1. Enough of Auschwitz!.pdf

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At the end of the war, when the defeat of Germany was already inevitable, the Allies faced the question: what to do with the Nazis? Soldiers liberating concentration camps saw a nightmare. The effects of mistreatment, tortures, and massacres were revealed to them. They saw what the captives had become after many years in terrible conditions, and heard the stories of those, who lost everything: families, hope, and the meaning of life. It is not surprising that people, who saw Auschwitz and Buchenwald, believed that the monsters, who had done that were deprived of the right to trial and deserved immediate death.

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9. Angels of death.pdf

Adolf Eichmann and Klaus Barbie were far from being the only high-ranking Nazis, who in the half-century since the end of the war, have been caught either by Nazi hunters or by sheer luck. So, Simon Wiesenthal tracked down the commandant of Sobibor and Treblinka SS-Obersturmführer Franz Stangl, whose passion for a white uniform and a whip earned him the nickname "White Death". Like many others, Stangl escaped American captivity in 1947, received immigrant documents from the Red Cross, sailed to Syria, and in 1951 moved to Brazil. There, the Nazi worked under his own name at the Volkswagen plant until he was arrested in 1967 on a tip from Wiesenthal, and extradited to Germany. For participation in the murder of 900 thousand people, he was sentenced to life in prison. On 28 June 1971, Stangl died in prison of a heart attack.

8. The butcher of Lyon.pdf

When Klaus Barbie (accent on the last syllable) turned 20, he hoped to go to university and get an education, but the sudden deaths of his younger brother and father in 1933 frustrated the young man's plans. His father died 15 years after the end of the First World War, but in fact, he never returned from the trenches - a wound in the neck from the Battle of Verdun, and the French captivity broke something inside him. Throughout Klaus' childhood, his father drank a lot, beat his sons, and quietly indulged in memories; his departure was a relief for Barbie Jr. Klaus took over as head of the family, abandoned further studies, and focused on his career.

7. Friends thought they were crazy.pdf

On 11 May 1960, the same day Mossad agents captured Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires, in Paris, a 21-year-old German woman Beate Künzel was waiting for a train at the Porte de Saint-Cloud metro station. The capital of France fascinated her: everything here seemed more elegant, brighter, and livelier than in gloomy, war-battered West Berlin. Beate was plunged into gloomy thoughts about her homeland when a handsome young brunette called out to her: Êtes-vous anglais? A common technique of the time: local men pretended to mistake German women for someone else, and then used their answer as an excuse to strike up a conversation.

6. The Finale solution.pdf

On 19 September 1957, the Prosecutor-General of the Land of Hesse, Fritz Bauer, looking around cautiously, met, in the lobby of a hotel on the highway between Frankfurt and Cologne, the representative of the Israeli government in Germany, Felix Elieser Shinnar. There were still six years before the opening of the Auschwitz trials, which made the lawyer a national celebrity. Bauer realized that the decision to meet a foreigner to transfer confidential data could put an end to his career, but there were no other options - in Germany, too many were not comfortable with continuing hunt for the Nazis.

5. Executioner that didn't hide.pdf

In the 1930’s, the Lettonian aviator Herberts Cukurs built several aircraft, and won national acclaim for his long-distance flights to Gambia, Japan, and Palestine. Upon returning home, he toured the country, gave lectures, and actively promoted his courageous image in every possible way. In 1939, the glorious history of Cukurs came to an end when he joined the fascist and anti-Semitic organization Pērkonkrusts (Thunder Cross), and on the very first days after the invasion of Nazi Germany, he joined the invaders.

4. Avengers.pdf

They were extremely efficient in tracking people down and conducting extrajudicial executions. If little is known about them, that’s because the men of the brigades were impeccably discreet. They kept their mouths shut and took their secrets to their graves. Despite the secrecy, scraps of information about the “Avengers”, over time, still leaked out. Some of the Nokmim members spoke to the press on condition of anonymity, and Moshe Tavor, who later served in the Mossad, gave candid interviews, and journalists Rich Cohen and Michael Elkins wrote the books "The Avengers" and "Forged in Fury" based on his stories.

3. The Nazi hunters.pdf

The history of Nazi hunters is uneven. There was no single movement, and no common strategy that would bring together individual activists and organizations around the world. Although they pursued common goals, they often did not get along with each other, they were prone to jealousy, rivalry, and mutual reproaches. The hunters differed in their methods and motivation: some were motivated by revenge, some were fighting for justice, some broke the law for a lofty goal, and others prosecuted the Nazis according to all the rules.

2. Ratlines to the Paperclip.pdf

When the former commandant of the Sobibor and Treblinka concentration camps, SS-Hauptsturmführer Franz Stangl, finally made it to Rome via Graz, Merano, and Florence, the Vatican dignitary, bishop Alois Hudal, greeted him like an old friend. Wanted for the deaths of a million prisoners, the Austrian Nazi fled at the end of the war without concealing his name, and three years later he finally managed to run away via the infamous “ratlines” - the escape routes by which the Nazis escaped justice. One of these secret routes led to the very heart of the Roman Catholic Church - from the Vatican, loyal church officials helped war criminals move to South America.

14. Evacuation.pdf

By the autumn of 1915, the Gallipoli front finally and irrevocably stalled, with the last battle there fought on 29 August, when the Indians and Australians managed to capture a nameless mound of little importance. Yet, casualties kept growing, although nobody expected success anymore. Moreover, the general military situation sharply worsened. The command of the Central Powers decided to eliminate one of the causes of their headache – the Serbian Front. Since Austro-Hungary proved unable to do this on her own, in addition to the Austro-Hungarian 3rd Army, the German 11th Army and the Bulgarian 1st Army were engaged in a new offensive. The German and Austro-Hungarian forces struck on 7 October, the Bulgarian army launched its offensive on 14 October, and soon the Serbian front collapsed. The Entente leadership wrestled from Greece consent for the landing of an expeditionary force in Salonica, but for that, it was still necessary to find troops; some forces could be taken out of Gallipoli. However, the British and French did not linger in Serbia and quickly retreated back to Greek territory. Field-Marshal August von Mackensen, who commanded the offensive of the Central Powers, did not dare to cross the border of formally neutral Greece, but his forces occupied most of Albania (formally neutral too), and thus a rather strange Salonica front was formed, where none of the sides was particularly eager to be active. And yet, the Entente faced a new problem.

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