The emigration of mathematicians from Europe during the Nazi era signaled an irrevocable and important historical shift for the international mathematics world. Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany is the first thoroughly documented account of this exodus. In this greatly expanded translation of the 1998 German edition, Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze describes the flight of more than 140 mathematicians, their reasons for leaving, the political and economic issues involved, the reception of these emigrants by various countries, and the emigrants' continuing contributions to mathematics. The influx of these brilliant thinkers to other nations profoundly reconfigured the mathematics world and vaulted the United States into a new leadership role in mathematics research.

Based on archival sources that have never been examined before, the book discusses the preeminent emigrant mathematicians of the period, including Emmy Noether, John von Neumann, Hermann Weyl, and many others. The author explores the mechanisms of the expulsion of mathematicians from Germany, the emigrants' acculturation to their new host countries, and the fates of those mathematicians forced to stay behind. The book reveals the alienation and solidarity of the emigrants, and investigates the global development of mathematics as a consequence of their radical migration.

An in-depth yet accessible look at mathematics both as a scientific enterprise and human endeavor, Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany provides a vivid picture of a critical chapter in the history of international science.

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Shelley Baranowski - The Sanctity of Rural Life, N obility, Protestantism, and Nazism in Weimar Pruss ia (1995).jpg

Historia2 - Shelley Baranowski - The Sanctity of Rural Life, Nobil...lity, Protestantism, and Nazism in Weimar Prussia 1995.jpg

In this ground-breaking study, Shelley Baranowski not only explores how and why church-going Protestants in eastern Prussia turned to Nazism in large numbers, but also shows that the rural elite and the church propagated a myth of the stability, the wholesomeness, and the class-harmony--in short, the "sanctity"--of rural life, a myth that was a key component of Nazi propaganda that helped secure support for the Third Reich in rural areas. Of great interest to historians and students of the period as well as anyone interested in how a fringe radical movement gained wide popular support.

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Shelley Baranowski - The Sanctity of Rural Life, N obility, Protestantism, and Nazism in Weimar Pruss ia (1995).pdf

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Wolf Lepenies - The Seduction of Culture in German History (2006).jpg

During the Allied bombing of Germany, Hitler was more distressed by the loss of cultural treasures than by the leveling of homes. Remarkably, his propagandists broadcast this fact, convinced that it would reveal not his callousness but his sensitivity: the destruction had failed to crush his artist's spirit. It is impossible to begin to make sense of this thinking without understanding what Wolf Lepenies calls The Seduction of Culture in German History.
This fascinating and unusual book tells the story of an arguably catastrophic German habit--that of valuing cultural achievement above all else and envisioning it as a noble substitute for politics. Lepenies examines how this tendency has affected German history from the late eighteenth century to today. He argues that the German preference for art over politics is essential to understanding the peculiar nature of Nazism, including its aesthetic appeal to many Germans (and others) and the fact that Hitler and many in his circle were failed artists and intellectuals who seem to have practiced their politics as a substitute form of art.
In a series of historical, intellectual, literary, and artistic vignettes told in an essayistic style full of compelling aphorisms, this wide-ranging book pays special attention to Goethe and Thomas Mann, and also contains brilliant discussions of such diverse figures as Novalis, Walt Whitman, Leo Strauss, and Allan Bloom. The Seduction of Culture in German History is concerned not only with Germany, but with how the German obsession with culture, sense of cultural superiority, and scorn of politics have affected its relations with other countries, France and the United States in particular.

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Gordon Noble - Neolithic Scotland, Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire (2006).jpg

Gordon Noble's analysis follows the Neolithic period in Scotland from around 4000 BC to the transformation of Neolithic society in the Early Bronze Age fifteen hundred years later. Synthesizing research from the past century, Noble suggests new directions for the interpretation of this elusive period.

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Kameshwar C. Wali - Cremona Violins, A Physicist's Quest for Secrets of Stradivari (2010).jpg

This book contains a brief account of the history of Cremona violins - the rise and fall of the art that dominated over two centuries - and is primarily devoted to the physics behind the violin acoustics, specifically the research of William F "Jack" Fry over the past four decades and more. It chronicles his early research and the evolution of his ideas leading to a holistic approach to its acoustics, in sharp contrast to the conventional "reductionist" approach. With rare insights, he has come closer than anyone before in reproducing the sound of the great Italian masters. This historic achievement makes the book extremely valuable for violin makers, violin researchers, and young and aspiring violinists who would like to own excellent-sounding instruments with all the desirable characteristics of old instruments at affordable prices.

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Kameshwar C. Wali - Cremona Violins, A Physicist's Quest for Secrets of Stradivari (2010).pdf

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Colin Platt - Medieval England, A Social History and Archaeology from the Conquest to 1600 AD (1995 ).jpg

Medieval England provides a vital and fascinating historical context for medieval archaeology. The book is divided into seven periods, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the aftermath of the Black Death and finally up to 1600 and the reorientation of English society under the Tudors.
Colin Platt draws on evidence and sources from a wide range of locations and of different types to illustrate how people of all classes lived. He discusses, among other things, building, diet, disease, climate, popular taste, religious cults, industry, the relations between different between different classes and the distribution of wealth.

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Colin Platt - Medieval England, A Social History and Archaeology from the Conquest to 1600 AD (1995 ).pdf

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Dagmar Herzog - Brutality and Desire, War and Sexu ality in Europe's Twentieth Century (2009).jpg

'This wonderful book makes a powerful contribution to the history of Europe in the 20th century. With their complex and comparative treatment of wars -- from the Armenian genocide, to the Holocaust, colonization and decolonization, and the recent conflict in the Balkans -- these collected essays carefully historicize the meanings and modalities of sexualized violence and sexual desire. Together they brilliantly demonstrate the intimate and integral ties between the history of sexuality and the history of European war.' - Judith Surkis, Centre for European Studies, Harvard University, USA 'Scholars and instructors from a broad range of disciplines (European history, military history, gender studies, imperialism, racism) will be grateful for this path-breaking collection of essays that analyze the complex intersections of sexuality and war from the Armenian genocide to the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. By focusing not only on sexual violence but also on desire and the consensual sexuality made possible by the dislocation and anonymity of war, the authors of this fine book also provide an important history of both female and male sexuality during Europe's bloody century.' - Maria Hohn, Vassar College, USA 'Astonishing and unforgettable, this book is one of a kind. Its explorations into the taboo territory of sex and war span the 20th century, from Anatolia to Ethiopia, Auschwitz, Algeria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and points between and beyond. These chapters are as remarkable for the deep particularity they exhibit in each case as for the powerful and urgently universal nature of the viciousness, pain, exhilaration, and desire they reveal. Dagmar Herzog has assembled a compelling, indeed, indisputable case for the inseparability of war and sex, in all their manifestations.' - Doris L. Bergen, University of Toronto, Canada 'This history of sexuality risks a great deal. It confronts the issue of sexual violence -- against women, against men, and against children. It also takes on desire and love or, in any case, consensual relationships in times of war. The book succeeds and may serve as a model for further explorations because it is based on remarkably thorough research and on prudence as well as good judgment in making sense of sexuality in times of war.' - Michael Geyer, University of Chicago, USA

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Dagmar Herzog - Brutality and Desire, War and Sexu ality in Europe's Twentieth Century (2009).pdf

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Erik N. Jensen - Body by Weimar, Athletes, Gender, and German Modernity (2010).jpg

In Body by Weimar, Erik N. Jensen shows how German athletes reshaped gender roles in the turbulent decade after World War I and established the basis for a modern body and modern sensibility that remain with us to this day. The same cutting-edge techniques that engineers were using to increase the efficiency of factories and businesses in the 1920s aided athletes in boosting the productivity of their own flesh and bones. Sportswomen and men embodied modernity-quite literally-in its most streamlined, competitive, time-oriented form, and their own successes on the playing fields seemed to prove the value of economic rationalization to a skeptical public that often felt threatened by the process. Enthroned by the media as culture's trendsetters, champions in sports such as tennis, boxing, and track and field also provided models of sexual empowerment, social mobility, and self-determination. They showed their fans how to be modern, and, in the process, sparked heated debates over the aesthetics of the body, the limits of physical exertion, the obligations of citizens to the state, and the relationship between the sexes. If the images and debates in this book strike readers as familiar, it might well be because the ideal body of today-sleek, efficient, and equally available to men and women-received one of its earliest articulations in the fertile tumult of Germany's roaring twenties. After more than eighty years, we still want the Weimar body.

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et al Ahmad Abdel-Hamid Youssef - From Pharaoh's L ips, Ancient Egyptian Language in the Arabic of To day (2003).jpg

From the most distant past to the modern day, some things never change - including words. The modern Egyptian Arabic dialect is one of the most distinctive in the Arabic-speaking world precisely because of its illustrious heritage from the country's ancient past. Ahmad Abdel-Hamid Youssef spends a day in the Egyptian countryside, taking note of the many expressions that once fell from the lips of the ancient Egyptians and that continue to be heard on the tongues of the modern Egyptians in their everyday speech.

His charming tale of Bayoumi, a farmer, his wife Sawsan and their baby provides the backdrop for tracing the persistence of these words and phrases. What these average Egyptians do, what tools they use, what they eat, how they organize their life, even how they all interact - all can be described with words that hark back to the age of pharaohs such as Khufu and Rameses II. In telling his story, Youssef integrates the ancestry of these common expressions,! with the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and Coptic and Arabic words appearing alongside transliterations and translations into English. Both entertaining and instructive, this volume includes a series of glossaries in Egyptian, Coptic and Arabic.

About the Author
Ahmad Abdel-hamid Youssef is professor of Egyptology at al-Azhar University in Cairo. He has served as director-general of the Center of Documentation on Ancient Egypt and as vice-president of the Egyptian Antiquities Organization. Fayza Haikal is professor of Egyptology at the American University in Cairo and former president of the International Association of Egyptologists. Golo is a leading cartoonist whose drawings appear in both newspapers and art galleries. He illustrated Whatever Happened to the Egyptians? by Galal Amin (AUC Press, 2000).

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et al Ahmad Abdel-Hamid Youssef - From Pharaoh's L ips, Ancient Egyptian Language in the Arabic of To day (2003).pdf

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John Hunter, Ian Ralston - The Archaeology of Brit ain, An Introduction from Earliest Times to the Tw enty-First Century (1999).jpg

Historia2 - John Hunter, Ian Ralston - The Archaeology of Britain,...n from Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century 1999.jpg

The Archaeology of Britain is a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to all the archaeological periods covering Britain from earliest prehistory to the industrial revolution. It provides a one-step textbook for the entire archaeology of Britain and reflects the most recent developments in archaeology both as a field subject and as an academic discipline. Chapters are organized in chronological order and are followed by two-level bibliographies: the first provides core-reading material, the second, a more detailed guide to the subject area. Contributors include Nicholas Barton, Timothy Champion, Kate Clark, Simon Esmonde Cleary, Timothy Darvill, Roberta Gilchrist, W.S. Hanson, Catherine Hills, Colin Haselgrove, John Hunter, Steven Mithen, Mike Parker Pearson, Ian B.M. Ralston, Julian D. Richards, John Schofield, Paul Stamper, Alasdair Whittle and Ian Whyte.

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John K Thornton - Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500 -1800 (1999).jpg

Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800 investigates the impact of warfare on the history of Africa in the period of the slave trade and the founding of empires. It includes the discussion of:
* the relationship between war and the slave trade
* the role of Europeans in promoting African wars and supplying African armies
* the influence of climatic and ecological factors on warfare patterns and dynamics
* the impact of social organization and military technology, including the gunpowder revolution
* case studies of warfare in Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast, Benin and West Central Africa.

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John K Thornton - Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500 -1800 (1999).pdf

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Richard C. Hall - Balkan Wars 1912-1913, Prelude t o the First World War (2000).jpg

Richard Hall examines the origins, the enactment and the resolution of the Balkan Wars, during which the Ottoman Empire fought a Balkan coalition of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia, that collapsed in 1913. Based on archival as well as published diplomatic and military sources, this book pres the first comprehensive perspective on the diplomatic and military aspects of the Balkan Wars. It demonstrates that, because of the diplomatic problems raised and the military strategies and tactics pursued to resolve those problems, the Balkan Wars were the first phase of the greater and wider conflict of the First World War.

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Robert Boyce - French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918-1940, The Decline and Fall of a Great Power ( 1998).jpg

French Foreign Policy Between the Wars outlines France's strategies for protection and appeasement during the period between the two world wars and places interwar relations in a larger European context.

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Robert Boyce - French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918-1940, The Decline and Fall of a Great Power ( 1998).pdf

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Robert William Fogel - The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100, Europe, America, and the Third World (2004).jpg

Historia2 - Robert William Fogel - The Escape from Hunger and Pre... 1700-2100, Europe, America, and the Third World 2004.jpg

Nobel laureate Robert Fogel's compelling new study examines health, nutrition and technology over the last three centuries and beyond. Throughout most of human history, chronic malnutrition has been the norm. During the past three centuries, however, a synergy between improvements in productive technology and in human physiology has enabled humans to more than double their average longevity and to increase their body size by over fifty percent. Larger, healthier humans have contributed to the acceleration of economic growth and technological change, resulting in reduced economic inequality, declining hours of work and a corresponding increase in leisure time. Increased longevity has also brought increased demand for health care. Fogel argues that health care should be viewed as the growth industry of the twenty-first century and systems of financing it should be reformed. His book will be essential reading for all those interested in economics, demography, history and health care policy.

A professor at the University of Chicago, Robert William Fogel has taught at the University of Rochester, Cambridge University, and Harvard University. He has received numerous awards and prizes for his work, including the Arthur C. Cole Prize (1968), the Schumpeter Prize (1971), the Bancroft Prize (1975), the Gustavus Myers Prize (1990), and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science (1993). Previous books include Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (W.W. Norton & Company, 1994) and The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (The University of Chicago Press, 2000).

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The British Army, The Definitive History of the Tw entieth Century (2008).jpg

Created in close cooperation with the Imperial War Museum, this volume commemorates a century of British military service. The tour of duty begins with the Boer War and continues through today’s conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Riveting firsthand accounts and hundreds of rare photographs and illustrations bring the combat experiences of everyday British soldiers alive. One hundred years of weapons, armor, and tactics are explored, along with the great leaders such as Mountbatten and Montgomery. What really sets this book apart are the stories behind such battles as Gallipoli, Cassino, and Goose Green, which are recounted by the men who fought them; their extraordinary words exemplify the legendary gallantry and grit of the British fighting man.

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The British Army, The Definitive History of the Tw entieth Century (2008).pdf

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Wayne H. Bowen, Jose E. Alvarez - A Military Histo ry of Modern Spain, From the Napoleonic Era to the International War on Terror (2007).jpg

Historia2 - Wayne H. Bowen, Jose E. Alvarez - A Military History o...Napoleonic Era to the International War on Terror 2007.jpg

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Spain was a key player in the military conflagrations that created modern Europe. From the Napoleonic Wars, through the dress rehearsal for World War II that was the Spanish Civil War, to the grim struggle against terrorism today, the military history of modern Spain has both shaped and reflected larger forces beyond its borders. This volume traces the course of Spanish military history, primarily during the 20th century. Chapter 1 provides the foundation for the role of the Spanish Army at home (the War of Independence [Napoleonic War], the Carlist Wars, and pronunciamientos), abroad (Morocco, 1859-60), and as an instrument for Liberal reforms in Spain. Chapter 2 covers the period following the Spanish-American War as the Army redirected its focus to the Spanish Protectorate in northern Morocco. This chapter covers the Rif Rebellion (1921-27), the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923-30) and concludes with the end of the monarchy and the establishment of the 2nd Republic in 1931. Chapters 3 and 4 present the two armies of the Spanish Civil War, as well as their relationship to the warring factions of Nationalists and Republicans. Chapter 5 looks at the Spanish Army during World War II on the Eastern Front (Russia), in its overseas colonies, as well as in Spain. De-colonialism is covered in chapter 6 as Spain, following the lead of the other European powers, began to shed itself of its African empire. Chapter 8 charts Spain's integration into the Western defense community in the 1950s, its membership in NATO, and its participation in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions in the Balkans and the Middle East. Chapter 9 focuses on Spain's struggle against terrorism, both the domestic Basques of ETA (Fatherland and Liberty) and the newer conflict against al-Qaeda and radical Islamic fundamentalism.

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Wayne H. Bowen, Jose E. Alvarez - A Military Histo ry of Modern Spain, From the Napoleonic Era to the International War on Terror (2007).pdf

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Ciro Paoletti - A Military History of Italy (2007).jpeg

This book follows Italy's military history from the late Renaissance through the present day, arguing that its leaders have consistently looked back to the power of Imperial Rome as they sought to bolster Italy's status and influence in the world. As early as the late 15th century, Italian city-states played important roles in European conflicts. After unification in 1861, the military would become the nation's unifying force, the melting pot of the state. Italy's industrial and then colonial expansion brought it into the wars of the twentieth century. The rise of fascist movement was the disastrous consequence of Italy's desire for colonial and military power, a history that the nation still confronts as it seeks to play a role in world politics. Wealthy, urban Italy has always had great political, cultural, and strategic importance for Europe. The leaders of its independent city-states intervened militarily in struggles among the European powers to its north and west but also against the expanding Muslim empires to its south and east. Italian culture supported military innovation, developing (for instance) new fortifications and naval organizations. After centuries of division, which limited Italy's power against the larger, unified European nations, the military played an important role in the nationalist unification of the entire country. Rapid industrialization followed, and along with it Italy's forays into overseas colonialism. Italy became a major power, but its turn to militant fascism during its expansionist era continues to haunt its state and military.

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Ciro Paoletti - A Military History of Italy (2007).pdf

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Alfred C. Mierzejewski - The Most Valuable Asset o f the Reich, A History of the German National Rail way Volume 2, 1933-1945 (2000).jpg

Historia2 - Alfred C. Mierzejewski - The Most Valuable Asset of th... the German National Railway Volume 2, 1933-1945 2000.jpg

The largest enterprise in the capitalist world between 1920 and 1945, the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German National Railway) was at the center of events in a period of great turmoil in Germany. In this, the second volume of his comprehensive history of the Reichsbahn, Alfred Mierzejewski offers the first complete account of the national railway under Hitler's regime.
Mierzejewski uses sources that include Nazi Party membership records and Reichsbahn internal memoranda to explore the railway's operations, finances, and political and social roles from 1933 to 1945. He examines the Reichsbahn's role in German rearmament, its own lack of preparations for war, and its participation in Germany's military operations. He shows that despite successfully resisting Nazi efforts to politicize its internal functions, the Reichsbahn cooperated with the government's anti-Semitic policies. Indeed, the railway played a crucial role in the Holocaust by supporting the construction and operation of the Nazi death camps and by transporting Jews and other victims to them.

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Alfred C. Mierzejewski - The Most Valuable Asset o f the Reich, A History of the German National Rail way Volume 2, 1933-1945 (2000).pdf

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István Vásáry - Cumans and Tatars, Oriental Milita ry in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365 (2005).jpg

Historia2 - Istvn Vsry - Cumans and Tatars, Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365 2005.jpg

The Cumans and the Tatars were nomadic warriors of the Eurasian steppe who exerted an enduring impact on the medieval Balkans. With this work, István Vásáry presents the first extensive examination of their history from 1186 to the 1360s. The basic instrument of Cuman and Tatar political success was military force, which none of the warring Balkan factions could resist. As a consequence, groups of the Cumans and the Tatars settled and mingled with the local population in various regions of the Balkans. The Cumans were the founders of three successive Bulgarian dynasties (Asenids, Terterids, and Shishmanids), and the Wallachian dynasty (Basarabids). They also played an active role in Byzantium, Hungary, and Serbia with Cuman immigrants being integrated into each country's elite. This book also explores how the prevailing political anarchy of the Balkans in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries made it ripe for the Ottoman conquest.

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