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	!! HISTORIA - książki, artykuły
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Ostatnio pobierane pliki

PROTOKOŁY MĘDRCÓW SYJONU (1936 ).pdf

K.Kuratowski, A.Mostowski - Teoria mnogości.pdf

24 Epilog, bibliografia.pdf

23 Jeszcze kilka ciekawostek.pdf

22 Mumie w Wielkim Kanionie.pdf

21 Prehistoryczne obserwatorium.pdf

20 Tajemnicza ''gwiezdna brama''.pdf

18 Świątynia wszech czasów.pdf

17 Wyrzutnia sprzed 5000 lat.pdf

16 Nowy spór o Jaskinię Burrowsa.pdf

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81,5 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Karl Albert Frickhinger - Fossil Atlas, Fishes (19 96).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Nancy Rosenfeld - The human Satan in seventeenth-c entury English literature; From Milton to Rocheste r (2008).jpg

All History - Nancy Rosenfeld - The human Satan in seventeenth-cent...tury English literature From Milton to Rochester 2008.jpg

Framed by an understanding that the very concept of what defines the human is often influenced by Renaissance and early modern texts, this book establishes the beginning of the literary development of the satanic form into a humanized form in the seventeenth century. This development is centered on characters and poetry of four seventeenth-century writers: the Satan character in John Milton's Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained, the Tempter in John Bunyan's Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners and Diabolus in Bunyan's The Holy War, the poetry of John Wilmot, earl of Rochester, and Dorimant in George Etherege's Man of Mode. The initial understanding of this development is through a sequential reading of Milton and Bunyan which examines the Satan character as an archetype-in-the-making, building upon each to work so that the character metamorphoses from a groveling serpent and fallen archangel to a humanized form embodying the human impulses necessary to commit evil. Rosenfeld then argues that this development continues in Restoration literature, showing that both Rochester and Etherege build upon their literary predecessors to develop the satanic figure towards greater humanity. Ultimately she demonstrates that these writers, taken collectively, have imbued Satan with the characteristics that define the human. This book includes as an epilogue a discussion of Samson in Milton's Samson Agonistes as a later seventeenth-century avatar of the humanized satanic form, providing an example for understanding a stock literary character in the light of early modern texts.

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2,1 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Nancy Rosenfeld - The human Satan in seventeenth-c entury English literature; From Milton to Rocheste r (2008).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

David Blackbourn - The Long Nineteenth Century; A History of Germany, 1780-1918 (1998).jpg

In the late eighteenth century, German-speaking Europe was a patchwork of principalities and lordships. Most people lived in the countryside, and just half survived until their late twenties. By the beginning of our own century, unified Germany was the most powerful state in Europe. No longer a provincial "land of poets and thinkers," the country had been transformed into an industrial and military giant with an advanced welfare system.The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918, is a masterful account of this transformation. Spanning 150 years, from the eve of the French Revolution to the end of World War I, it introduces readers to crucial areas of German social and cultural history -- demography and social structure, work and leisure, education and religion -- while providing a comprehensive account of political events. The text explains how Germany came to be unified, and the consequences of that unification. It describes the growing role of the state and new ways in which rulers asserted their authority, but questions cliches about German "obedience." Drawing on a generation of work devoted to migration, housing, crime, medicine, and popular culture, Blackbourn offers a powerful and original account of a changing society, trying to do justice to the experiences of contemporary Germans, both women and men. Informed by the latest scholarship, this book provides a complete and up-to-date alternative to conventional political histories of this period.

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2,3 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

David Blackbourn - The Long Nineteenth Century; A History of Germany, 1780-1918 (1998).epub

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15 lip 18 15:18

William Wayne Farris - Japan's Medieval Population ; Famine, Fertility, And Warfare in a Transformati ve Age (2006).jpg

All History - William Wayne Farris - Japans Medieval Population Fam..., Fertility, And Warfare in a Transformative Age 2006.jpg

This volume charts a course through never-before-surveyed historical territory: Japan’s medieval population, a topic so challenging that neither Japanese nor foreign scholars have investigated it in a comprehensive way. And yet, demography is an invaluable approach to the past because it provides a way—often the only way—to study the mass of people who did not belong to the political or religious elite. By synthesizing a vast cache of primary and secondary sources, William Wayne Farris constructs an important analysis of Japan’s population from 1150 to 1600 and considers social and economic developments that were life and death issues for ordinary Japanese. Impressive in his grasp of detail and the scope of his inquiry, Farris makes the argument that, although this age initially witnessed the continuation of a centuries-old demographic stasis, a far-reaching transformation began around 1280 and eventually gained momentum until it swept through the Japanese archipelago. Between 1280 and 1600, Japan’s population approximately trebled, growing from 6 million to 17 million. Crucial to the demographic breakthrough was the resolution of two central problems facing both the rulers and the ruled. The first was how to supply a burgeoning population with sufficient food; the second, how to keep the peace.

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2,7 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

William Wayne Farris - Japan's Medieval Population ; Famine, Fertility, And Warfare in a Transformati ve Age (2006).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Hester Vaizey - Surviving Hitler's War; Family Lif e in Germany, 1939-48 (2010).jpg

This vivid recreation of family life as experienced in Nazi Germany during and after the Second World War tells the stories of mothers and fathers, sons and daughters, parents and children, in their own words. From desperate last letters sent to their loved ones by doomed soldiers at Stalingrad, to diaries kept by women trying to keep their families alive as the cities they lived in were devastated by constant bombing raids, this book presents a new and often unfamiliar account of family life under the most extreme conditions. Far from disintegrating under the strain, as many historians have argued, this book shows that the German family maintained and even strengthened the emotional bonds that tied its members together. Entering the war shaped, moulded and directed by the massive pressures brought to bear on it by Nazism's attempt to recast German society in its own image, the German family resisted these pressures and emerged at the end of the war in a new and stronger form, surviving the manifold problems of reunion and readjustment to the postwar, post-Nazi world with a surprising degree of resilience.

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10,6 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Hester Vaizey - Surviving Hitler's War; Family Lif e in Germany, 1939-48 (2010).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Andrew J. Turner, James H. Kim On Chong-Gossard, F rederik Juliaan Vervaet - Private and Public Lies (2010).jpg

All History - Andrew J. Turner, James H. Kim On Chong-Gossard, Fred...derik Juliaan Vervaet - Private and Public Lies 2010.jpg

Graeco-Roman literary works, historiography, and even the reporting of rumours were couched as if they came in response to an insatiable desire by ordinary citizens to know everything about the lives of their leaders, and to hold them to account, at some level, for their abuse of constitutional powers for personal ends. Ancient writers were equally fascinated with how these same individuals used deceit as a powerful tool to disguise private and public reality. The chapters in this collection examine the themes of despotism and deceit from both historical and literary perspectives, over a range of historical periods including classical Athens, the Hellenistic kingdoms, late republican and early imperial Rome, late antiquity, and Byzantium.

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15 lip 18 15:18

Edward Dolnick - The Forger's Spell; A True Story of Vermeer, Nazis, and the Greatest Art Hoax of th e Twentieth Century (2009).jpeg

All History - Edward Dolnick - The Forgers Spell A True Story of Ve... the Greatest Art Hoax of the Twentieth Century 2009.jpeg

“‘Idiots!’ he yelled. ‘You think I sold a Vermeer to that fat Goering. But it’s not a Vermeer. I painted it myself!”’ With lines like that, it’s clear Dolnick has found the nonfiction equivalent of a Vermeer, buried under other (and more hackneyed) tales of World War II. Critics had nothing but praise for this book, noting that Van Meegeren raised a number of questions about the value of art, especially when the same art critics who had clasped the fake Vermeers to their chests later mocked them as obvious, ugly fakes. At a time when art museums are taking in record crowds, The Forger’s Spell will undoubtedly cause many a viewer to squint a bit closer at the “masterpiece” hanging on the wall.

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4,1 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Edward Dolnick - The Forger's Spell; A True Story of Vermeer, Nazis, and the Greatest Art Hoax of th e Twentieth Century (2009).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Thomas Wilson - The Swastika; The Earliest Known S ymbol and It's Migrations (1896).jpg

This postcard, copyright 1907 by E. Phillips, a U.S. card publisher, speaks for the universally high regard in which the swastika was held as a good luck token before use by the Nazis corrupted its meaning.

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21,9 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Thomas Wilson - The Swastika; The Earliest Known S ymbol and It's Migrations (1896).djvu

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15 lip 18 15:18

Ian Forrest - The Detection of Heresy in Late Medi eval England (2005).jpg

Heresy was the most feared crime in the medieval moral universe. It was seen as a social disease capable of poisoning the body politic and shattering the unity of the church. The study of heresy in late medieval England has, to date, focused largely on the heretics. In consequence, we know very little about how this crime was defined by the churchmen who passed authoritative judgement on it.
By examining the drafting, publicizing, and implementing of new laws against heresy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, using published and unpublished judicial records, this book presents the first general study of inquisition in medieval England. In it Ian Forrest argues that because heresy was a problem simultaneously national and local, detection relied upon collaboration between rulers and the ruled. While involvement in detection brought local society into contact with the apparatus of government, uneducated laymen still had to be kept at arm's length, because judgements about heresy were deemed too subtle and important to be left to them. Detection required bishops and inquisitors to balance reported suspicions against canonical proof, and threats to public safety against the rights of the suspect and the deficiencies of human justice.
At present, the character and significance of heresy in late medieval England is the subject of much debate. Ian Forrest believes that this debate has to be informed by a greater awareness of the legal and social contexts within which heresy took on its many real and imagined attributes.

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10,8 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Ian Forrest - The Detection of Heresy in Late Medi eval England (2005).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

R. Po-chia Hsia - A Companion to the Reformation W orld (2004).jpg

This volume brings together 29 new essays by leading international scholars, to provide an inclusive overview of recent work in Reformation history. The articles examine the Reformation in its broadest definition, presenting the Catholic Renewal as a continuum of the Protestant Reformation. The essays span the late fifteenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century and they focus on the workings of religious reform in all areas of Latin Christendom and beyond to include Eastern as well as Western Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

Established topics are examined alongside new areas of study, incorporating the latest scholarship and conceptual debates to provide a wide-ranging survey of the state of contemporary Reformation historiography. The book will be the ideal reference for students and professional historians interested in understanding the current concerns and future direction of this field.

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5,0 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

R. Po-chia Hsia - A Companion to the Reformation W orld (2004).pdf

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280 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Thomas N. Bisson - The Crisis of the Twelfth Centu ry; Power, Lordship, and the Origins of European G overnment (2008).jpg

All History - Thomas N. Bisson - The Crisis of the Twelfth Century ...Lordship, and the Origins of European Government 2008.jpg

Medieval civilization came of age in thunderous events like the Norman Conquest and the First Crusade. Power fell into the hands of men around castles who imposed coercive new lordships in quest of nobility, heedless of the old public order. In The Crisis of the Twelfth Century, acclaimed historian Thomas Bisson asks what it was like to live in a Europe without government, and he asks how people experienced power, and suffered. Rethinking a familiar history as a problem of origins, he explores the circumstances that impelled knights, emperors, nobles, and churchmen to infuse lordship with social purpose.
Bisson traces the origins of European government to a crisis of lordship and its resolution. King John of England was only the latest and most conspicuous in a gallery of bad lords who dominated the populace instead of ruling it. Men like him had been all too commonplace in the twelfth century. More and more knights pretended to powers and status, encroached on clerical domains and exploited peasants, and came to seem threatening to social order and peace. Yet as Bisson shows, it was not so much the oppressed people as their tormentors who were in crisis. Covering all of Western Christendom, this book suggests what these violent people--and the outcries they provoked--contributed to the making of governments in kingdoms, principalities, and towns.

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15 lip 18 15:18

David Lyon, Rif Winfield - The Sail & Steam Navy L ist; All the Ships of the Royal Navy, 1815-1889 (2 004).jpg

David Lyon's highly regarded Sailing Navy List detailed every Royal Navy warship of the age of sail by era, ship type and class. This book is the much-anticipated follow-up volume. It provides details of design and construction history, technical specifications, and fates for all warships of the important but poorly documented period between 1815 and 1889, which saw the introduction of steam power and the gradual replacement of sail. Extensively illustrated, the new work includes a representative collection of original plans from the little-seen collection at the British National Maritime Museum. In addition, appendixes cover captured, purchased and hired vessels, as well as Coast Guard and packet vessels for which the Royal Navy was responsible. Rif Winfield ably brought this volume to fruition after David Lyon's death in 2000 and their final collaboration is sure to be treasured by historians as well as modelers for its detailed data and diagrams. 200 plans and illustrations.

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257,8 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

David Lyon, Rif Winfield - The Sail & Steam Navy L ist; All the Ships of the Royal Navy, 1815-1889 (2 004).pdf

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83 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

David Ivan Rankin - Athenagoras; Philosopher and t heologian (2009).jpg

Athenagoras of Athens was a Christian thinker of the second century who engaged with contemporary philosophical thought in the matters of the divine, and the relationship of that divine to the material world. While clearly a Christian apologist, Athenagoras presents doctrines of God, of the Holy Trinity, and of other theological matters which clearly evidence an engagement with Greek philosophical thought which goes beyond the merely linguistic and embraces the notion of God as true being. Athenagoras is a Church Father who has not been given great attention in twentieth-century and early twenty-first-century scholarship.This book explores Athenagoras' undeniable place in the development of Christian thought on the divine, on the Trinity, on the human person, and on the resurrection. His work provides an important link between the mid-second-century and the work of Justin and that of the third-century Christian theologians of the East.

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5,7 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

David Ivan Rankin - Athenagoras; Philosopher and t heologian (2009) [PDF].zip

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440 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Osprey PL - WBH 16 - Charles London - Bitwa Jutlan dzka 1916; Najwększa bitwa morska I wojny światowe j (2010).jpg

All History - Osprey PL - WBH 16 - Charles London - Bitwa Jutlandzk...ka 1916 Najwększa bitwa morska I wojny światowej 2010.jpg

Wiceadmirał Reinhard Scheer dał rozkaz „cała naprzód" z kominów 22 pancerników buchnęły kłęby czarnego dymu. Na przedzie mknęły cztery pancerniki typu JCónig. Dzięki turbinom osiągały prędkość znacznie wyższą niż okręty napędzane silnikami tłokowymi. Gdzieś na przedzie krążowniki liniowe z grupy rozpoznania {Aufklarungsgruppe) wiceadmirała Franza Hippcra toczyły bitwę pościgową z brytyjskimi krążownikami liniowymi i jedną eskadrą drednotów. Była to jedyna w swoim rodzaju okazja, na którą Scheer i jego flota czekali przez całą swoją karierę. Od roku 1914 Niemcy, nic mogąc liczyć na wygraną ze znacznie liczniejszą flotą brytyjską, mieli nadzieję, że uda im się zaskoczyć i zniszczyć eskadrę okrętów brytyjskich operującą samodzielnie. Właśnie teraz była ku temu okazja. Pancerniki niemieckie zaczęły już ostrzeliwać z daleka pancerniki brytyjskie. Brytyjczycy zmienili kurs i ruszyli całą naprzód na północ. Jeden celny strzał zdałby ich na łaskę i niełaskę niemieckiej Floty Pełnomorskiej. Na mostku kapitańskim okrętu flagowego Scheera, pancernika „Friedrich der Grosse", panował nastrój radosnego wyczekiwania.

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M. M. Postan - Mediaeval Trade and Finance (2002).jpg

Professor Postan's work on the social and economic history of the Middle Ages has had an enormous influence upon the study of medieval history and upon the development of the subject. His essays represent his major contribution and are a unique and valuable addition to the literature. Twenty-two essays are gathered together into two volumes: Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of the Medieval Economy and Medieval Trade and Finance. Previously published elsewhere, frequently in obscure places, over a period from 1928 to 1972, they are still used today by students and scholars in all branches of medieval and economic history as well as by social scientists and economists more generally.

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M. M. Postan - Mediaeval Trade and Finance (2002).djvu

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Catherine Rider - Magic and Impotence in the Middl e Ages (2006).jpg

Magic and Impotence in the Middle Ages investigates the common medieval belief that magic could cause impotence, focusing particularly on the period 1150-1450. The subject has never been studied in detail before, but there is a surprisingly large amount of information about it in four kinds of source: confessors' manuals; medical compendia that discussed many illnesses; commentaries on canon law; and theological commentaries on the Sentences of Peter Lombard. Although most historians of medieval culture focus on only one or two of these kinds of source, a broader comparison reveals that medieval writers held surprisingly diverse opinions about what magic was, how it worked, and whether it was ever legitimate to use it.
Medieval discussions of magically caused impotence also include a great deal of information about magical practices, most of which have not been studied before. In particular, these sources say a great deal about popular magic, a subject which has been particularly neglected by historians because the evidence is scanty and difficult to interpret. Magic and Impotence makes new information about popular magic available for the first time. Magic and Impotence also examines why the authors of legal, medical, and theological texts were so interested in popular magical practices relating to impotence. It therefore uses magically caused impotence as a case-study to explore the relationship between elite and popular culture.

In particular, this study emphasizes the importance of the thirteenth-century pastoral reform movement, which sought to enforce more orthodox religious practices. Historians have often noted that this movement brought churchmen into contact with popular beliefs, but this is the first study to demonstrate the profound effect it had on theological and legal ideas about magic.

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Catherine Rider - Magic and Impotence in the Middl e Ages (2006).pdf

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Paul Naudon - The Secret History of Freemasonry; I ts Origins and Connection to the Knights Templar ( 2005).jpg

Explores the hidden history of Freemasonry from ancient Rome, through the Middle Ages, to the present
• Shows the close connection between medieval masons and the Knights Templar
• Illustrates the sacred nature of Roman and medieval trade associations
• Reveals the missing link that connects the lodges of modern Freemasonry to the medieval brotherhoods of builders

Historians often make a sharp distinction between the operative Masonry of the Middle Ages and the speculative Masonry of modern times, emphasizing that there is no direct bridge connecting the two. Modern historians also have scoffed at Masonic claims concerning the close relationship between the Lodge and the Temple. Using medieval archives housed throughout Europe, historian Paul Naudon reveals that there was in fact a very intimate connection between the Masons and the Knights Templar. Church records of medieval Paris show that most, if not all, the Masons of that time were residents of the Templar censive, which allowed them to enjoy great exemptions and liberties from both church and state as a result of the protection afforded them by this powerful order.

Naudon shows that the origins of Freemasonry can be traced back to the collegia of ancient Rome. He traces the evolution of organizations such as the Comacine Masters, the Arab turuqs, and the brotherhoods of builders created under the aegis of the Benedictines and the Knights Templar, all of which provide the vehicle for the transmission of a sacred tradition from pre-Christian times to the modern era. This tradition is the source of Masonic ritual and symbolism, and it provides the missing link in the transformation of the operative Masonry of the medieval cathedral builders to the spiritual principles of modern speculative Masonry.

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