This is a study of a distinctive brand of modernism that first emerged in late nineteenth-century Germany and remained influential throughout the inter-war years and beyond. Its supporters saw themselves as a new elite, ideally placed to tackle the many challenges facing the young and rapidly industrializing German nation-state. They defined themselves as bourgeois, and acted as self-appointed champions of a modern consciousness. Focusing on figures such as Hermann Muthesius, Fritz Schumacher, and Karl-Ernst Osthaus, and the activities of the Deutscher Werkbund and other networks of bourgeois designers, writers, and 'experts', this book shows how bourgeois modernism shaped the infrastructure of social and political life in early twentieth-century Germany.

Bourgeois modernism exercised its power not so much in the realm of ideas, but by transforming the physical environment of German cities, from domestic interiors, via consumer objects, to urban and regional planning. Drawing on a detailed analysis of key material sites of bourgeois modernism, and interpreting them in conjunction with written sources, this study offers new insights into the history of the bourgeois mindset and its operations in the private and public realms. Thematic chapters examine leitmotifs such as the sense of locality and place, the sense of history and time, and the sense of nature and culture. Yet for all its self-conscious progressivism, German bourgeois modernism was not an inevitable precursor of neo-liberal global capitalism. It remained a hotly contested historical construct, which was constantly re-defined in different geographical and political settings.

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Maiken Umbach - German Cities and Bourgeois Modern ism, 1890-1924 (2009).pdf

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Peter Muhlhausler - Linguistic Ecology, Language C hange and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Ri m (1995).jpg

All History - Peter Muhlhausler - Linguistic Ecology, Language Chan...e and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Rim 1995.jpg

In Linguistic Ecology, author examines the transformation of the Pacific language region under the impact of colonialization, Westernization and modernization. By focusing on the linguistic and sociohistorical changes of the past 200 years, he brings a new dimension to the study of Pacific linguistics, which up until now has been dominated by questions of historical reconstruction and language typology. MA?hlhA¤usler focuses on the cultural and historical forces which drive language change, looking at how language ecologies have functioned in the past to sustain language diversity and discussing what happens when these ecologies are disrupted.

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Peter Muhlhausler - Linguistic Ecology, Language C hange and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Ri m (1995).pdf

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Mir Bahmanyar - Vanquished, Crushing Defeats from Ancient Rome to the 21st Century (2009).jpg

One might think that military history would be punctuated with countless one-sided defeats, but “few battles of annihilation have been fought since the middle of the 20th century,” observes Bahmanyer, and “annihilation” now comes mostly in the form of actions against unarmed civilians. Ironically, several of the glorious victories addressed in this book—like Little Big Horn (1876), where Sioux and Cheyenne Indians wiped out the 7th Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer—only seemed to hasten the ultimate defeat of the victors. And in some cases, an army’s defeat—the Prussian Army’s failure at Jena-Auerstädt (1806), for example—led to reforms that helped it become one of the most feared military machines of the later 19th and early 20th centuries.
At the end of the book, Bahmanyer attempts to explain why modern warfare creates few opportunities for decisive encounters, placing the blame in part on “the removal of leadership from the battlefield” and “the trend in modern times to direct and wage war from a distance.” Yet even after thousands of years of fighting, one thing hasn’t changed: there is still no formula that ensures military success. “Systems, simulations, science, and studies are of course all very valuable, but not defining in and by themselves,” begins Bahmanyer. “War is uncontrollable once unleashed.”

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Adrian Greaves - Isandlwana (2002).jpg

The Zulu handed the British one of the biggest disasters in their colonial history. Ignoring orders to the contrary, Viscount Chelmsford led his troops into Zululand in 1879, establishing a camp at Islandlwana. But, while Chelmsford and about half his men were away trying to intercept a Zulu force, the camp was hit by a surprise attack. When the Viscount returned the next day, the area was strewn with bodies: of the 1600 troops, all but 55 Europeans and 300 natives had been killed. Armed with new information from recent excavation of the battle site, and important never-before-published documents, Adrian Greaves challenges all previous interpretations of the attack that proved once and for all that the British army was not invincible.

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Adrian Greaves - Isandlwana (2002).pdf

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Karl Hack, Tobias Rettig - Colonial Armies in Sout heast Asia (2006).jpg

Written by a team of international contributors, the essays in this volume take the reader on a compelling journey through Southeast Asia from pre-colonial times to the present day, examining colonial armies, their conquests, management and decolonization. Colonial armies were the focal points for some of the most dramatic tensions inherent in Europe's clash with Southeast Asia. This collection explores how these armies were the main agents of conquest and domination and of vital importance during decolonization. However, colonial forces were not merely instruments of oppression. While they could be structured to reflect tactics of divide and rule, the book reveals how they also acted as modernizing forces providing opportunity, escape and prestige. Colonial Armies in Southeast Asia points towards new directions and conceptualizations for imperial and Southeast Asian history. It will interest scholars working on low intensity conflict, on the interaction between armed forces and society.

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Mohamed Haji Mukhtar - Historical Dictionary of So malia (2003).jpg

The volume will cover all aspects of Somalia, providing useful information about the country in a comprehensive manner. The book also reflects on the contributions of the Somali sources on history and culture. Arabic sources and other non-English colonial sources of great importance to the subject are also highlighted. A vital addition to reference collections supporting undergraduate and graduate programs on Africa and the Middle East, international relations, and economics and a useful fact-filled compendium for governement and public libraries, NGO's, and other special libraries as well.

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Mohamed Haji Mukhtar - Historical Dictionary of So malia (2003).pdf

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Harold Love - English Clandestine Satire, 1660-170 2 (2004).jpg

In early modern Britain, the primary medium of free comment was the clandestine satire, circulated either orally or in manuscript. Part of the national political culture from Jacobean times, satire reached its greatest influence following the Restoration of Charles II, when a new "easy" style, combining courtly polish with demotic frankness and flagrant indecency, led to the composition of thousands of such poems. Most of the poets of the time, including such major talents as Marvell and Rochester, wrote in the genre, though nearly always anonymously. While its chief targets were political, much Restoration satire concerned itself with the emerging demography of "Town" and its uncertain experimentation with new kinds of social freedom. Attacks on the sexual misbehavior (real or imagined) of aristocratic women hover, equally uncertainly, between moral condemnation and ill-disguised envy, while also conferring an inverse celebrity status on their victims. In this paradoxical social world, not to be lampooned could mean that one was no longer a person of importance. In the first comprehensive survey of this vast field, Harold Love considers the relationship of the lampoon to gossip, how one might construct a poetics of the genre, and how clandestine satire reached and was received by its readers. Constructing three primary categories of "court," "Town" and "state" lampooning, Love argues that far from being the product of isolated disaffection, most satire was the work of a circle of recognized poets, frequently operating in collaboration. An extensive first-line index to the principal manuscript sources for clandestine satire makes this book an open sesame to further exploration of its fascinating field.

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Harold Love - English Clandestine Satire, 1660-170 2 (2004).pdf

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Lars-Eric Hoglund, Ake Sallnäs, Alexander Bespalov - The Great Northern War 1700-1721, II. Sweden's Allies and Enemies. Colours and Uniforms (2006).jpg

All History - Lars-Eric Hoglund, Ake Sallns, Alexander Bespalov - T...Swedens Allies and Enemies. Colours and Uniforms 2006.jpg

Content: Russian army; Saxony; The Danish-Norwegian army; The Prussian army; Holstein-Gottorp. 29 pp in full colour.

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Lars-Eric Höglund, Åke Sallnäs, Alexander Bespalov - The Great Northern War 1700-1721, II. Sweden's Allies and Enemies. Colours and Uniforms (2006).pdf

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Arbitrary Borders - Jeff Hay - The Partition of Br itish India (2006).jpg

In August 1947, Great Britain withdrew from India, which it had governed for nearly 200 years, leaving behind two nations, modern India and Pakistan. India inherited the British legacy, as well as the subcontinent’s rich and diverse history of peoples, religions, and cultures. Pakistan was created to protect the interests of India’s Muslims, the region’s largest religious minority. The partition of India took place amid much conflict and violence, leaving tensions that remain unresolved today. Indian and Pakistani armies still face each other in the northern province of Kashmir, the site of a standoff now more than five decades old, and both nations are now nuclear powers. At the beginning of the 21st century, the fairly new border between the two nations remains one of the world’s flashpoints

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Arbitrary Borders - Jeff Hay - The Partition of Br itish India (2006).pdf

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Nancy R. Reagin - Sweeping the German Nation, Dom esticity and National Identity in Germany, 1870-19 45 (2006).jpg

All History - Nancy R. Reagin - Sweeping the German Nation, Domest...city and National Identity in Germany, 1870-1945 2006.jpg

Is cleanliness next to Germanness, as some 19th century nationalists insisted? This book explores the relationship between gender roles, domesticity, and German national identity between 1870-1945. After German unification, approaches to household management that had originally emerged among the bourgeoisie became central to German national identity by 1914. Thrift, order, and extreme cleanliness, along with particular domestic markers (such as the linen cabinet) and holiday customs, were used by many Germans to define the distinctions between themselves and neighboring cultures. What was bourgeois at home became German abroad, as "German domesticity" also helped to define and underwrite colonial identities in Southwest Africa and elsewhere. After 1933, this idealized notion of domestic Germanness was racialized and incorporated into an array of Nazi social politics. In occupied Eastern Europe during WWII Nazi women's groups used these approaches to household management in their attempts to "Germanize" Eastern European women who were part of a large-scale project of population resettlement and ethnic cleansing.

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Nancy R. Reagin - Sweeping the German Nation, Dom esticity and National Identity in Germany, 1870-19 45 (2006).pdf

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Jeffrey Verhey - The Spirit of 1914, Militarism, M yth, and Mobilization in Germany (2000).jpg

'Verhey's research is exhaustive and innovative. His use of sources is clever and subtle.' Adrian Gregory, The English Historical Review 'Scholars and students alike will be grateful to Jeffrey Verhey for having analysed [his subject] with care and great detail.' Aribert Reimann, German History

"...this is an innovative work" Holger H. Herwig Canadian Jrnl of His.

"The important of Verhey's book lies, above all, in his analysis of the concept of the "spirit of 1914."...Verhey had written an interesting and important book." Jrnl of Interdisciplinary History

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W.Y. Carman - Military History of Egypt, From Earl iest Days to Present Times (1945).jpg

A short illustrated booklet written in Egypt during World War II, to which I have appended LIFE magazine photographs of Egyptian soldiers taken by Margaret Bourke-White in 1940, and one LIFE photograph from 1947. W.Y. Carman later had a long career writing on military history and especially uniforms.

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W.Y. Carman - Military History of Egypt, From Earl iest Days to Present Times (1945).pdf

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Peter Marschall - The Reformation, A Very Short In troduction (2009).jpg

The Reformation was a seismic event in European history, one which left an indelible mark on the modern world. In this Very Short Introduction, Peter Marshall illuminates the causes and consequences of this pivotal movement in western Christianity. The Reformation began as an argument about what Christians needed to do to be saved, but rapidly engulfed society in a series of fundamental changes. This book provides a lively and up-to-date guide that explains doctrinal debates in a clear and non-technical way, but also explores the effects the Reformation had on politics, society, art, and minorities. Marshall argues that the Reformation was not a solely European phenomenon, but that varieties of faith exported from Europe transformed Christianity into a truly world religion. The complex legacy of the Reformation is also assessed. Its religious fervor produced remarkable stories of sanctity and heroism, and some extraordinary artistic achievements. But violence, holy war, and martyrdom were equally its products. A paradox of the Reformation--that it intensified intolerance while establishing pluralism--is one we still wrestle with today.

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Neville Agnew - Conservation of Ancient Sites on t he Silk Road, Proceedings of an International Conf erence on the Conservation of Grotto Sites (1997).jpg

All History - Neville Agnew - Conservation of Ancient Sites on the ...l Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites 1997.jpg

The Mogao Grottoes, a World Heritage Site near Dunhuang City in the Gobi Desert, is located on the ancient caravan route that once linked China with the West. Nearly 500 of these grotto temples remain. This volume of symposium proceedings marks the culmination of a unique three-year Getty Conservation Institute collaborative project with the Chinese authorities and discusses various approaches to site managementas well as conservation principles and practice and geotechnical and environmental issues.
THE GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE is committed to the preservation of the world’s cultural heritage and, as such, seeks to find ways to enhance the knowledge and information available to conservation professionals as well as to a broader audience. These proceedings are part of that commitment. They have been long in the making, but waiting for them has been worthwhile.

The International Conference on the Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road, sponsored by the Getty Conservation Institute together with China’s Dunhuang Academy and State Bureau of Cultural Relics, took place in October 1993 at the Mogao grottoes, Dunhuang, the People’s Republic of China. Since then, several other meetings have been held. They all shared in the objectives of the initial conference: to bring together an international panel of specialists from a wide range of disciplines to provide a critical mass of expertise that would or could be applied to solving the difficult and numerous problems that threaten some of the world’s most imposing and important cultural heritage sites, the magnificent Buddhist grottoes on the Silk Road.

Grottoes pose particularly thorny problems for conservation. They require a fundamentally holistic view if the conservation approach is going to be valuable in the long term. At the same time—because of their magnitude, geographic location, richness and variety of materials, unique microclimates, continuing use as religious sites, and growing attraction for tourists—the Buddhist grottoes of the Silk Road require dedicated study with a variety of disciplines to understand their deterioration problems and appropriate methods of prevention. The conference on which these proceedings are based marked the first time that scholars and scientists from the West and China had convened at a heritage site in China for the common purpose of providing information, exchanging ideas, and devising mechanisms to save grotto sites. The essays assembled here represent contributions from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Japan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, as well as China and the United States.

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Neville Agnew - Conservation of Ancient Sites on t he Silk Road, Proceedings of an International Conf erence on the Conservation of Grotto Sites (1997).pdf

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Klaus Gallo - Great Britain and Argentina, From In vasion to Recognition, 1806-26 (2002).jpg

Klaus Gallo examines the early 19th-century relationship between Great Britain and the Rio de la Plata--a period that represents a crucial point in the transformation South America into the independent state of Argentina. Gallo highlights the initial ambiguities of British aims, and how the government entertained both conquest and military aid. He shows how the relationship survived this confusion and became much stronger once the Spanish colony gained independence in 1810. He unravels the tangled foreign policy implications for Britain, particularly in terms of its alliance with Spain, which ultimately led to its recognition of Argentina as a sovereign state.

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Klaus Gallo - Great Britain and Argentina, From In vasion to Recognition, 1806-26 (2002).pdf

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Robin Law - From Slave Trade to 'Legitimate' Comme rce, The Commercial Transition in Nineteenth-Centu ry West Africa (1995).jpg

All History - Robin Law - From Slave Trade to Legitimate Commerce, ...ial Transition in Nineteenth-Century West Africa 1995.jpg

This edited collection, written by leading specialists, deals with nineteenth-century commercial transition in West Africa: the ending of the Atlantic slave trade and development of alternative forms of "legitimate" trade. Approaching the subject from an African perspective, the case studies consider the effects of transition on the African societies involved, and provide new insights into the history of precolonial Africa and the slave trade, origins of European imperialism, and longer term issues of economic development in Africa.

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Robin Law - From Slave Trade to 'Legitimate' Comme rce, The Commercial Transition in Nineteenth-Centu ry West Africa (1995).pdf

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W. R. Garside - British Unemployment 1919-1939, A Study in Public Policy (2002).jpg

Despite the dominance of unemployment in the historiography of interwar Britain, there is as yet no comprehensive single volume study of government reactions to the problem over the entire period down to 1939. BritishUnemployment 1919-1939 aims to fill that gap. W.R. Garside draws upon an extensive range of primary and secondary sources to analyze official ameliorative policy towardunemployment and contemporary reactions to such intervention. He assesses the nature and scale of interwar unemployment assistance. Careful study is also made of the impact of unemployment on related areas of economic concerns such as monetary and fiscal policy, industrial change, overseas trade, colonial development, labor supply and the impact of collective bargaining. Comprehensive, informative and clearly written, this book is the fullest account of policy responses tounemployment in the interwar period. It will be invaluable to specialists in recent British economic history and public policy, as well as an essential reference work for students coming to the subject for the first time.

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