Failure of Empire is the first comprehensive biography of the Roman emperor Valens and his troubled reign (a.d. 364-78). Valens will always be remembered for his spectacular defeat and death at the hands of the Goths in the Battle of Adrianople. This singular misfortune won him a front-row seat among history's great losers. By the time he was killed, his empire had been coming unglued for several years: the Goths had overrun the Balkans; Persians, Isaurians, and Saracens were threatening the east; the economy was in disarray; and pagans and Christians alike had been exiled, tortured, and executed in his religious persecutions. Valens had not, however, entirely failed in his job as emperor. He was an admirable administrator, a committed defender of the frontiers, and a ruler who showed remarkable sympathy for the needs of his subjects.
In lively style and rich detail, Lenski incorporates a broad range of new material, from archaeology to Gothic and Armenian sources, in a study that illuminates the social, cultural, religious, economic, administrative, and military complexities of Valens's realm. Failure of Empire offers a nuanced reconsideration of Valens the man and shows both how he applied his strengths to meet the expectations of his world and how he ultimately failed in his efforts to match limited capacities to limitless demands.

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Noel Lenski - Failure of Empire, Valens and the Ro man State in the Fourth Century A.D. (2003).pdf

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John Rich - War and Society in the Roman World (19 93).jpg

The essays in War and Society in the Roman World collectively offer an innovative investigation into this area of classical studies, a field which has long been in need of different critical perspectives. This collection avoids rehashing the minutiae of warfare, viewing it instead as a species of social action, affected by social conditions and ideologies, and having social, economic and cultural consequences. The central theme of this volume is the shifting relationship between warfare and the Roman citizen body. The dominant role of war in Roman life under the Republic is examined, together with the related themes of Roman expansion and its consequences both for the Romans and for those they conquered. Under the principate, expansion largely ended, and the inhabitants of the empire enjoyed the Roman peace, protected by a professional army. A number of chapters focus on these changes, explaining how they came about, analyzing their effect on attitudes to war and probing the extent to which peace was a reality. The final chapters study the Late Empire in terms of the rise of warlords and, in the West, the final disappearance of the Roman army.

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John Rich - War and Society in the Roman World (19 93).pdf

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Louise Revell - Roman Imperialism and Local Identi ties (2008).jpg

In this book, Louise Revell examines questions of Roman imperialism and Roman ethnic identity and explores Roman imperialism as a lived experience based around the paradox of similarity and difference. Her case studies of public architecture in several urban settings provides an understanding of the ways in which urbanism, the emperor and religion were part of the daily encounters of the peoples in these communities. Revell applies the ideas of agency and practice in her examination of the structures that held the empire together and how they were implicated within repeated daily activities. Rather than offering a homogenized "ideal type" description of Roman cultural identity, she uses these structures as a way to understand how these encounters differed between communities and within communities, thus producing a more nuanced interpretation of what it was to be Roman. Bringing an innovative approach to the problem of Romanization, Revell breaks from traditional models and cuts across a number of entrenched debates such as arguments about the imposition of Roman culture or resistance to Roman rule.

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Louise Revell - Roman Imperialism and Local Identi ties (2008).pdf

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Raymond Van Dam - The Roman Revolution of Constant ine (2007).jpg

The reign of the emperor Constantine (306-337) was as revolutionary for the transformation of Rome's Mediterranean empire as that of Augustus, the first emperor three centuries earlier. The abandonment of Rome signaled the increasing importance of frontier zones in northern and central Europe and the Middle East. The foundation of Constantinople as a new imperial residence and the rise of Greek as the language of administration previewed the establishment of a separate eastern Roman empire.

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Raymond Van Dam - The Roman Revolution of Constant ine (2007).pdf

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R. Ross Holloway - Constantine and Rome (2004).jpg

Constantine the Great (285–337) played a crucial role in mediating between the pagan, imperial past of the city of Rome, which he conquered in 312, and its future as a Christian capital. In this learned and highly readable book, R. Ross Holloway examines Constantine’s remarkable building program in Rome. Holloway begins by examining the Christian Church in the period before the Peace of 313, when Constantine and his co-emperor Licinius ended the persecution of the Christians. He then focuses on the structure, style, and significance of important monuments: the Arch of Constantine and the two great Christian basilicas, St. John’s in the Lateran and St. Peter’s, as well as the imperial mausoleum at Tor Pignatara. In a final chapter Holloway advances a new interpretation of the archaeology of the Tomb of St. Peter beneath the high altar of St. Peter’s Basilica. The tomb, he concludes, was not the original resting place of the remains venerated as those of the Apostle but was created only in 251 by Pope Cornelius. Drawing on the most up-to-date archaeological evidence, he describes a cityscape that was at once Christian and pagan, mirroring the personality of its ruler.

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R. Ross Holloway - Constantine and Rome (2004).pdf

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Judy E. Gaughan - Murder Was Not a Crime, Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic (2009).jpg

Embarking on a unique study of Roman criminal law, Judy Gaughan has developed a novel understanding of the nature of social and political power dynamics in republican government. Revealing the significant relationship between political power and attitudes toward homicide in the Roman republic, Murder Was Not a Crime describes a legal system through which families (rather than the government) were given the power to mete out punishment for murder. With implications that could modify the most fundamental beliefs about the Roman republic, Gaughan's research maintains that Roman criminal law did not contain a specific enactment against murder, although it had done so prior to the overthrow of the monarchy. While kings felt an imperative to hold monopoly over the power to kill, Gaughan argues, the republic phase ushered in a form of decentralized government that did not see itself as vulnerable to challenge by an act of murder. And the power possessed by individual families ensured that the government would not attain the responsibility for punishing homicidal violence. Drawing on surviving Roman laws and literary sources, Murder Was Not a Crime also explores the dictator Sulla's "murder law," arguing that it lacked any government concept of murder and was instead simply a collection of earlier statutes repressing poisoning, arson, and the carrying of weapons. Reinterpreting a spectrum of scenarios, Gaughan makes new distinctions between the paternal head of household and his power over life and death, versus the power of consuls and praetors to command and kill.

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Judy E. Gaughan - Murder Was Not a Crime, Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic (2009).pdf

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Sexto Julio Frontino - Frontinus, the stratagems a nd the aqueducts of Rome.jpg

Frontinus, Sextus Iulius, ca. 35–103 CE, was a capable Roman civil officer and military commander. Praetor of the city in 70 and consul in 73 or 74, 98 and 100, he was, about the year 76, sent to Britain as governor. He quelled the Silures of Wales, and began to build a road through their territory; his place was taken by Agricola in 78. In 97 he was given the highly esteemed office of Manager of Aqueducts at Rome. He is known to have been an augur, being succeeded by his friend Pliny the younger.
The two sides of Frontinus's public career are reflected in his two surviving works. 'Strategemata', Stratagems, written after 84, gives examples of military stratagems from Greek and Roman history, for the instruction of Roman officers, in three books; the fourth book is concerned largely with military discipline. 'De Aquis urbis Romae', The Aqueducts of Rome, written in 97–98, gives some historical details and a description of the aqueducts for the water supply of the city, with laws relating to them. Frontinus aimed at being useful and writes in a rather popular style which is both simple and clear.

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Sexto Julio Frontino - Frontinus, the stratagems a nd the aqueducts of Rome.pdf

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Paul Erdkamp - The Grain Market in the Roman Empir e, A Social, Political and Economic Study (2005).jpg

Paul Erdkamp illustrates how entitlement to food in Roman society was dependent on relations with the emperor, his representatives and the landowning aristocracy, and local rulers controlling the towns and hinterlands. He assesses the response of the Roman authorities to weaknesses in the grain market and looks at the implications of the failure of local harvests. By examining the subject from a contemporary perspective, this book will appeal not only to historians of ancient economies, but to all concerned with the economy of grain markets, a subject which still resonates today.

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Paul Erdkamp - The Grain Market in the Roman Empir e, A Social, Political and Economic Study (2005).pdf

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Paul Zanker - The Power of Images in the Age of Au gustus (1990).jpg

Examines the imperial mythology that was reflected by Roman art and architecture during the rule of Augustus Caesar

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Paul Zanker - The Power of Images in the Age of Au gustus (1990).pdf

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J. Grafton Milne - A History of Egypt under Roman Rule (1913).jpg

A History Of Egypt Under Roman Rule published in 1913 by J. Grafton Milne covers the following topics; the organization of Egypt under the Romans, Roman rule beginning in 30 B C, a century of prosperity beginning in 68 A D, the decay of the provincial system, the struggle between the state and the church, the establishment of the supremacy of the Christian church, the union of temporal and religious powers, revenues and taxation in Egypt, life in the towns and villages, Roman garrisons, prefects of Egypt, and inscriptions in the Ghizeh museum.

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J. Grafton Milne - A History of Egypt under Roman Rule (1913).pdf

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Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price - Religions of Rome, Volume 1, A History (1998).jpg

This book offers a radical new survey of more than a thousand years of religious life in Rome, from the foundation of the city to its rise to world empire and its conversion to Christianity. It sets religion in its full cultural context, between the primitive hamlet of the eighth century BC and the cosmopolitan, multicultural society of the first centuries of the Christian era.

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Graham Webster - The Roman Invasion of Britain (19 99).jpg

Gives the background of Britain before the Roman invasion of 43 AD and goes on to describe the Roman forces, the personalities involved, the actual invasion - including the crucial battle on the Medway - and Claudius' triumphal entrance into Camulodunum, the British capital.

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Graham Webster - The Roman Invasion of Britain (19 99).pdf

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Antonio Santosuosso - Storming the Heavens, Soldie rs, Emperors, and Civilians in the Roman Empire (2 001).jpg

The story of the Roman military machine begins with the crisis that enveloped Rome in the late second century B.C., when soldiers became the Empire's worst enemy, pillaging citizens and creating social turmoil.In the closing years of the second century B.C., the ancient world watched as the Roman armies maintained clear superiority over all they surveyed. But, Rome also faced an internal situation that endangered the supremacy across the expanse of the Empire. Social turmoil prevailed at the heart of her territories, led by an increasing number of dispossessed farmers, too little manpower for the army, and an inevitable conflict with the allies who had fought side by side with the Romans to establish Roman dominion. Storming the Heavens looks at this dramatic history from a variety of angles. What changed most radically, Santosuosso argues, was the behavior of soldiers in the Roman armies. The troops became the enemies within, their pillage and slaughter of fellow citizens indiscriminate, their loyalty not to the Republic but to their leaders, as long as they were ample providers of booty. By opening the military ranks to all, the new army abandoned its role as depository of the values of the upper classes and the propertied. Instead, it became an institution of the poor and drain on the power of the Empire. Santosuosso also investigates other topics, such as the monopoly of military power in the hands of a few, the connection between the armed forces and the cherished values of the state, the manipulation of the lower classes so that they would accept the view of life, control, and power dictated by the oligarchy, and the subjugation and dehumanization of subject peoples, whether they be Gauls, Britons, Germans, Africans, or even the Romans themselves.

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Antonio Santosuosso - Storming the Heavens, Soldie rs, Emperors, and Civilians in the Roman Empire (2 001).pdf

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Michael H. Dodgeon - The Roman Eastern Frontier an d the Persian Wars, AD 226-363, A Documentary Hist ory (1994).jpg

While most studies of the internal and international conflicts of Rome's 3rd century crisis are recorded in a scattered and unsatisfactory manner, this documentary history of the period brings together the main sources, of which the better ones--those not in Latin-- are not easily accessible. The volume includes translations of such diverse sources as Zosimus, John Malalas, Al-Tabari and Moses of Chorene--documents which, when viewed in combination, provide a clearer picture of this complex, fraught period of Roman history. The editors also provide a selection of inscriptions, papyri and oriental sources, generous notes, a detailed bibliography and maps.

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Michael H. Dodgeon - The Roman Eastern Frontier an d the Persian Wars, AD 226-363, A Documentary Hist ory (1994).pdf

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Julian Bennett - Trajan, Optimus Princeps (1997).jpg

The emperor Trajan (A.D. 53-117) is one of the very few Roman emperors who, over the centuries, has always been seen in a good light. He is remembered for his expansion of the Empire, his monumental public-works projects, and his refusal to persecute the Empire's Christian minority. The very substance of his glorious reputation, however, is tested by Julian Bennett in this comprehensive biography - - the first since 1927 and the first ever in English. While the period as a whole is ill-served by the extant literary evidence, Bennett supplements this with a thorough examination of the contemporary archaeological and epigraphic evidence, covering every major aspect of Trajan's reign. Although some of his original suggestions may remain speculative, his central conclusion is that Trajan's contemporary reputation as Optimus Princeps seems to have been richly deserved.

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Julian Bennett - Trajan, Optimus Princeps (1997).pdf

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David Shotter - The Fall of the Roman Republic (19 94).jpg

The Fall of the Roman Republic shows how the Roman republic was destabilized by the consequences of the unplanned growth of the Roman empire. Drawing on a wealth of recent scholarship, David Shotter tackles in a straightforward way the many problems of the period and the prejudices to which they gave rise. He demonstrates how groups and individuals sought their own advantage from the opportunities offered by imperial expansion, and how this led to confusion and chaos to which the only perceived solution was the introduction of a form of permanent supervision for the Roman republic.

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