The "Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History" is the first true encyclopedic reference on world history. It is designed to meet the needs of students, teachers, and scholars who seek to explore and understand the panorama of our shared human history. The encyclopedia takes a dynamic world history perspective, showing connections, interactions, and chage over time and place. Major articles by leading scholars from around the world examine essential themes and patterns such as Art, Disease, Government, Religion, Science, and War and Peace, with hundreds of articles on processes, movements, places, events, and people. Students and teachers at the high school and college levels turn to this definitive work for a connected view of world history--the story of humans and their place in the universe.

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50,0 MB
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William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of Wor ld History, Volume I, Abraham--Coal (2005).pdf

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182 KB
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William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of Wor ld History, Volume II, Cold War—Global Imperialism and Gender (2005).jpg

All History - William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of World ...Volume II, Cold WarGlobal Imperialism and Gender 2005.jpg

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41,9 MB
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William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of Wor ld History, Volume II, Cold War—Global Imperialism and Gender (2005).pdf

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William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of Wor ld History, Volume III, Global Migrations in Moder n Times--Misticism (2005).jpg

All History - William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of World ...II, Global Migrations in Modern Times--Misticism 2005.jpg

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49,5 MB
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William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of Wor ld History, Volume III, Global Migrations in Moder n Times--Misticism (2005).pdf

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William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of Wor ld History, Volume IV, Napoleon--Sun Yat-sen (2005 ).jpg

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50,1 MB
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William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of Wor ld History, Volume IV, Napoleon--Sun Yat-sen (2005 ).pdf

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William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of Wor ld History, Volume V, Tang Taizong--Zoroastrianism (2005).jpg

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46,7 MB
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William H. McNeill - Berkshire Encyclopedia of Wor ld History, Volume V, Tang Taizong--Zoroastrianism (2005).pdf

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John Sheail - An Environmental History of Twentiet h-Century Britain (2002).jpg

Environmental history has grown apace since 1970. The book breaks new ground in illustrating how some of the most ing concerns came to be recognized, and a response made. Policymaking is reviewed within the wider context of a growing awareness on the part of government and business of the role of environmental issues in wealth creation and social wellbeing.

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3,0 MB
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John Sheail - An Environmental History of Twentiet h-Century Britain (2002).pdf

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Pam J. Crabtree - Encyclopedia of Society and Cult ure in the Medieval World (2008).jpg

Grade 9 Up—This well-organized resource covers a wide range of topics relating to medieval society and meshes nicely with standard report needs. Though 71 entries may seem skimpy compared to some encyclopedias, the articles are so in-depth (the shortest is 10 pages long, and most are much longer) that these hefty volumes are almost guaranteed to contain the answer to reference requests about medieval society. Topics include agriculture, calendars and clocks, children, clothing and footwear, death and burial practices, manuscript illumination, inventions, and even scandals and corruption. Each entry begins with an overview, followed by five detailed essays addressing the topic from the viewpoints of the main cultural centers of the era: Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, and the Islamic world. Most entries also contain primary-source excerpts, sidebars, maps, and illustrations. A glossary and comprehensive index add to the ease of use. The writing is clear and straightforward, if a bit dry. A useful and important set.

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28,9 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Pam J. Crabtree - Encyclopedia of Society and Cult ure in the Medieval World (2008).pdf

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David Eggenberger - Encyclopedia of Battles (1997).jpg

Essential details of every major battle on land and sea in recorded history, from the first battle of Megiddo in 1479 B.C. to the Grenada conflict in 1984. Included: strategic situations, roles played by political/military leaders, troop numbers and training, tactics and objectives, casualties and losses and military/political consequences. Index. 99 illustrations.

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15,9 MB
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David Eggenberger - Encyclopedia of Battles (1997).pdf

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275 KB
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Benjamin J. Kaplan - Divided by Faith, Religious C onflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Mo dern Europe (2009).jpg

All History - Benjamin J. Kaplan - Divided by Faith, Religious Conf...e Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe 2009.jpg

As religious violence flares around the world, we are confronted with an acute dilemma: Can people coexist in peace when their basic beliefs are irreconcilable? Benjamin Kaplan responds by taking us back to early modern Europe, when the issue of religious toleration was no less pressing than it is today.
Divided by Faith begins in the wake of the Protestant Reformation, when the unity of western Christendom was shattered, and takes us on a panoramic tour of Europe's religious landscape--and its deep fault lines--over the next three centuries. Kaplan's grand canvas reveals the patterns of conflict and toleration among Christians, Jews, and Muslims across the continent, from the British Isles to Poland. It lays bare the complex realities of day-to-day interactions and calls into question the received wisdom that toleration underwent an evolutionary rise as Europe grew more "enlightened." We are given vivid examples of the improvised arrangements that made peaceful coexistence possible, and shown how common folk contributed to toleration as significantly as did intellectuals and rulers. Bloodshed was prevented not by the high ideals of tolerance and individual rights upheld today, but by the pragmatism, charity, and social ties that continued to bind people divided by faith.
Divided by Faith is both history from the bottom up and a much-needed challenge to our belief in the triumph of reason over faith. This compelling story reveals that toleration has taken many guises in the past and suggests that it may well do the same in the future.

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10,4 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Benjamin J. Kaplan - Divided by Faith, Religious C onflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Mo dern Europe (2009).pdf

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125 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Efrat Ben-Ze'ev, Ruth Ginio, Jay Winter - Shadows of War, A Social History of Silence in the Twentie th Century (2010).jpg

All History - Efrat Ben-Zeev, Ruth Ginio, Jay Winter - Shadows of W...ial History of Silence in the Twentieth Century 2010.jpg

Silence lies between forgetting and remembering. This book explores how different societies have constructed silences to enable men and women to survive and make sense of the catastrophic consequences of armed conflict. Using a range of disciplinary approaches, it examines the silences that have followed violence in twentieth-century Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. These essays show that silence is a powerful language of remembrance and commemoration and a cultural practice with its own rules. This broad-ranging book discloses the universality of silence in the ways we think about war through examples ranging from the Spanish Civil War and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to the Armenian Genocide and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Bringing together scholarship on varied practices in different cultures, this book breaks new ground in the vast literature on memory, and opens up new avenues of reflection and research on the lingering aftermath of war.

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1,4 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Efrat Ben-Ze'ev, Ruth Ginio, Jay Winter - Shadows of War, A Social History of Silence in the Twentie th Century (2010).pdf

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Yuriko Akiyama - Feeding the Nation, Nutrition and Health in Britain before World War One (2008).jpg

In 1842 the average life expectancy for a laborer in Liverpool was just 15 years. The condition of public health in Britain during the nineteenth century from poor sanitation, housing and nutrition resulted in repeated outbreaks of typhus and cholera and prompted the government to usher in an era of welfare and state intervention to improve the health of the nation. The establishment of the National Training School of Cookery in London in 1873 was part of this wave of reform. The school trained cookery teachers to be instructors in schools, hospitals and the armed services, replacing the nineteenth-century laissez-faire attitude to nutrition and forcing health and diet to become public issues. Here Yuriko Akiyama reveals for the first time how cookery came to be seen as an important part of medical care and diet, revolutionizing the nation’s health. She assesses the practical impact of nutrition in hospitals, schools and the military and explores the many challenges and struggles faced by those who undertook work to educate the nation in the complex areas of sanitation, medicine, food supply and general habits.

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120 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

A. Unger, A.P. Schniewind, W. Unger - Conservation of Wood Artifacts, A Handbook (2001).jpg

This handbook is the most comprehensive, up-to-date source of information on the history of wood conservation, on the structure and properties of wood, on organisms causing deterioration, on methods of diagnosis of wood condition, on materials and methods of wood preservation, on consolidation of deteriorated wood, and on wood adhesives. Although it provides many techniques of wood conservation in detail, it goes far beyond the scope of a "recipe book" by giving an overview of the use of particular materials and methods as they apply to dry as well as wet or waterlogged wood. Access to the enormous wealth of information is facilitated by separate indexes for trade names, pests, and conservation materials. The latter, together with their methods of application, were gathered from the literature and organized chronologically. For liquid preservatives, fumigants, and consolidants, these listings are preceded by important data on each of the materials.

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9,9 MB
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A. Unger, A.P. Schniewind, W. Unger - Conservation of Wood Artifacts, A Handbook (2001).pdf

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Matthew Spriggs - The Island Melanesians (1997).jpg

The Island Melanesians is the first book to focus on the inhabitants of the chain of archipelagoes stretching east and southeast of the large island of New Guinea - the Bismarcks, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia (Kanaky). The story of these people begins with the first settlement of the region over 30,000 years ago and continues with their mixed hunter-horticultural economy, developed over the next 25,000 years. Then came the sudden irruption of new colonists bringing a fully agricultural economy and domestic animals some 3500 years ago. These colonists, ancestors too of the Fijians and the Polynesians, were almost certainly the first humans to settle the previously empty islands in the southern archipelagoes of Vanuatu and New Caledonia. The author describes how the Austronesian languages of the colonists were adopted throughout Island Melanesia, while their genes became submerged through inter-marriage. Island Melanesia, he shows, is the product both of these two social and economic systems and of the most recent colonists, the Europeans. The Island Melanesians is a pioneering interpretation of the cultural evolution of this broad region. It analyses current social, political and environmental trends, highlights continuities and transformations, and it sets out the daunting challenges facing these varied and vibrant peoples as they enter the twenty-first century.

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38,0 MB
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Matthew Spriggs - The Island Melanesians (1997) [P DF].rar

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Susanne Sreedhar - Hobbes on Resistance, Defying t he Leviathan (2010).jpg

Hobbes’s political theory has traditionally been taken to be an endorsement of state power and a prescription for unconditional obedience to the sovereign’s will. In this book, Susanne Sreedhar develops a novel interpretation of Hobbes’s theory of political obligation and explores important cases where Hobbes claims that subjects have a right to disobey and resist state power, even when their lives are not directly threatened. Drawing attention to this broader set of rights, her comprehensive analysis of Hobbes’s account of political disobedience reveals a unified and coherent theory of resistance that has previously gone unnoticed and undefended. Her book will appeal to all who are interested in the nature and limits of political authority, the right of self-defense, the right of revolution, and the modern origins of these issues.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

J. E. Rehder - The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Ant iquity (2000).jpg

The material fabric of nearly all settled civilisations exists largely because of pyrotechnology - the generation, control, and application of the heat from fire to change the properties of materials. The technological achievements that make contemporary society possible, for instance, are the result of some ten thousand years of development of the intentional use of fire for other than warmth and food. Because pyrotechnology was considered a demeaning craft, there is very little about its practice in ancient texts; our knowledge of early developments is based almost entirely on interpretation of artefacts recovered by archaeology during the past century and a half. Literature in archaeology and anthropology, however, tends to concentrate on the artefact found rather than on how it was produced - on the pot or spearhead rather than the kiln or furnace. There is thus surprisingly little information on the practice and importance of pyrotechnology.

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18,8 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

J. E. Rehder - The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Ant iquity (2000).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Susan Dwyer Amussen - An Ordered Society, Gender a nd Class in Early Modern England (1994).jpg

Amussen's vivid account of family and village life in England from the reign of Elizabeth I to the accession of the Hanoverian monarchies describes the domestic economy of the rich and the poor; the processes of courtship, marriage, and marital breakdown; and the structure of power within the family and in rural communities.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Marshall David Sahlins - How ''Natives'' Think. Ab out Captain Cook, For Example (1995).jpg

When Western scholars write about non-Western societies, do they inevitably perpetuate the myths of European imperialism? Can they ever articulate the meanings and logics of non-Western peoples? Who has the right to speak for whom? Questions such as these are among the most hotly debated in contemporary intellectual life. In How "Natives" Think, Marshall Sahlins addresses these issues head on, while building a powerful case for the ability of anthropologists working in the Western tradition to understand other cultures.

In recent years, these questions have arisen in debates over the death and deification of Captain James Cook on Hawai'i Island in 1779. Did the Hawaiians truly receive Cook as a manifestation of their own god Lono? Or were they too pragmatic, too worldly-wise to accept the foreigner as a god? Moreover, can a "non-native" scholar give voice to a "native" point of view? In his 1992 book The Apotheosis of Captain Cook, Gananath Obeyesekere used this very issue to attack Sahlins's decades of scholarship on Hawaii. Accusing Sahlins of elementary mistakes of fact and logic, even of intentional distortion, Obeyesekere portrayed Sahlins as accepting a naive, enthnocentric idea of superiority of the white man over "natives"--Hawaiian and otherwise. Claiming that his own Sri Lankan heritage gave him privileged access to the Polynesian native perspective, Obeyesekere contended that Hawaiians were actually pragmatists too rational and sensible to mistake Cook for a god.

Curiously then, as Sahlins shows, Obeyesekere turns eighteenth-century Hawaiians into twentieth-century modern Europeans, living up to the highest Western standards of "practical rationality." By contrast, Western scholars are turned into classic custom-bound "natives", endlessly repeating their ancestral traditions of the White man's superiority by insisting Cook was taken for a god. But this inverted ethnocentrism can only be supported, as Sahlins demonstrates, through wholesale fabrications of Hawaiian ethnography and history--not to mention Obeyesekere's sustained misrepresentations of Sahlins's own work. And in the end, although he claims to be speaking on behalf of the "natives," Obeyesekere, by substituting a home-made "rationality" for Hawaiian culture, systematically eliminates the voices of Hawaiian people from their own history.

How "Natives" Think goes far beyond specialized debates about the alleged superiority of Western traditions. The culmination of Sahlins's ethnohistorical research on Hawaii, it is a reaffirmation for understanding difference.

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