During the 16th and 17th centuries, mathematicians developed a wealth of new ideas but had not carefully employed accurate definitions, proofs, or procedures to document and implement them. However, in the early 19th century, mathematicians began to recognize the need to precisely define their terms, to logically prove even obvious principles, and to use rigorous methods of manipulation. "The Foundations of Mathematics" presents the lives and accomplishments of 10 mathematicians who lived between CE 1800 and 1900 and contributed to one or more of the four major initiatives that characterized the rapid growth of mathematics during the 19th century: the introduction of rigor, the investigation of the structure of mathematical systems, the development of new branches of mathematics, and the spread of mathematical activity throughout Europe. This readable new volume communicates the importance and impact of the work of the pioneers who redefined this area of study.

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2,9 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Michael J. Bradley - Pioneers in Mathematics, Foun dations of Mathematics, 1800 to 1900 (2006).pdf

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137 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Michael S. Neiberg, David Jordan - The History of World War I - The Eastern Front 1914-1920, From Ta nnenberg to the Russo-Polisch War (2008).jpg

All History - Michael S. Neiberg, David Jordan - The History of Wor...-1920, From Tannenberg to the Russo-Polisch War 2008.jpg

The length of the front in the East was much longer than in the West. The theatre of war was roughly delimited by the Baltic Sea in the West and Moscow in the East, a distance of 1,200 kilometers, and Saint Petersburg in the North and the Black Sea in the South, a distance of more than 1,600 kilometers. This had a drastic effect on the nature of the warfare. While World War I on the Western Front developed into trench warfare, the battle lines on the Eastern Front were much more fluid and trenches never truly developed. This was because the greater length of the front ensured that the density of soldiers in the line was lower so the line was easier to break. Once broken, the sparse communication networks made it difficult for the defender to rush reinforcements to the rupture in the line to mount a rapid counteroffensive and seal off a breakthrough. There was also the fact that the terrain in the Eastern European theatre was quite solid, often making it near impossible to construct anything resembling the complicated trench systems on the Western Front, which tended to have muddier and much more workable terrain. In short, on the Eastern front the side defending did not have the overwhelming advantages it had on the Western front. Because of this, front lines in the East kept on shifting throughout the conflict, and not just near the beginning and end of the fighting, as was the case in the West. In fact the greatest advance of the whole war was made in the East by the German Army in the summer of 1915. With the last few men who served in World War I now dying out, and the 90th anniversary of the Armistice coming in November 2008, there is no better time to revaluate this controversial war and shed fresh light on the conflict. With the aid of numerous black and white and colour photographs, many previously unpublished, the World War I series recreates the battles and campaigns that raged across the surface of the globe, on land, at sea and in the air. The text is complemented by full-colour maps that guide the reader through specific actions and campaigns.

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122,4 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Michael S. Neiberg, David Jordan - The History of World War I - The Eastern Front 1914-1920, From Ta nnenberg to the Russo-Polisch War (2008).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Charles Carlton - Going to the Wars (1994).jpg

Now available in paperback, Going to the Wars studies the British Civil War as a military experience. It is not a traditional campaign history, a political history of the war, or an analysis of weapons, organization, supply or tactics. Rather Charles Carlton explains how men prepared for combat, how they fought battles and endured sieges. Others also endured the horrors of war and the book pays special attention to those often excluded from a military panorama: women, children and prisoners of war. Combining extensive research in primary sourses with the work of the new military historians such as John Keegan and Richard Holmes, Carlton provides a fresh look at the event once described by G.M. Trevelyan as the most important happening in British history.

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13,2 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Charles Carlton - Going to the Wars (1994).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Virginia Schomp - The Ancient Maya (2009).jpg

These timeless tales of gods and heroes give us a window into the beliefs, values, and practices of people who lived long ago.

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16,1 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Virginia Schomp - The Ancient Maya (2009).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Amir D. Aczel - The Cave and the Cathedral, How a Real-Life Indiana Jones and a Renegade Scholar Dec oded the Ancient Art of Man (2009).jpg

All History - Amir D. Aczel - The Cave and the Cathedral, How a Rea...Renegade Scholar Decoded the Ancient Art of Man 2009.jpg

Archeologist Aczel (Fermat's Last Theorem, The Jesuit and the Skull, etc.) has visited most of the Paleolithic caves still open to the public, and spent years researching European cave art, attempting to explain "the appearance, around 32,000 years ago, of magnificent paintings, drawings and engravings... inside almost inaccessible recesses of large Ice-Age caverns." First discovered in the 1870s, these caves were adorned by stone-age forebears over a 20,000-year period. Most of the paintings can be be found only after crawling for miles to where open "galleries" are decorated, wall and ceiling, with animal groups rendered in naturalistic detail. Groupings retain similar features in different locations over the whole 20,000 year period, and experts still argue over its meaning: Who were the artists? Why did they hide their art? Did it play a part in mystical ceremonies? Did they appreciate its beauty? Aczel's archeological exploration, including stories about the explorers and scientists who first discovered the ancient artwork, is a lively journey through time into the mystery of a people who may have "possessed deep understanding and perhaps even a cosmic picture of nature."

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3,3 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Amir D. Aczel - The Cave and the Cathedral, How a Real-Life Indiana Jones and a Renegade Scholar Dec oded the Ancient Art of Man (2009).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Alan Villiers - Square-Rigged Ships, An Introducti on (2009).jpg

Though the thrilling age of regularly seeing large square-rigged ships in full sail has passed, this gripping narrative is a classic overview of these fascinating ships, written by an author who knew them inside out. This book is a step-by-step introduction to the ships and their mesmerizing designs, the treacherous routes they sailed, and the specialist skills of men who worked on them. Complete with both insights into the bygone era of sailing and entertaining stories of perilous adventures at sea, this is the perfect compendium for sailors, historians, and travel enthusiasts alike.

About the Author
Alan Villiers was a sea captain, a distinguished veteran of World War II, and the author of more than 40 books, including Falmouth for Orders. He was a trustee of the National Maritime Museum and also served on the committees of the Society for Nautical Research, the Cutty Sark Preservation Society, and the Victory Technical Advisory Committee.

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9,1 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Alan Villiers - Square-Rigged Ships, An Introducti on (2009).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Stephen Rumph - Beethoven after Napoleon, Politica l Romanticism in the Late Works (2004).jpg

In this provocative analysis of Beethoven's late style, Stephen Rumph demonstrates how deeply political events shaped the composer's music, from his early enthusiasm for the French Revolution to his later entrenchment during the Napoleonic era. Impressive in its breadth of research as well as for its devotion to interdisciplinary work in music history, Beethoven after Napoleon challenges accepted views by illustrating the influence of German Romantic political thought in the formation of the artist's mature style. Beethoven's political views, Rumph argues, were not quite as liberal as many have assumed. While scholars agree that the works of the Napoleonic era such as the Eroica Symphony or Fidelio embody enlightened, revolutionary ideals of progress, freedom, and humanism, Beethoven's later works have attracted less political commentary. Rumph contends that the later works show clear affinities with a native German ideology that exalted history, religion, and the organic totality of state and society. He claims that as the Napoleonic Wars plunged Europe into political and economic turmoil, Beethoven's growing antipathy to the French mirrored the experience of his Romantic contemporaries. Rumph maintains that Beethoven's turn inward is no pessimistic retreat but a positive affirmation of new conservative ideals.

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10,9 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Stephen Rumph - Beethoven after Napoleon, Politica l Romanticism in the Late Works (2004).pdf

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Osprey - Campaign 22 - Mark Healy - The Warrior Ph araoh, Rameses II an the Battle of Quadesh (2000).jpg

The earliest battle in history which can be reconstructed in detail, Qadesh pitted the two great warriors of the age against each other, Muwatallish of Hatti and the great warrior-Pharaoh Rameses II. With the Hittites gaining the initial advantage, all seemed lost until Rameses himself led his personal followers into the fray. However, in spite of the appearance of Egyptian reinforcements, the bravery of the pharaoh and the tactically superior showing of the Egyptian chariotry, the dislocation of his army frustrated the Pharaoh's wider strategic aspirations. Mark Healy recounts the course of this key battle, which could so easily have gone either way.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Osprey - Campaign 22 - Mark Healy - The Warrior Ph araoh, Rameses II an the Battle of Quadesh (2000).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Osprey - Warrior 121 - Nic Fields - Soldier of the Pharaoh, Middle Kingdom Egypt 2055-1650 BC (2007).jpg

The Pharaohs of Egypt have captured the imagination of readers throughout the ages. Their existence and power have almost taken on a mythical status. In this book, Nic Fields reveals the truth behind these myths and explores the lives of the ordinary soldiers who were the might of Middle Kingdom Egypt. Using rare artifacts he pieces together the day-to-day existence of the Pharaoh's army from archers, to hand-to-hand fighters, through to the "sole-companions" of the Pharaoh.

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Richard H. Wilkinson - The Complete Gods and Godde sses of Ancient Egypt (2003).jpg

Egyptologist Wilkinson presents a clear, comprehensive and beautifully illustrated (in color and b&w) guide to the bewildering array of Egyptian deities-a complete catalogue of gods and goddesses supplemented by examinations of the history of Egyptian religion, the rise and fall of the gods, and the ways in which they were worshipped. Ancient Egypt was, Wilkinson writes, the most theocratic of any ancient culture; religion pervaded daily life for comoners as well as the pharaohs. This volume underscores the richness of ancient Egyptian beliefs: literally scores of deities are discussed, grouped by appearance: male anthropomorphic, female anthropomorphic, mammalian, avian, etc. For each god or goddess, the author discusses its mythology, iconography and forms of worship. Amun, or Amun-Re, for instance, one of the major male anthropomorphic gods, is discussed as creator god, solar god and fertility god, among other roles; he was originally portrayed with the color red; and he was honored with temples at Karnak and Luxor. This is an excellent reference work for budding Egyptologists and anyone fascinated by the culture of ancient Egypt.

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218,8 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Richard H. Wilkinson - The Complete Gods and Godde sses of Ancient Egypt (2003).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Russell P; Wollin, Jay Macfall - Fossils for Amate urs, A Handbook for Collectors (1972).jpg

I Treasures in the Dust 1, II The Nature of Fossils 12, The Earliest Paleontologists 12, How Fossils Are Formed 14, Miscellaneous Fossil Forms 32, III The Naming of Fossils 39, Classifying Plants and Animals 39, IV Where Fossils Occur 45, Sedimentary Rocks 46, V Time Before Time 69, Relative Time 71, Absolute Time 74, VI Where to Look for Fossils 79, Limestone Quarries 79, Shale Quarries 83, Coal Mines 86, Pits 89, Washing Plants 90, Waste Piles 91, Gravel Pits 94, Metal Mines 97, Road Cuts 99, Railroad Cuts 103, Natural Exposures 104, Other Areas 112, VII Practical Field Tripping 116, Preliminary Preparations 116, Safety Precautions in the Field 119, The Etiquette of Collecting 124, VIII Maps and How to Use Them 133, Topographic Maps 134, Geologic Maps 139,IX Preparing and Cleaning Fossils 142, Field Work 143, Cleaning at Home 148, X Special Techniques 179, Thin Sections 179, Plastic Embedment 188, Casting Fossils 192, X-Ray Examination 197, Fluorescence 199, XI Cataloging and Displaying Fossils 201, Labeling 201, Cataloging 202, Displaying 204, Photographing Fossils 209, Trading and Swapping 215, XII Microfossils 217, Conodonts 218, Ostracods 220, Foraminifera 220, Radiolarians 222, Diatoms 222, Other Microfossils 224, Collecting and Preparing Microfossils 224, XIII Fossils and their Families 231, Plants 233, Animals 246, APPENDIX 287, State Maps Showing Fossil Areas 288, Public Sources of Further Information by State 321, Dealers in Fossils 323, Recommended Books 324, INDEX 333

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36,2 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Russell P; Wollin, Jay Macfall - Fossils for Amate urs, A Handbook for Collectors (1972).pdf

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310 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Catherine Hall, Sonya O. - At Home with Empire, Me tropolitan Culture and the Imperial World (2007).jpg

This pioneering volume addresses the question of how Britain's empire was lived through everyday practices - in church and chapel, by readers at home, as embodied in sexualities or forms of citizenship, as narrated in histories - from the eighteenth century to the present. Leading historians explore the imperial experience and legacy for those located, physically or imaginatively, 'at home,' from the impact of empire on constructions of womanhood, masculinity and class to its influence in shaping literature, sexuality, visual culture, consumption and history-writing. They assess how people thought imperially, not in the sense of political affiliations for or against empire, but simply assuming it was there, part of the given world that had made them who they were. They also show how empire became a contentious focus of attention at certain moments and in particular ways. This will be essential reading for scholars and students of modern Britain and its empire.

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Richard J. Gillings - Mathematics in the Time of t he Pharaohs (1982).jpg

In this carefully researched study, the author examines Egyptian mathematics, demonstrating that although operations were limited in number, they were remarkably adaptable to a great many applications—solution of problems in direct and inverse proportion, linear equations of the first degree, and arithmetical and geometrical progressions.

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20,7 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Richard J. Gillings - Mathematics in the Time of t he Pharaohs (1982).pdf

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David E. Fastovsky - Dinosaurs, A Concise Natural History (2009).jpg

From the authors of The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs comes an introduction to the study of dinosaurs for non-specialists designed to excite readers about science by using dinosaurs to illustrate and discuss geology, natural history and evolution. While focusing on dinosaurs it also uses them to convey other aspects of the natural sciences, including fundamental concepts in evolutionary biology, physiology, life history, and systematics. Considerable attention is devoted the nature of science itself: what it is, what it is not, and how science can be used to investigate particular kinds of questions. Dinosaurs is unique because it fills a gap between the glossy, fact-driven dinosaur books and the higher-level academic books, addressing the paleontology of dinosaurs exactly as professionals in the field do.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Gabriel Kuhn - Life Under the Jolly Roger, Reflect ions on Golden Age Piracy (2010).jpg

Dissecting the conflicting views of the golden age of pirates—as romanticized villains on one hand and genuine social rebels on the other—this fascinating chronicle explores the political and cultural significance of these nomadic outlaws by examining a wide range of ethnographical, sociological, and philosophical standards. The meanings of race, gender, sexuality, and disability in pirate communities are analyzed and contextualized, as are the pirates' forms of organization, economy, and ethics. Going beyond simple swashbuckling adventures, the examination also discusses the pirates' self-organization, the internal make-up of the crews, and their early-1700s philosophies—all of which help explain who they were and what they truly wanted. Asserting that pirates came in all shapes, sexes, and sizes, this engaging study ultimately portrays pirates not just as mere thieves and killers but as radical activists with their own society and moral code fighting against an empire.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Gabriel Kuhn - Life Under the Jolly Roger, Reflect ions on Golden Age Piracy (2010).pdf

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Eugenia Paulicelli - Fashion under Fascism, Beyond the Black Shirt (2004).jpg

Prada, Gucci, Max Mara: high fashion is synonymous with luxury, glamor, pleasure, and Italy. Yet Italian fashion also has a dark history that has not previously been explored. The Fascism of 1930's Italy dominated more than just politics--it spilled over into modes of dress. Fashion under Fascism is the first book to consider this link in detail. Fashion often functions as a tacit means of making a social statement, but under Mussolini it vividly reflected political tyranny. Paulicelli explores the subtle yet sinister changes to the seemingly innocuous practices of everyday dress and shows why they were such a concern for the state. Importantly, she also demonstrates how these developments impacted on the global dominance of Italian fashion today. This fascinating book includes interviews with major designers, such as Fernanda Gattinoni and Micol Fontana, and sheds new light on the complicated relationship between style and politics.

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5,0 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Eugenia Paulicelli - Fashion under Fascism, Beyond the Black Shirt (2004).pdf

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Polecam, książki o Wikingach, archeologia,rekonstrukcja średniowiecza, bazy znalezisk, wczesne średniowiecze: Hedeby, Archeologia wikingów

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