, Korean regular and irregular forces, aided by armies from Ming China, eventually turned the Japanese back, but the invasion did not end until Hideyoshi's death in 1598. Skillfully piecing together contemporary accounts from Japanese and Korean sources, the author provides a vivid and horrifying picture of the strategy, tactics, and technology of Japanese warfare. Brutality was the norm, and hand-to-hand combat produced butchery rivaling the worst of modern wars. In Kyoto a single burial mound holds the sliced-off noses of 30,000 Korean and Chinese victims of Japanese slaughter. Absorbing and accessible, Turnbull's book will interest general readers and belongs in public as well as college libraries.

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Osprey - Campaign 40 - Anthony J. Bryant - Sekigah ara 1600, The Final Struggle For Power (1995).jpg

Sekigahara was the most decisive battle in Japanese history. Fought against the ritualised and colourful backdrop of Samurai life, it was the culmination of a long-standing power struggle between Tokugawa Ieyasu and Hashiba Hideyoshi, two of the most powerful men in Japan. Armies of the two sides met on the plain of Sekigahara on 21 October 1600, in thick fog and deep mud. By the end of the day 40,000 heads had been taken and Ieyasu was master of Japan. Within three years the Emperor would grant him the title he sought – Shogun. This title describes the campaign leading up to this great battle and examines Sekigahara, including the forces and personalities of the two major sides and that of the turncoat Kobayakawa Hideaki.

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Lafcadio Hearn - Kwaidan, Ghost Stories and Strang e Tales of Old Japan (2006).jpg

During the latter half of the 19th century, American journalist Lafcadio Hearn became our nation's great interpreter of all things Japanese. His superb translation of 20 supernatural tales teems with undead samurais, man-eating goblins, and other terrifying demons. These classic ghost stories inspired the Oscar®-nominated 1964 film of the same name. 22 illustrations.

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Lafcadio Hearn - Kwaidan, Ghost Stories and Strang e Tales of Old Japan (2006).pdf

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DelPrado - Chevaliers Et Soldats Du Moyen Age 008 - Stephen Tumbull - Le Bataille de Kawanakajima 15 61 (2005).jpg

Samuraje - DelPrado - Chevaliers Et Soldats Du Moyen Age 008 - St...tephen Tumbull - Le Bataille de Kawanakajima 1561 2005.jpg

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DelPrado - Chevaliers Et Soldats Du Moyen Age 008 - Stephen Tumbull - Le Bataille de Kawanakajima 15 61 (2005).pdf

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Jeremy Roberts - Japanese Mythology A to Z (2009).jpg

In a world thought to have been created - and nearly destroyed - by the primordial gods Izanagi and Izanami, mythic heroes battled ferocious dragons and giant spiders, while ordinary bamboo cutters and farmers made unexpected contact with the supernatural. "Japanese Mythology A to Z, Second Edition" is a valuable, colorful reference for anyone with an interest in mythology or Japanese culture. Coverage of this title includes: the early Japanese deities who created the world and the later deities who protect it; Kami, the spirits of all aspects of the living world; animals and mythological creatures; demons and bogeymen; shrines and other sacred places; stories from Kojiki and other historical records of ancient myths; historical emperors, empresses, heroes, and heroines whose deeds live on in legend; and, more.

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Constantine Nomikos Vaporis - Tour of Duty, Samura i, Military Service in Edo, and the Culture of Ear ly Modern Japan (2008).jpg

Samuraje - Constantine Nomikos Vaporis - Tour of Duty, Samurai, Mi...ice in Edo, and the Culture of Early Modern Japan 2008.jpg

Alternate attendance (sankin kotai) was one of the central institutions of Edo-period (1603-1868) Japan and one of the most unusual examples of a system of enforced elite mobility in world history. It required the daimyo to divide their time between their domains and the city of Edo, where they waited upon the Tokugawa shogun. Based on a prodigious amount of research in both published and archival primary sources, Tour of Duty renders alternate attendance as a lived experience, for not only the daimyo but also the samurai retainers who accompanied them. Beyond exploring the nature of travel to and from the capital as well as the period of enforced bachelorhood there, Constantine Vaporis elucidates--for the first time--the significance of alternate attendance as an engine of cultural, intellectual, material, and technological exchange.
Vaporis argues against the view that cultural change simply emanated from the center (Edo) and reveals more complex patterns of cultural circulation and production taking place between the domains and Edo and among distant parts of Japan. What is generally known as "Edo culture" in fact incorporated elements from the localities. In some cases, Edo acted as a nexus for exchange; at other times, culture traveled from one area to another without passing through the capital. As a result, even those who did not directly participate in alternate attendance experienced a world much larger than their own. Vaporis begins by detailing the nature of the trip to and from the capital for one particular large-scale domain, Tosa, and its men and goes on to analyze the political and cultural meanings of the processions of the daimyo and their extensive entourages up and down the highways. These parade-like movements were replete with symbolic import for the nature of early modern governance. Later chapters are concerned with the physical and social environment experienced by the daimyo's retainers in Edo; they also address the question of who went to Edo and why, the network of physical spaces in which the domainal samurai lived, the issue of staffing, political power, and the daily lives and consumption habits of retainers. Finally, Vaporis examines retainers as carriers of culture, both in a literal and a figurative sense. In doing so, he reveals the significance of travel for retainers and their identity as consumers and producers of culture, thus proposing a multivalent model of cultural change.

About the Author
Constantine Nomikos Vaporis is professor of history and graduate program director in the Department of History, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC).

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Constantine Nomikos Vaporis - Tour of Duty, Samura i, Military Service in Edo, and the Culture of Ear ly Modern Japan (2008).pdf

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Sobowtór (Kagemusha - 1980) reż. Akira Kurosawa - polski lektor CD1.avi

Pradawny zwyczaj japoński nakazywał utrzymywanie na dworach szogunów jednego lub kilku sobowtórów. Pozwalało to na liczne uniki, łącznie z utrzymywaniem w tajemnicy śmierci władcy. Taki jest właśnie punkt wyjścia filmu Kurosawy. Umiera głowa klanu Takeda, a jego rolę przejmuje sobowtór, coraz bardziej wcielający się w osobowość zmarłego. Kurosawa opisuje zdarzenia z okresu poprzedzającego zwycięstwo rodu Tokugawa, który zjednoczył pod swym panowaniem cały kraj i rządził do roku 1868. Na wiele lat przedtem istotnym momentem dziejów Japonii była bitwa rozegrana w 1575 koło zamku Nagashino w której uzbrojone w broń palną wojska rodu Tokugawa dokonały masakry legendarnej ciężkiej jazdy Takedów - rodu rządzonego przez sobowtóra, bohatera filmu. Ta właśnie bitwa stanowi jedną z najbardziej widowiskowych, a jednocześnie wstrząsających scen filmu. W Sobowtórze - imponującym fresku historycznym, mistrzowsko fotografowane sceny bitewne przeplatają się z obrazami życia dworskiego - jego skomplikowanym ceremoniałem i wszechobecną walką o wpływy i władzę.

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Sobowtór (Kagemusha - 1980) reż. Akira Kurosawa - polski lektor CD2.avi

Od dnia 17 czerwca zamek oblegany był przez siły Takedy Katsuyory'ego, którego linie zaopatrzeniowe przebiegały nieopodal. Obroną zamku dowodził wasal Tokugawy Ieyasu - Okudaira Sadamasa. W chwili wybuchu walk o zamek, zarówno Tokugawa jak i Oda Nobunaga skierowali w ten rejon własne siły, mające na celu zaatakowanie oblegających.

W bitwie tej wojska Ody zastosowały po raz pierwszy broń palną, górującą nad atakami kawalerii Takedy. Stąd też bitwa uznawana jest za punkt zwrotny w historii japońskiego militaryzmu. Wśród wielu nazywana jest pierwszą ,,nowoczesną,, bitwą w Japonii. Oda był też pierwszym dowódcą, który zastosował drewniane palisady, nakazując rotujące salwy z broni palnej. Taktyka ataków kawaleryjskich Takedy reprezentowała starą, tradycyjną formę prowadzenia walk, stosowaną wcześniej przez ojca Takedy, Takede Shingena. Taki sposób walki stosowany na polach bitew był normą w latach poprzednich.

Siły Nobunagi i Tokugawy liczyły 38 000 ludzi. Takeda podczas oblężenia dysponował ilością 15 000 zbrojnych, z czego 12 000 skierowanych zostało do bitwy. Pozostali kontynuowali oblężenie zamku.

Bitwa

Obaj sprzymierzeni dowódcy ustawili swoje wojska na równinie w pobliżu zamku za niewielką rzeką Rengogawa, której strome brzegi utrudniały atak kawalerii przeciwnika. W celu ochrony własnych strzelców uzbrojonych w broń palną, Oda nakazał postawienie drewnianych palisad, zza których ostrzeliwać miano kawalerię Takedy. Liczba strzelców za palisadami szacowana jest na około 3000. Część wojsk Oda wysłał do pozorowania ataków, mających na celu sprowokowanie Takedey do przeciwnatarcia.

Wojska Takedy wyłoniły się z pobliskiego lasu w odległości 200-400 metrów od palisady. Niewielka odległość, zapał do walki kawalerzystów i gwałtowny deszcz, który zagłuszał odgłosy broni palnej, sprawiły że Takeda wydał w końcu rozkaz do ataku. Mimo przeważających liczebnie sił zarówno Oda jak i Tokugawa bardzo obawiali się kawalerzystów Takedy, którzy pobili ich już wcześniej w bitwie pod Mikatą.

Gdy tylko konie atakujących dopadły do rzeki, Oda nakazał swoim strzelcom salwę w chwili gdy przeciwnik znajdzie się około 50 metrów od palisad. Wcześniej właśnie taką odległość ustalono jako wystarczającą do przebicia kulą pancerza kawalerzysty.

Po oddaniu każdej salwy, strzelcy przygotowywali kolejne, uniemożliwiając kawalerii przeciwnika dotarcie do palisad. Ostrzał spowodował znaczne straty wśród atakujących, którzy stracili też wiele koni. Następnie piechota samurajska wyposażona w krótkie miecze i włócznie starła się wręcz z tymi jeźdźcami, którym udało przedostać się poza pierwszą linie obrony wojsk Ody. Pomiędzy kolejnymi liniami barykad dochodziło do gwałtownej walki wręcz, która przyniosła ogromne straty wśród atakujących. Wielu padło też obrońców. Po południu bitwa była zakończona. Resztki żołnierzy Takedy rozpoczęły ucieczkę, ścigane przez siły Ody i Tokugawy. Takeda stracił w bitwie i podczas pościgu około 10 000 ludzi, dwie trzecie całej armii. Ośmiu z liczby 24 jego najwybitniejszych generałów straciło życie w trakcie bitwy, wśród nich Ymagata Masakage i Oyamada Nobushige.

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