Why did World War I happen? Several of the oft-cited causes are reviewed and discussed in this analysis. The argument of the alliance systems is inadequate, lacking relevance or compelling force. The argument of an accident or "slide" is also inadequate, given the clear and unambiguous evidence of intentions. The arguments of mass demands focusing on nationalism, militarism, and social Darwinism are also arguably insufficient. They lack indications of frequency, intensity, and process or influence on the various decisions.

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Timothy Kirk - Nazism and the Working Class in Aus tria, Industrial Unrest and Political Dissent in t he 'National Community (1996).jpg

All History - Timothy Kirk - Nazism and the Working Class in Austri...and Political Dissent in the National Community 1996.jpg

The image of Hitler as a demagogic "pied piper" leading astray the "little people" of Austria is as misleading as it is powerful. Nazism and the Working Class in Austria is a case study of the ambiguous relationship between state and society under the Nazis. Workers did not seriously attempt or even expect to overthrow the Nazi regime in the face of unprecedented surveillance and terror; but neither were they converted, and their oppositional strategies and disgruntled political opinions reveal a truculent workforce, rather than one that was contented and converted.

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Timothy Kirk - Nazism and the Working Class in Aus tria, Industrial Unrest and Political Dissent in t he 'National Community (1996).djvu

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Anna von der Goltz - Hindenburg, Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis (2009).jpg

Hindenburg reveals how a previously little-known general, whose career to normal retirement age had provided no real foretaste of his heroic status, became a national icon and living myth in Germany after the First World War, capturing the imagination of millions. In a period characterized by rupture and fragmentation, the legend surrounding Paul von Hindenburg brought together a broad coalition of Germans and became one of the most potent forces in Weimar politics.

Charting the origins of the myth, from Hindenburg's decisive victory at the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 to his death in Nazi Germany and beyond, Anna Menge explains why the presence of Hindenburg's name on the ballot mesmerized an overwhelming number of voters in the presidential elections of 1925. His myth-an ever-evolving phenomenon-increasingly transcended the dividing lines of interwar politics, which helped him secure re-election by left-wing and moderate voters. Indeed, the only two times in German history that the people could elect their head of state directly and secretly, they chose this national icon. Hindenburg even managed to defeat Adolf Hitler in 1932, making him the Nazi leader's final arbiter; it was he who made the final and fateful decision to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933.

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Andrea Orzoff - Battle for the Castle, The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948 (2009).jpg

After World War I, diplomats and leaders at the Paris Peace Talks redrew the map of Europe, carving up ancient empires and transforming Europe's eastern half into new nation-states. Drawing heavily on the past, the leaders of these young countries crafted national mythologies and deployed them at home and abroad. Domestically, myths were a tool for legitimating the new state with fractious electorates. In Great Power capitals, they were used to curry favor and to compete with the mythologies and propaganda of other insecure postwar states.

The new postwar state of Czechoslovakia forged a reputation as Europe's democratic outpost in the East, an island of enlightened tolerance amid an increasingly fascist Central and Eastern Europe. In Battle for the Castle, Andrea Orzoff traces the myth of Czechoslovakia as an ideal democracy. The architects of the myth were two academics who had fled Austria-Hungary in the Great War's early years. Tomáas Garrigue Masaryk, who became Czechoslovakia's first president, and Edvard Benes, its longtime foreign minister and later president, propagated the idea of the Czechs as a tolerant, prosperous, and cosmopolitan people, devoted to European ideals, and Czechoslovakia as a Western ally capable of containing both German aggression and Bolshevik radicalism. Deeply distrustful of Czech political parties and Parliamentary leaders, Benes and Masaryk created an informal political organization known as the Hrad or "Castle." This powerful coalition of intellectuals, journalists, businessmen, religious leaders, and Great War veterans struggled with Parliamentary leaders to set the country's political agenda and advance the myth. Abroad, the Castle wielded the national myth to claim the attention and defense of the West against its increasingly hungry neighbors. When Hitler occupied the country, the mythic Czechoslovakia gained power as its leaders went into wartime exile. Once Czechoslovakia regained its independence after 1945, the Castle myth reappeared. After the Communist coup of 1948, many Castle politicians went into exile in America, where they wrote the Castle myth of an idealized Czechoslovakia into academic and political discourse.

Battle for the Castle demonstrates how this founding myth became enshrined in Czechoslovak and European history. It powerfully articulates the centrality of propaganda and the mass media to interwar European cultural diplomacy and politics, and the tense, combative atmosphere of European international relations from the beginning of the First World War well past the end of the Second.

About the Author
Andrea Orzoff is Associate Professor of History at New Mexico State University.

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Andrea Orzoff - Battle for the Castle, The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948 (2009).pdf

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Ralph A. Griffiths - King and Country, England and Wales in the Fifteenth Century (2003).jpg

This selection of essays and papers, published variously in Wales,
England, France and North America between 1964 and 1990, deals with the fifteenth century. It explores themes in the history of England, Wales and, to some extent, the dominions of the English crown beyond. Such a triple perspective can be instructive for the historian of England as well as for historians of Wales and of the king's lands overseas. Crown, court and capital were the fulcrum of political, administrative and social developments throughout the English realm and its associated dominions, as is illustrated here by the experience of Yorkshire and the north, and the principality and marches of Wales. Regional and more local relationships among magnates and gentry and their tenantry, among townsmen and religious and secular clergy, are of comparable significance in a polity which had strong and intricate links between capital and country, crown and localities, realm and dominions, court, castle, manor and town house.

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Ralph A. Griffiths - King and Country, England and Wales in the Fifteenth Century (2003).pdf

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Louise Chipley Slavicek - King David (2008).jpg

According to the "Hebrew Bible", David rose from humble beginnings as a sheepherder in the hills of Bethlehem to become the ruler of the ancient kingdom of Israel and the founder of an empire that included not only the modern state of Israel, but parts of Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan as well. Courageous and conniving, pious and vengeful, warrior, poet, fugitive, and king, David is not only one of the most complex and fascinating figures in Hebrew scripture but also one of the ancient world's best-known leaders. "King David" uses the ample writings by and about the revered king of Israel to explore his historical significance in world history and how his time in power contributed to modern-day situations in the Middle East.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Louise Chipley Slavicek - King David (2008).pdf

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Silvia Anne Sheafer - Ramses the Great (2008).jpg

Ramses II, pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty, left an indelible mark on ancient Egypt. Often known as Ramses the Great, his reign was a golden age when political and cultural life thrived. He created spectacular monuments, including the magnificent Abu Simbel temples, the royal city of Piramses, and his mortuary temple Ramesseum. As a military leader, he expanded the Egyptian sovereignty from Nubia in the south to Syria in the west. Brilliant and ambitious, he forged with the Hittite Empire the first-ever peace treaty.

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Silvia Anne Sheafer - Ramses the Great (2008).pdf

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Leo K. Shin - The Making of the Chinese State, Eth nicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands (2006 ).jpg

Leo Shin traces the roots of China's modern ethnic configurations to the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). Challenging the traditional view that China's expansion was primarily an exercise of incorporation and assimilation, Shin argues that as the center extended its reach to the wild and inaccessible south, the political interests of the state, the economic needs of the settlers, and the imaginations of the cultural elites all facilitated the demarcation and categorization of these borderland 'non-Chinese' populations. Similarly, modern-day Chinese rulers also find it critical to officially recognize a total of fifty-six 'nationalities'.

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Leo K. Shin - The Making of the Chinese State, Eth nicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands (2006 ).pdf

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John Dickie - The New Mandarins, How British Forei gn Policy Works (2004).jpg

Not since Anthony Eden's Suez War of 1956 has Britain's foreign policy provoked such intense controversy. But how are British foreign policy decisions taken? How does British diplomacy actually work? For generations the Foreign Office operated as an elitist, secretive institution resisting intrusion and change. Now this book reveals the revolution which transformed the Foreign Office. John Dickie describes for the first time how the new mandarins are tested, selected, trained and promoted in Britain's Diplomatic Service. His unrivalled knowledge has enabled him to illuminate the structures of foreign policy making in London, the relationships between career diplomats and the Foreign Secretary, and the workings of the backroom experts connected to shadowy, powerful figures in other capitals. Dickie discloses much that was not previously known, such as the operations of the Anglo-American Intelligence network; the distrust of Britain's European partners; the "brain trust" of academics who provide intellectual rationale for policies; the ways in which foreign policy is affected from the outside through M.P.s, think-tanks, campaigning non-government-organizations and the media.

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Russell Davies - Hope and Heartbreak, A social his tory of Wales 1776-1871 (2005).jpg

A radically unorthodox portrait of the lives of the Welsh is offered in this social history of Wales from 1789–1870. A large range of social subjects—rich landlords in the south, poor peasants in the north, and such unspeakable persons as bastard children and wizards—are discussed along with engrossing analyses of such unusual institutions as the insane asylum and the rural festival. By interpreting the life experiences and emotions of individual people within Welsh society, this inquiry opens up the fascinating and heretofore hidden world of Wales during the rise of industrial Europe.

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Russell Davies - Hope and Heartbreak, A social his tory of Wales 1776-1871 (2005).pdf

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Robert Horace Ross - Treasures of Tutankhamun in n eedlepoint (1978).jpg

Many of the vivid designs that decorate these ancient works of Egyptian art were executed in a dazzling geometrical style which the designer/author of this book saw could be adapted logically to needlepoint canvas. With the exception of the extraordinary golden funerary mask (front cover), he chose not to stitch facsimiles of the objects found in the tomb. Rather, he combined border designs, hieroglyphs, jewelry motifs, inlay patterns, the forms of certain objects, and created stunning compositions of his own. He rendered them with a brilliance of color that is rarely achieved in wool stitchery.
The color plates and detailed graphs show each composition in its entirety. The graphs are then shown in enlarged sections - halves or quadrants - and are accompanied by color keys. From these, any needlepointer of average skill can reproduce Robert Ross exceptionally rich and elegant designs.

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Robert Horace Ross - Treasures of Tutankhamun in n eedlepoint (1978).pdf

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Alessandro Roselli - Italy and Albania, Financial Relations in the Fascist Period (2006).jpg

This is the first full comprehensive examination of the turbulent financial and economic relationship between Italy and Albania in the twentieth century, throwing new light on Italian Fascist imperialism. Italy and Albania retraces the complicated foreign and economic strategy that led in 1939 to the “union of the two crowns” of Italy and Albania. Drawing on original research, Roselli shows how Italy's strategy towards Albania veered between the extremes of a minimum of economic penetration and a maximum of political interference.

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Andrew K. Balkansky - Origins of the Nuu, Archaeol ogy in the Mixteca Alta, Mexico (2009).jpg

Combining older findings with new data on 1,000 previously undescribed archaeological sites, Origins of the Ñuu presents the cultural evolution of the Mixteca Alta in an up-to-date chronological framework.

The ñuu--the kingdoms of the famous Mixtec codices--are traced back through the Postclassic and Classic periods to their beginnings in the first states of the Terminal Formative, revealing their origin, evolution, and persistence through two cycles of growth and collapse. Challenging assumptions that the Mixtec were peripheral to better-known peoples such as the Aztecs or Maya, the book asserts that the ñuu were a major demographic and economic power in their own right.

Older explanations of multiregional or macroregional systems often portrayed civilizations as rising in a cradle or hearth and spreading outward. New macroregional studies show that civilizations are products of more complex interactions between regions, in which peripheries are not simply shaped by cores but by their interactions with multiple societies at varying distances from major centers. Origins of the Ñuu is a significant contribution to this emerging area of archaeological research.

About the Author
Dr. Stephen A. Kowalewski is a professor of anthropology at the University of Georgia and has done fieldwork in the Southwest, Georgia, and Mexico.

The other authors are highly experienced archaeologists participating in the biggest single archaeological survey project in Mesoamerica, hold various teaching and research positions, and continue their fieldwork in the Mixteca Alta as well as other areas.

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Andrew K. Balkansky - Origins of the Nuu, Archaeol ogy in the Mixteca Alta, Mexico (2009).pdf

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Sandra Ott - War, Judgment, And Memory In The Basq ue Borderlands, 1914-194 (2008).jpg

During the first half of the twentieth century, the French Basque province of Xiberoa was a place of refuge, conflict, transit, exile and foreign occupation. At the Liberation of France in 1944, many Xiberoans confronted ongoing local divisiveness, rooted in the interwar years, and faced new conflicts arising from legal and civic judgments made during Vichy and German occupation. This book traces the roots of their divided memories to local and official interpretations of what constituted legitimate judgment, legitimate behavior and justice during those troubled times. In order to capture a sense of the diverse ways in which Xiberoan Basques responded to the Germans in their midst, the author explores and contrasts the experiences of people in four different communities located within a fifteen mile radius.

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Sandra Ott - War, Judgment, And Memory In The Basq ue Borderlands, 1914-194 (2008).pdf

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Bernard Mees - The Science of the Swastika (2008).jpg

This is the first theoretically informed study of the relationship between an academic discipline and what the Nazis termed their Weltanschauung. The first study of Sinnbildforschung, German ideograph or swastika studies, though more broadly it tells the tale of the development of German antiquarian studies (ancient Germanic history, archeology, anthropology, folklore, historical linguistics and philology) under the influence of radical-rightwing politics, and the contemporary construction of 'Germanicness' and its role in Nazi thought. The swastika and similar symbols were employed by the ancestors of the modern-day Germans. As these had also become emblematic symbols of the forces of German reaction, Sinnbildforschung became intrinsically connected with the National Socialist regime after 1933 and disappeared along with the Third Reich in 1945.With the Nazi seizure of power, ideographic studies became directly supported by the state. In 1935, an organization was founded within the SS to further its study, the SS-Ahnenerbe. Most infamous as the organ through which medical experiments were arranged to be performed on the inmates of concentration camps, the Ahnenerbe was founded as a historical research institution before it expanded its horizons to the physical sciences.

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Bernard Mees - The Science of the Swastika (2008).pdf

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Colin Kidd - Union and Unionisms, Political Though t in Scotland, 1500-2000 (2008).jpg

Although the dominant political ideology in Scotland between 1707 and the present, unionism has suffered serious neglect. One of the most distinguished Scottish historians of our time looks afresh at this central theme in Britain's history, politics and law, and traces the history of Scottish unionist ideas from the early sixteenth century to the present day. Colin Kidd demonstrates that unionism had impeccably indigenous origins long predating the Union of 1707, and that it emerged in reaction to the English vision of Britain as an empire. Far from being the antithesis of nationalism, modern Scottish unionism has largely occupied a middle ground between the extremes of assimilation to England or separation from it. At a time when the future of the Scottish union is under scrutiny as never before, its history demands Colin Kidd's lucid and cogent examination, which will doubtless generate major debate, both within Scotland and beyond.

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Colin Kidd - Union and Unionisms, Political Though t in Scotland, 1500-2000 (2008).pdf

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Julian Jackson - The Politics of Depression in Fra nce 1932-1936 (1985).jpg

The poor performance of the French economy in the 1930s has long been recognised as a major contributory factor in the decline of the Third Republic, which collapsed after the defeat of 1940. Although France entered the Great Depression later than the rest of the world, French governments failed to learn from the experience of other countries in combating it. This book is the first full study of the formation of economic policy in these crucial years, and of the political debate to which it gave rise. It examines the origins of the notion of planning and the 'planomania', which gripped France in 1934; and it shows why this solution was ultimately rejected. It also analyses in detail the arguments of pro- and anti-devaluers. The conclusion suggests that stagnation was to some extent chosen as a conscious policy, since at least until 1936 the Depression never seemed severe enough to threaten the social order.

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