"This intellectually powerful and highly original book examines Roman expansion through the lens of public lawmaking, the process of negotiation and debate by which citizen assemblies resolved conflict and expressed consensus. Williamson incisively examines how problems of expansion were managed, and boldly argues that in the end it was expansion itself—both of the electorate and its leadership—that overwhelmed the problem-solving capacities of public lawmaking and led to the breakdown of the Republic." American Historical Association

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Callie Williamson - The Laws of the Roman People, Public Law in the Expansion and Decline of the Rom an Republic (2007).pdf

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Elizabeth A. Meyer - Legitimacy and Law in the Rom an World, Tabulae in Roman Belief and Practice (20 08).jpg

The Romans wrote solemn religious, public, and legal documents on wooden tablets often coated with wax. This book investigates the historical significance of this resonant form of writing and its power to make documents efficacious. It traces its role in court, its spread to the provinces (an aspect of Romanization) and its influence on the evolution of Roman law. Elizabeth Meyer reveals how Roman legal documents on tablets are the ancestors of today's dispositive legal documents--the document as the act itself. In a world where knowledge of Roman law was scarce (and enforcers scarcer), Roman law drew its authority from a wider world of belief.

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Charles W., Jr. Hedrick - History and Silence, Pur ge and Rehabilitation of Memory in Late Antiquity (2000).jpg

The ruling elite in ancient Rome sought to eradicate even the memory of their deceased opponents through a process now known as damnatio memoriae. These formal and traditional practices included removing the person's name and image from public monuments and inscriptions, making it illegal to speak of him, and forbidding funeral observances and mourning. Paradoxically, however, while these practices dishonoured the person's memory, they did not destroy it. Indeed, a later turn of events could restore the offender not only to public favour but also to re-inclusion in the public record. This book examines the process of purge and rehabilitation of memory in the person of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus (?-394). Charles Hedrick describes how Flavian was condemned for participating in the rebellion against the Christian emperor Theodosius the Great - and then restored to the public record a generation later as members of the newly Christianised senatorial class sought to reconcile their pagan past and Christian present. By selectively remembering and forgetting the actions of Flavian, Hedrick argues, the Roman elite honoured their ancestors while participating in profound social, cultural, and religious change. Charles W. Hedrick Jr. is Professor of Ancient History in Cowell College of the University of California at Santa Cruz.

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Charles W., Jr. Hedrick - History and Silence, Pur ge and Rehabilitation of Memory in Late Antiquity (2000).pdf

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David Shotter - Augustus Caesar (2005).jpg

History sees Augustus Caesar as the first emperor of Rome, whose system of ordered government provided a firm and stable basis for the expansion and prosperity of the Roman Empire. Hailed as 'restorer of the Republic' and regarded by some as a deity in his own lifetime, Augustus was emulated by many of his successors. David Shotter reviews the evidence in order to place Augustus firmly in the context of his own times. Key topics discussed include:
* the background to Augustus Caesar's spectacular rise to power
* his political and imperial reforms
* the creation of the "Respublica "of Augustus
* the legacy Augustus Caesar left to his successors.
Revised throughout, the second edition of this successful book takes the most recent research in the field into account. David Shotter also includes more coverage of the social and cultural aspects of this complex character's reign together with an expanded guide to further reading.

Augustus Caesar is a revised and updated second edition of Shotter's 1991 monograph on the first emperor of Rome. The focus of the second edition remains consistent with the goal of the first: not to offer an exhaustive treatment of the topic but to highlight important themes, problems, and current research and to stimulate thought about the topic in general. The second edition has a short introduction; nine chapters that deal with topics of significance for the study of Augustus; three appendices (important dates, sources, and significant Latin terms -- the appendix from the first edition on provinces and armies in A.D. 14 has been dropped in the second edition); a select bibliography of sources, mostly monographs in English (considerably expanded from the first edition); an index, new to this second edition, of proper names and places, with the names of Roman emperors in capital letters; sixteen plates, twelve of which are coins (plates are new to the second edition); four maps and a genealogical stemma of the Julio-Claudians (the stemma is identical to that of the first edition, and the maps are the same, with the addition of shading). As in the first edition, there are no footnotes or endnotes; there are, however, relevant references in the text to primary sources in translation. Shotter is careful throughout to call Augustus by his correct name at different points in his life: Augustus was born Gaius Octavius in 63 B.C.; he changed his name in 44 B.C. upon his adoption by Julius Caesar to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, preferring to be called Caesar, not Octavianus (Octavian in English usage); and he became Augustus in 27 B.C.

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R. O. A. M. Lyne - Collected Papers on Latin Poetr y (2007).jpg

This volume presents a wide range of pieces from a world-class Latinist which displays both his diverse interests as a scholar and his consistent concern with Augustan texts, their language and literary texture. The range of articles, written over more than three decades and including one previously unpublished piece, covers the same connected territory - largely Virgil, Horace, and elegy. R. O. A. M. Lyne's consistent approach of close reading means that the articles form a coherent whole, while his compelling style as an engaged literary analyst ensures that these are not dry or forbidding pieces.

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R. O. A. M. Lyne - Collected Papers on Latin Poetr y (2007).pdf

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Tonnes Bekker-Nielsen - Rome And the Black Sea Reg ion, Domination, Romanisation, Resistance (2006).jpg

In 89 BC, Roman legionaries intervened in the Black Sea region to curb the ambitions of Mithridates VI of Pontos. Over the next two centuries, the Roman presence on the Black Sea coast was slowly, but steadily increased. This volume deals with the Roman impact on the indigenous population in the Black Sea region and touches on the theme of romanisation of that area. Nine different contributors discuss several aspects of Roman identity and the cultural interaction - one article even compares the situation to the American presence in Iraq - though at the same time, it also looks at the resistance to the Roman Empire and the Roman problems of creating peace in the region after the colonisation. Romanisation and becoming Roman in a Greek world is a very popular field of discussion about which a lot has already been written. This book, however, encircles three important themes - the domination, the romanisation and the resistance. It covers two different sides of the Roman presence in the area and shows both the perspective of a Roman just arrived, Pliny the Younger, and a native seeing the Romans coming, the historian Memnon of Herakleia. Furthermore it describes how multi-identity cultures manage to live together because becoming Roman not necessarily means becoming less Greek (or less Gaulish, less Scythian, less Bosporan, etc.). The diversity of the different chapters in this book creates reflection on the cultural change in the traditionalist, yet cosmopolitan environment that was the Roman Black Sea Region.

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Tonnes Bekker-Nielsen - Rome And the Black Sea Reg ion, Domination, Romanisation, Resistance (2006).pdf

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Jill Harries - Law and Empire in Late Antiquity (1 999).jpg

Law and Empire is the first systematic treatment in English by a historian of the nature, aims and efficacy of public law in the society of the Later Roman Empire. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the author offers new interpretations of central issues in the study of Roman law--what it was and how effective: contemporary attitudes to torture and punishment, judicial corruption, and the settlement of disputes.

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Martin Henig, Anthony King - Pagan Gods and Shrine s of the Roman Empire (1986).jpg

Looking at ancient gods and old stories, the authors explore approaches to sensitivity in men, the warrior ethic, and respect for nature. They examine how women's changing roles have affected male status and identity, influencing economic and social conditions.

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Martin Henig, Anthony King - Pagan Gods and Shrine s of the Roman Empire (1986).pdf

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Lawrence Keppie - Understanding Roman Inscriptions (1991).jpg

In this classic study of the Late Roman Empire, one of this century's most eminent ancient historians surveys social, economic, and administrative developments from the end of the Principate and the accession of Diocletian to the collapse of the empire in the West.

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Adrienne Mayor - The First Fossil Hunters, Paleont ology in Greek and Roman Times (2000).jpg

Griffins, Centaurs, Cyclopes, and Giants--these fabulous creatures of classical mythology continue to live in the modern imagination through the vivid accounts that have come down to us from the ancient Greeks and Romans. But what if these beings were more than merely fictions? What if monstrous creatures once roamed the earth in the very places where their legends first arose? This is the arresting and original thesis that Adrienne Mayor explores in The First Fossil Hunters. Through careful research and meticulous documentation, she convincingly shows that many of the giants and monsters of myth did have a basis in fact--in the enormous bones of long-extinct species that were once abundant in the lands of the Greeks and Romans.

As Mayor shows, the Greeks and Romans were well aware that a different breed of creatures once inhabited their lands. They frequently encountered the fossilized bones of these primeval beings, and they developed sophisticated concepts to explain the fossil evidence, concepts that were expressed in mythological stories. The legend of the gold-guarding griffin, for example, sprang from tales first told by Scythian gold-miners, who, passing through the Gobi Desert at the foot of the Altai Mountains, encountered the skeletons of Protoceratops and other dinosaurs that littered the ground.

Like their modern counterparts, the ancient fossil hunters collected and measured impressive petrified remains and displayed them in temples and museums; they attempted to reconstruct the appearance of these prehistoric creatures and to explain their extinction. Long thought to be fantasy, the remarkably detailed and perceptive Greek and Roman accounts of giant bone finds were actually based on solid paleontological facts. By reading these neglected narratives for the first time in the light of modern scientific discoveries, Adrienne Mayor illuminates a lost world of ancient paleontology. As Peter Dodson writes in his Foreword, "Paleontologists, classicists, and historians as well as natural history buffs will read this book with the greatest of delight--surprises abound.

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Matthew Bunson - Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (2004).jpg

The introduction of this encyclopedia states that it "covers the most important personalities, terms and sites that played a part in Roman evolution from the period of Julius Caesar and the Gallic Wars (59-51 B.C.) to the fall of the Empire in the West (476 A.D.)." Bunson, who recently wrote The Vampire Encyclopedia and is called "a longtime student of the Roman empire," has written an excellent ready-reference source for the period.

The encyclopedia features just over 1,900 entries ranging from a few words ("Sororia-- The name for Juno as the goddess of puberty") to approximately 4,000. The longest entries, Christianity and Rome, are five pages. Based on a sampling, the Board estimates that close to 60 percent of the entries are biographical. All entries do an adequate job of defining the subject matter and placing it within the proper context of Roman history, although anyone interested in doing further research will be disappointed by the lack of bibliographies at the end of entries. The 56-entry unannotated bibliography at the conclusion of the work consists entirely of secondary sources and is paltry, considering how much has been written on the topic-- even taking into account that the volume was written for those with a casual, rather than scholarly, interest in the subject. The reader will be introduced to the most important primary-source material (i.e., writings of Josephus, Suetonius, Tacitus, and others) only by reading the entries on those writers.

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Matthew Bunson - Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (2004).chm

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Julian Bennett - Trajan Optimus Princeps (2005).jpg

Trajan Optimus Princeps - A Life and Times.

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Julian Bennett - Trajan Optimus Princeps (2005).pdf

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Richard A. Bauman - Crime and Punishment in Ancien t Rome (2004).jpg

Crime and punishment have concerned humanity since the beginning of social life. Their manifestations in ancient Rome remains a fascinating topic, as the law of most European countries today is derived from ancient Roman law.
Richard A. Bauman tells the history of punishment from the Roman Republic to the late Empire, thus shedding light on some decisive aspects of Roman history. Trials for treason, sedition and corruption illuminate political history; common law crimes like murder, and forgery that sharpen our perception of social history; discussions of freedom of speech increase our understanding of intellectual history; and religious persecutions fill out the picture of religious history.

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Gaertner, J. F. - Writing Exile, The Discourse of Displacement in Greco-Roman Antiquity and Beyond ( 2007).jpg

The volume explores how Greek and Latin authors perceive and present their own (real or metaphorical) exile and employ exile as a powerful trope to express estrangement, elicit readerly sympathy, and question political power structures.

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Gaertner, J. F. - Writing Exile, The Discourse of Displacement in Greco-Roman Antiquity and Beyond ( 2007).pdf

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Mary Jaeger - Archimedes and the Roman Imagination (2008).jpg

The great mathematician Archimedes, a Sicilian Greek whose machines defended Syracuse against the Romans during the Second Punic War, was killed by a Roman after the city fell, yet it is largely Roman sources, and Greek texts aimed at Roman audiences, that preserve the stories about him. Archimedes' story, Mary Jaeger argues, thus becomes a locus where writers explore the intersection of Greek and Roman culture, and as such it plays an important role in Roman self-definition. Jaeger uses the biography of Archimedes as a hermeneutic tool, providing insight into the construction of the traditional historical narrative about the Roman conquest of the Greek world and the Greek cultural invasion of Rome.

By breaking down the narrative of Archimedes' life and examining how the various anecdotes that comprise it are embedded in their contexts, the book offers fresh readings of passages from both well-known and less-studied authors, including Polybius, Cicero, Livy, Vitruvius, Plutarch, Silius Italicus, Valerius Maximus, Johannes Tzetzes, and Petrarch.
"Jaeger, in her meticulous and elegant study of different ancient accounts of his life and inventions...reveal more about how the Romans thought about their conquest of the Greek world than about 'science'."
---Helen King, Times Literary Supplement

"An absolutely wonderful book on a truly original and important topic. As Jaeger explores neglected texts that together tell an important story about the Romans' views of empire and their relationship to Greek cultural accomplishments, so she has written an important new chapter in the history of science. A genuine pleasure to read, from first page to last."
---Andrew Feldherr, Associate Professor of Classics, Princeton University

"This elegantly written and convincingly argued project analyzes Archimedes as a vehicle for reception of the Classics, as a figure for loss and recovery of cultural memory, and as a metaphorical representation of the development of Roman identity. Jaeger's fastening on the still relatively obscure figure of the greatest ancient mathematician as a way of understanding cultural liminality in the ancient world is nothing short of a stroke of genius."
---Christina S. Kraus, Professor and Chair of Classics, Yale University

"Archimedes and the Roman Imagination forms a useful addition to our understanding of Roman culture as well as of the reception of science in antiquity. It will make a genuine contribution to the discipline, not only in terms of its original interpretative claims but also as a fascinating example of how we may follow the cultural reception of historical figures."
---Reviel Netz, Professor of Classics, Stanford University

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Mary Jaeger - Archimedes and the Roman Imagination (2008).pdf

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Adrian Goldsworthy - Antony and Cleopatra (2010).jpg

In this remarkable dual biography of the two great lovers of antiquity, preeminent historian Adrian Goldsworthy goes beyond myth and romance to create a nuanced and historically acute portrayal of his subjects, set against the political backdrop of their time. A history of lives lived intensely at a time when the world was changing profoundly, the book takes readers on a journey that crosses cultures and boundaries from ancient Greece and ancient Egypt to the Roman Empire.

Drawing on his prodigious knowledge of the ancient world and his keen sense of the period’s military and political history, Goldsworthy creates a singular portrait of the iconic lovers. Antony and Cleopatra were first and foremost political animals,” explains Goldsworthy, who places politics and ideology at the heart of their storied romance. Undertaking a close analysis of ancient sources and archaeological evidence, Goldsworthy bridges the gaps of current scholarship and dispels misconceptions that have entered the popular consciousness. He explains why Cleopatra was consistently portrayed by Hollywood as an Egyptian, even though she was really Greek, and argues that Antony had far less military experience than anyone would suspect from reading Shakespeare and other literature. Goldsworthy makes an important case for understanding Antony as a powerful Roman senator and political force in his own right.

A masterfully toldand deeply humanstory of love, politics, and ambition, Goldsworthy’s Antony and Cleopatra delivers a compelling reassessment of a major episode in ancient history.

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Ellen Greene - Women Poets In Ancient Greece And R ome (2005).jpg

This book was a long time coming. I first had the idea for it in 1996 while I was working on my two Sappho volumes. It was then that I became committed to making a contribution to the small but growing body of scholarship on Greek and women poets. I am extremely grateful to John Drayton, Director of the University of Oklahoma Press, for his unwavering enthusiasm and support. Jennifer Cunningham and Julie Shilling, Associate Editors at the Press, have been very helpful as well. I also want to thank Paul Allen Miller and David Larmour for their belief in this project in its early stages. Professor Miller’s insights and unfailingly perceptive readings helped to make this a better book. I owe a deep dept to Marilyn Skinner, whose pioneering work on women poets in Ancient Greece has inspired much of my own interest in the poets represented in this volume.

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Ellen Greene - Women Poets In Ancient Greece And R ome (2005).pdf

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Jacob Burckhardt - The Age of Constantine the Grea t (1983).jpg

No epoch of remote history can be so relevant to modern interests as the period of transition between the ancient and the medieval world, when a familiar order of things visibly died and teas supplanted by a new. Other transitions become apparent only in retrospect; that of the age of Constantine, like our own, was patent to contemporaries. Old institutions, in the sphere of culture as of government, had grown senile; economic balances were altered; peoples hitherto on the peripheries of civilization demanded attention, and a new and revolutionary social doctrine with an enormous emotional appeal was spread abroad by men with a religious zeal for a new and authoritarian cosmopolitanism and with a religious certainty that their end justified their means. For us, contemporary developments have made the analogy inescapable, but Jacob Burckhardt's insight led him to a singularly clear apprehension of the meaning of the transition almost a century ago, and the analogy implicit in his book is the more impressive as it was unpremeditated.

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Jacob Burckhardt - The Age of Constantine the Grea t (1983).pdf

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