The use of child workers was widespread in textile manufacturing by the late eighteenth century. A particularly vital supply of child workers was via the parish apprenticeship trade, whereby pauper children could move from the 'care' of poor law officialdom to the 'care' of early industrial textile entrepreneurs. This study is the first to examine in detail both the process and experience of parish factory apprenticeship, and to illuminate the role played by children in early industrial expansion. It challenges prevailing notions of exploitation which permeate historical discussion of the early labour force and questions both the readiness with which parishes 'offloaded' large numbers of their poor children to distant factories, and the harsh discipline assumed to have been universal among early factory masters. Finally the author explores the way in which parish apprentices were used to construct a gendered labour force. Dr Honeyman's book is a major contribution to studies in child labour and to the broader social, economic, and business history of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries.

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10,2 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Katrina Honeyman - Child Workers in England, 1780- 1820 (2007).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Ewart Oakeshott - The Sword in the Age of Chivalry (1997).jpg

The resplendent image of the medieval knight is symbolised by his sword, a lethal weapon on the battlefield and a badge of chivalry in that complex social code. Ewart Oakeshott draws on his extensive research to recount the history of the sword from the knightly successors of the Viking weapon to the emergence of the Renaissance sword - roughly from 1050 to 1550. Evidence for dating is adduced from literature and art as well as from archaeology, and a detailed chronological typology of swords is developed, based on entire swords, pommel-forms, cross-guards, and the grip and scabbard. With clear illustrations and invaluable photographic plates The Sword in the Age of Chivalry offers first-class reference material for all weapons enthusiasts.

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11,5 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Ewart Oakeshott - The Sword in the Age of Chivalry (1997).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Peter J. Atkins - Food and the City in Europe sinc e 1800 (2007).jpg

This fascinating volume examines the impact that rapid urbanization has had upon diets and food systems throughout Western Europe over the past two centuries. Bringing together studies from across the continent, it stresses the fundamental links between key changes in European social history, and food systems, food cultures and food politics. Contributors respond to a number of important questions, including: when and how did local food production cease to be sufficient for the city and when did improved transport conditions and liberal commercial relations replace local by supra-regional food supplies? How far did the food industry contribute to improved living conditions in cities? What influence did urban consumers have?"Food and the City in Europe since 1800" also examines issues of food hygiene and health impacts in cities, looks at various food innovations and how 'new' foods often first gained acceptance in cities, and explores how eating fashions have changed over the centuries.

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13,1 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Peter J. Atkins - Food and the City in Europe sinc e 1800 (2007).pdf

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141 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Aidan Dodson - Amarna Sunset, Nefertiti, Tutankham un, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reforma tion (2009).jpg

All History - Aidan Dodson - Amarna Sunset, Nefertiti, Tutankhamun,..., Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation 2009.jpg

This new study, drawing on the latest research, tells the story of the decline and fall of the pharaoh Akhenaten’s religious revolution in the fourteenth century BC. Beginning at the regime’s high-point in his Year 12, it traces the subsequent collapse that saw the deaths of many of the king’s loved ones, his attempts to guarantee the revolution through co-rulers, and the last frenzied assault on the god Amun.

The book then outlines the events of the subsequent five decades that saw the extinction of the line, an attempt to place a foreigner on Egypt’s throne, and the accession of three army officers in turn. Among its conclusions are that the mother of Tutankhamun was none other than Nefertiti, and that the queen was joint-pharaoh in turn with both her husband Akhenaten and her son. As such, she was herself instrumental in beginning the return to orthodoxy, undoing her erstwhile husband’s life-work before her own mysterious disappearance.

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5,4 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Aidan Dodson - Amarna Sunset, Nefertiti, Tutankham un, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reforma tion (2009).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Eric G. Reiche - The Development of the SA in Nurn berg, 1922-1934 (2002).jpg

In Nürnberg, as in other German cities, the SA (or stormtroopers) was the most visible Nazi organisation prior to the seizure of power by Hitler in 1933. This book looks in close detail at the development of the SA from its inception in 1922 until its overthrow by Hitler in 1934. More than a history of marches and violent encounters, the book analyses why, in a heavily industrialized city where the forces of democracy initially enjoyed strong support, a growing number of men from virtually every group of society decided to become members of the SA. Drawing from the biographical data of more than 350 stormtroopers and from extensive research in German archives, Professor Reiche reveals both the significance of the First World War and peer pressure, as well as the impact of the Great Depression, on the growth of the SA.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Eric G. Reiche - The Development of the SA in Nurn berg, 1922-1934 (2002).djvu

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Jan Hogendorn, Marion Johnson - The Shell Money of the Slave Trade (2003).jpg

This study examines the role of cowrie-shell money in West African trade, particularly the slave trade. The shells were carried from the Maldives to the Mediterranean by Arab traders for further transport across the Sahara, and to Europe by competing Portuguese, Dutch, English and French traders for onward transport to the West African coast. In Africa they served to purchase the slaves exported to the New World, as well as other less sinister exports. Over a large part of West Africa they became the regular market currency, but were severely devalued by the importation of thousands of tons of the cheaper Zanzibar cowries. Colonial governments disliked cowries because of the inflation and encouraged their replacement by low-value coins. They disappeared almost totally, to re-appear during the depression of the 1930s, and have been found occasionally in the markets of remote frontier districts, avoiding exchange and currency control problems.

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1,8 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Jan Hogendorn, Marion Johnson - The Shell Money of the Slave Trade (2003).djvu

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Brian R. Hamnett - Roots of Insurgency, Mexican Re gions, 1750-1824 (2002).jpg

Studies in Spanish American regional history have, as yet, made little attempt to incorporate the struggles for independence within the context of provincial society and politics viewed over the broader period that spans the late colonial and early national experience of Latin America. This book attempts a new perspective: it emphasises the provincial milieu and popular participation in its varied forms, often ambiguous and contradictory. The central aim is to examine social conflicts, chiefly in the Mexican provinces of Puebla, Guadalajara, Michoacán, and Guanajuato from the middle of the eighteenth century, and to assess their relationship to the widespread insurgency of the second decade of the nineteenth century.

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2,1 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Brian R. Hamnett - Roots of Insurgency, Mexican Re gions, 1750-1824 (2002).djvu

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10 wrz 18 22:03

J. S. Bromley - Corsairs and Navies, 1600-1760 (20 06).jpg

Two societies, two conceptions of justice, collaborated and collided when French forces stormed Cartagena of the Indies in May 1697. For their commander, the baron de Pointis, a naval captain in the mould of Drake, this bloody if strategically pointless success fulfilled a long-postponed design "that might be both honourable and advantageous", with ships lent and soldiers (but not seamen) paid by the King, who in return would take the Crown's usual one-fifth interest in such "preis de vaisseaux", the remaining costs falling on private subscribers, in this case no less than 666 of them, headed by courtiers, financiers, naval contractors and officers of both pen and sword.' According to Pointis, peace rumours restricted the flow of advances and the expedition, nearly 4,000 strong when it sailed out of Brest, was weaker than he had planned, especially if it should prove difficult to use the ships' crews ashore.

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35,5 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

J. S. Bromley - Corsairs and Navies, 1600-1760 (20 06).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Ann Kussmaul - A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538-1840 (1993).jpg

'The subtlety and ingenuity of Kussmaul's book ... will repay detailed study.' Southern History 'All in all the book providess a fascinating insight to long-term changes in the English countryside prior to the mid-nineteenth century.' Local Population Studies 'We can be sure this book will prompt much lively argument for a long time to come.' The Times Higher Education Supplement 'Kussmaul makes a genuinely original and important contribution to the economic history of early modern England.' The Times Literary Supplement

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1,3 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Ann Kussmaul - A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538-1840 (1993).djvu

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126 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Jill Rubalcaba - Empires of the Maya (2009).jpg

Long before European boats reached the shores of the Americas, sophisticated civilizations had already developed throughout the continents. The empire of the Maya, located in modern Mexico and Central America, influenced civilization there for centuries. The ancient Maya had fully developed the idea of the calendar, detailed a writing system, pioneered new ideas in agriculture, and built towering palaces and temples that still stand today. "Empire of the Ancient Maya" gives a brief summary of the history of the empire, placing it within the context of its time period and geographical location, and then explores the evolution of Maya civilization from its origin through the classic period to the Spanish conquest. Delving into daily life, the book includes Maya achievements in mathematics, astronomy, technology, political organization, commerce, architecture, and the arts.

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17,7 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Jill Rubalcaba - Empires of the Maya (2009).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Barbara A. Somervill - Empire of the Aztecs (2009).jpg

Despite only existing for two centuries, the Aztec managed to found their civilization on an island in the Valley of Mexico, link causeways to the mainland, develop far-reaching trade agreements, and build Tenochtitlan, one of the world's largest cities at the time of the Spanish invasion. Today, many people living in Mexico can trace their roots back to the Aztec Empire, which serves as a bridge between the modern and ancient worlds. "Empire of the Aztec" opens with a summary of the rise and fall of the empire, placing it within the context of its time period and geographical location. The second half of this new book explores the daily lives of the Aztec people, focusing on their social customs, religious practices, family and community structure, and cultural accomplishments, and includes primary sources to offer firsthand accounts. The volume concludes with the legacy of the Aztec and how it is maintained today.

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11,3 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Barbara A. Somervill - Empire of the Aztecs (2009) [PDF].rar

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Ebru Boyar - Ottomans, Turks and the Balkans, Empi re Lost, Relations Altered (2007).jpg

The loss of the Balkans was not merely a physical but also a psychological disaster for the Ottoman Empire. In this frank assessment, Ebru Boyar charts the creation of modern Turkish self-perception during the transition from the late Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic. The Balkans played a key role in identity construction during this period; humiliated by defeat, the Ottomans were stung by what they saw as a betrayal and ingratitude of the peoples of the region to whom they had brought peace and order for centuries and whom they had defended at the cost of much Turkish blood. It induced a sense of isolation and encapsulated the destruction of the Ottoman Empire’s military machine and self-esteem by the Great Powers. This victim mentality was sustained by late Ottoman history-writing and by the historians of the early Republic, for whom history was an essential tool in the creation of the new Turkish national identity for the new Turkish Republic of the 20th century.

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Margit Szollosi-Janze - Science in the Third Reich (2001).jpg

How true is it that National Socialism led to an ideologically distorted pseudo-science? What was the relationship between the regime funding "useful" scientific projects and the scientists offering their expertise? And what happened to the German scientific community after 1945, especially to those who betrayed and denounced Jewish colleagues? In recent years, the history of the sciences in the Third Reich has become a field of growing importance, and the in-depth research of a new generation of German scholars provides us with new, important insights into the Nazi system and the complicated relationship between an elite and the dictatorship. This book portrays the attitudes of scientists facing National Socialism and war and uncovers the continuities and discontinuities of German science from the beginning of the twentieth century to the postwar period. It examines major disciplines such as eugenics and pathology, as well as technologies such as biotechnology and area planning.

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12,4 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Margit Szollosi-Janze - Science in the Third Reich (2001).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Yun Lee Too - The Idea of the Library in the Ancie nt World (2010).jpg

In The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World Yun Lee Too argues that the ancient library was much more than its incarnation at Alexandria, which has been the focus for students of the subject up till now. In fact, the library is a complex institution with many different forms. It can be a building with books, but it can also be individual people, or the individual books themselves. In antiquity, the library's functions are numerous: as an instrument of power, of memory, of which it has various modes; as an articulation of a political ideal, an art gallery, a place for sociality. Too indirectly raises important conceptual questions about the contemporary library, bringing to these the insights that a study of antiquity can offer.

About the Author
Yun Lee Too has held research fellowships at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and the Center for Hellenic Studies, Washington and has taught at the University of Liverpool and Columbia University. She currently lives in New York City.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Adam Stout - Creating Prehistory, Druids, Ley Hunt ers and Archaeologists in Pre-War Britain (2008).jpg

Creating Prehistory deals even-handedly and sympathetically with the creation of several different sorts of prehistory during the volatile period between the two World Wars.
* Investigates the origins of professional archaeology in Britain during the inter-war period
* Brings to life many fascinating and controversial personalities and their creeds, including the archaeologists O. G. S. Crawford, Mortimer Wheeler and Gordon Childe; Grafton Elliot Smith and W. H. R. Rivers (of ‘Regeneration’ fame); Alfred Watkins and The Old Straight Track; and the thunderous George Watson Macgregor Reid, who brought the Druids back to Stonehenge
* Examines the production of archaeological knowledge as a social process, and the relationship between personalities, institutions, ideology, and power
* Addresses the ongoing debates of the significance of sites such as Stonehenge, Avebury, and Maiden Castle.

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10,8 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Adam Stout - Creating Prehistory, Druids, Ley Hunt ers and Archaeologists in Pre-War Britain (2008).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Frederick H. Russell - The Just War in the Middle Ages (1975).jpg

The first systematic attempt to reconstruct from original manuscript sources and early printed books the medieval doctrines relating to the just war, the holy war and the crusade. Despite the frequency of wars and armed conflicts throughout the course of western history, no comprehensive survey has previously been made of the justifications of warfare that were elaborated by Roman lawyers, canon lawyers and theologians in the twelfth and thirteenth century universities. After a brief survey of theories of the just war in antiquity, with emphasis on Cicero and Augustine, and of thought on early medieval warfare, the central chapters are devoted to scholastics such as Pope Innocent IV, Hostiensis and Thomas Aquinas. Professor Russell attempts to correlate theories of the just war with political and intellectual development in the Middle Ages. His conclusion evaluates the just war in the light of late medieval and early modern statecraft and poses questions about its compatibility with Christian ethics and its validity within international law.

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10,1 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Frederick H. Russell - The Just War in the Middle Ages (1975).pdf

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brzeska11 napisano 24.11.2022 15:39

Polecam, książki o Wikingach, archeologia,rekonstrukcja średniowiecza, bazy znalezisk, wczesne średniowiecze: Hedeby, Archeologia wikingów

moyade8805 napisano 27.01.2023 09:08

Super chomik

Batiar42 napisano 26.03.2023 23:14

Super chomik, wartościowe pozycje dla emeryta 84!

mona7551 napisano 27.11.2023 21:53

dzięki super zbiory zapraszam do siebie

Najlepszyy6979 napisano 28.12.2024 11:52

Zapraszam

MOONLIGHTNEO napisano 2.06.2025 05:20

FREE TRANSFER

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magda.s3 napisano 15.09.2025 15:59

AUDIOBOOKI NOWOŚCI 2025 I HITY WYDAWNICZE EBOOKI różne formaty, NOWOŚCI, HITY, kryminał, reportaż, psychologia, psychiatria, thriller, klasyki gatunku, trudnodostępne perełki, zapraszam!

DELL_2026 napisano 29.03.2026 19:27