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	!! HISTORIA - książki, artykuły
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2,3 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

M. M. Postan - Mediaeval Trade and Finance (2002).djvu

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15 lip 18 15:18

Catherine Rider - Magic and Impotence in the Middl e Ages (2006).jpg

Magic and Impotence in the Middle Ages investigates the common medieval belief that magic could cause impotence, focusing particularly on the period 1150-1450. The subject has never been studied in detail before, but there is a surprisingly large amount of information about it in four kinds of source: confessors' manuals; medical compendia that discussed many illnesses; commentaries on canon law; and theological commentaries on the Sentences of Peter Lombard. Although most historians of medieval culture focus on only one or two of these kinds of source, a broader comparison reveals that medieval writers held surprisingly diverse opinions about what magic was, how it worked, and whether it was ever legitimate to use it.
Medieval discussions of magically caused impotence also include a great deal of information about magical practices, most of which have not been studied before. In particular, these sources say a great deal about popular magic, a subject which has been particularly neglected by historians because the evidence is scanty and difficult to interpret. Magic and Impotence makes new information about popular magic available for the first time. Magic and Impotence also examines why the authors of legal, medical, and theological texts were so interested in popular magical practices relating to impotence. It therefore uses magically caused impotence as a case-study to explore the relationship between elite and popular culture.

In particular, this study emphasizes the importance of the thirteenth-century pastoral reform movement, which sought to enforce more orthodox religious practices. Historians have often noted that this movement brought churchmen into contact with popular beliefs, but this is the first study to demonstrate the profound effect it had on theological and legal ideas about magic.

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2,9 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Catherine Rider - Magic and Impotence in the Middl e Ages (2006).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Paul Naudon - The Secret History of Freemasonry; I ts Origins and Connection to the Knights Templar ( 2005).jpg

Explores the hidden history of Freemasonry from ancient Rome, through the Middle Ages, to the present
• Shows the close connection between medieval masons and the Knights Templar
• Illustrates the sacred nature of Roman and medieval trade associations
• Reveals the missing link that connects the lodges of modern Freemasonry to the medieval brotherhoods of builders

Historians often make a sharp distinction between the operative Masonry of the Middle Ages and the speculative Masonry of modern times, emphasizing that there is no direct bridge connecting the two. Modern historians also have scoffed at Masonic claims concerning the close relationship between the Lodge and the Temple. Using medieval archives housed throughout Europe, historian Paul Naudon reveals that there was in fact a very intimate connection between the Masons and the Knights Templar. Church records of medieval Paris show that most, if not all, the Masons of that time were residents of the Templar censive, which allowed them to enjoy great exemptions and liberties from both church and state as a result of the protection afforded them by this powerful order.

Naudon shows that the origins of Freemasonry can be traced back to the collegia of ancient Rome. He traces the evolution of organizations such as the Comacine Masters, the Arab turuqs, and the brotherhoods of builders created under the aegis of the Benedictines and the Knights Templar, all of which provide the vehicle for the transmission of a sacred tradition from pre-Christian times to the modern era. This tradition is the source of Masonic ritual and symbolism, and it provides the missing link in the transformation of the operative Masonry of the medieval cathedral builders to the spiritual principles of modern speculative Masonry.

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1,6 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Paul Naudon - The Secret History of Freemasonry; I ts Origins and Connection to the Knights Templar ( 2005).pdf

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32 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Rosamond McKitterick - The Uses of Literacy in Ear ly Mediaeval Europe (1990).jpg

The book investigates the ways in which literacy was important in early medieval Europe, and examines the context of literacy, its uses, levels, and distribution, in a number of different early medieval societies, including Ireland, Anglo-Saxon England, Visigothic and Umayyad Spain, Papal Rome, and Byzantium, between c. 400 and c. 1000. The contributors set out to provide the factual basis for assessments of the significance of literacy in the early medieval world and analyze the significance of literacy, its implications, and its consequences for the various societies. In all cases, the studies represent new research and provide fascinating insights into the attitudes of early medieval societies toward the written word.

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12,8 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Rosamond McKitterick - The Uses of Literacy in Ear ly Mediaeval Europe (1990).pdf

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273 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

John North - God's Clockmaker (2006).jpg

Clocks became common in late medieval Europe and the measurement of time began to rule everyday life. "God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time" is a biography of England's greatest medieval scientist, a man who solved major practical and theoretical problems to build an extraordinary and pioneering astronomical and astrological clock. Richard of Wallingford (1292-1336), the son of a blacksmith, was a brilliant mathematician with a genius for the practical solution of technical problems. Trained at Oxford, he became a monk and then abbot of the great abbey of St Albans, where he built his clock. Although as abbot he held great power, he was also a tragic figure, becoming a leper. His achievement, nevertheless, is a striking example of the sophistication of medieval science, based on knowledge handed down from the Greeks via the Arabs.

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27,9 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

John North - God's Clockmaker (2006).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Tim William Machan - English in the Middle Ages (2 005).jpg

What did people in England in the Middle Ages think about language? What was their view of English, French, and Latin, and how did this influence the way they communicated? This book uses these questions as a basis for a ground-breaking investigation into the use and status of the English language in medieval England. Professor Machan suggests that many linguistic, literary, and historical considerations of medieval statements on language have significantly failed to take into account the social and linguistic contexts of their production. In this volume he explores not only medieval ideas about language but also the discursive traditions which generated them.

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15 lip 18 15:18

Tim William Machan - English in the Middle Ages (2 005).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Niall Christie, Maya Yazigi - Noble Ideals and Blo ody Realities; Warfare in the Middle Ages (2006).jpg

The contributions presented in this volume address several issues related to the topic of medieval warfare from a variety of disciplinary perspectives and examining a number of geographical regions. The contributors analyze social and economic issues, military strategy, technological and medical developments, ideology and rhetoric, and address warfare in Europe, the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world. In three parts, the contributors explore warfare in theory, warfare in practice and warfare as perceived through medieval and modern historiography. In doing so they present a number of engaging case studies that will be of use to students and scholars interested in warfare and its effects on medieval society.

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9,6 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Niall Christie, Maya Yazigi - Noble Ideals and Blo ody Realities; Warfare in the Middle Ages (2006).rar

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15 lip 18 15:18

Charles T. Wood - Joan of Arc and Richard III; Sex , Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages (1991).jpg

Joan of Arc and Richard III loom large in the histories of their countries, but the myths surrounding them have always obscured just who they were and what they hoped to accomplish. In this book, medieval historian Charles Wood brings these fascinating figures to life through an original combination of traditional biography and wide-ranging discussion of the political and social world in which they lived. Wood draws on a range of unusual sources--from art and legal codes to chronicles and lives of saints--to present a new picture of medieval people and their concerns. Focusing on topics often neglected by other historians, he includes lively discussions of royal adultery scandals, child-kings and the problems they posed, and earlier people and crises that helped to shape the culture of sex and sainthood that was profoundly that of the Middle Ages. In so doing, he clarifies the historical contributions of Richard and Joan, and sheds new light on the political, social, and religious forces that shaped medieval government and made France and England such widely different countries.

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9,4 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Charles T. Wood - Joan of Arc and Richard III; Sex , Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages (1991).pdf

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269 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Peter D. Clarke - The Interdict in the Thirteenth Century; A Question of Collective Guilt (2002).jpg

The interdict was an important and frequent event in medieval society. It was an ecclesiastical sanction which had the effect of closing churches and suspending religious services. Often imposed on an entire community because its leaders had violated the rights and laws of the Church, popes exploited it as a political weapon in their conflicts with secular rulers during the thirteenth century. In this book, Peter Clarke examines this significant but neglected subject, presenting a wealth of new evidence drawn from manuscripts and archival sources. He begins by exploring the basic legal and moral problem raised by the interdict: how could a sanction that punished many for the sins of the few be justified? From the twelfth-century, jurists and theologians argued that those who consented to the crimes of others shared in the responsibility and punishment for them. Hence important questions are raised about medieval ideas of community, especially about the relationship between its head and members. The book goes on to explore how the interdict was meant to work according to the medieval canonists, and how it actually worked in practice. In particular it examines princely and popular reactions to interdicts and how these encouraged the papacy to reform the sanction in order to make it more effective. Evidence including detailed case-studies of the interdict in action, is drawn from across thirteenth-century Europe--a time when the papacy's legislative activity and interference in the affairs of secular rulers were at their height.

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2,6 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Peter D. Clarke - The Interdict in the Thirteenth Century; A Question of Collective Guilt (2002).pdf

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190 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Alaric Hal - Elves in Anglo-Saxon England; Matters of Belief, Health, Gender and Identity (2007).jpg

Anglo-Saxon elves (Old English ælfe) are one of the best attested non-Christian beliefs in early medieval Europe, but current interpretations of the evidence derive directly from outdated nineteenth- and early twentieth-century scholarship. Integrating linguistic and textual approaches into an anthropologically-inspired framework, this book reassesses the full range of evidence. It traces continuities and changes in medieval non-Christian beliefs with a new degree of reliability, from pre-conversion times to the eleventh century and beyond, and uses comparative material from medieval Ireland and Scandinavia to argue for a dynamic relationship between beliefs and society. In particular, it interprets the cultural significance of elves as a cause of illness in medical texts, and provides new insights into the much-discussed Scandinavian magic of seidr. Elf-beliefs, moreover, were connected with Anglo-Saxon constructions of sex and gender; their changing nature provides a rare insight into a fascinating area of early medieval European culture. Shortlisted for the Katharine Briggs Folklore Award 2007 ALARIC HALL is a fellow of the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies.

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2,8 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Alaric Hal - Elves in Anglo-Saxon England; Matters of Belief, Health, Gender and Identity (2007).pdf

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181 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Joseph P. Byrne - The Black Death (2004).jpg

An ideal introduction and guide to the greatest natural disaster to ever curse humanity, replete with illustrations, biographical sketches, and primary documents. Presents medieval and modern perspectives of this disturbing yet fascinating tragic historical episode.
JOSEPH P. BYRNE is a European historian and Associate Professor of Honors at Belmont University in Nashville, TN. He has conducted research and published articles on a wide variety of subjects, from Roman catacombs to American urbanization, though his area of expertise is Italy in the era of the Black Death.

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2,6 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Joseph P. Byrne - The Black Death (2004).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Ambrus Miskolczy - Hitler's Library (2003).jpg

The first book that presents the so called Hitler-Library. It sheds new lights on the readings of Hitler and on his technics how to read a book. He played the role of the ideal reader of Schoppenhauer, nevertheless his remarks destroy the image of the contemporary Hitler-cult, mainly if we see how he read Ernst Jünger, Richard Wagner, or Paul de Lagarde, and how he reread his Mein Kampf.
Hitler is presented in this book as a reader and it verifies the explication of his personality (Hitler as follower of Wagner, Hitler as philosopher, Hitler as crazy, Hitler as clever politician, Hitler as hero): it gives the picture of a half-educated gangster.
As a kind of explication of the success of the nazism and that of the Hitler myth, the book tries to show the gnostic character of the phenomenon. This is a warning to the static views of the traditional historiography.

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2,7 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Ambrus Miskolczy - Hitler's Library (2003).pdf

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322 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Thomas W. Neumann - Practicing Archaeology; An Int roduction to Cultural Resources Archaeology (2010).jpg

This book is an excellent reference tool for consulting firms, contractors, graduate students, and others who need to know the nuts and bolts of professional archaeology.

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10,4 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Thomas W. Neumann - Practicing Archaeology; An Int roduction to Cultural Resources Archaeology (2010).pdf

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284 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Andy Wood - The 1549 Rebellions and the Making of Early Modern England (2007).jpg

This is a major new study of the 1549 rebellions, the largest and most important risings in Tudor England. Based upon extensive new archival evidence, the book sheds fresh light on the causes, course and long-term consequences of the insurrections. Andy Wood focuses on key themes in the new social history of politics, concerning the end of medieval popular rebellion; the Reformation and popular politics; popular political language; early modern state formation; speech, silence and social relations; and social memory and the historical representation of the rebellions. He examines the long-term significance of the rebellions for the development of English society, arguing that the rebellions represent an important moment of discontinuity between the late medieval and the early modern periods. This compelling new history of Tudor politics from the bottom up will be essential reading for late medieval and early modern historians as well as early modern literary critics.

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15 lip 18 15:18

Geoff Mortimer - Early Modern Military History, 14 50-1815 (2004).jpg

Key military developments occurred in the Early Modern period, during which armies evolved from troops of medieval knights to Napoleon's mass levies. Firearms impelled change, necessitating new battlefield tactics and fundamentally altering siege and naval warfare. The size and cost of military forces expanded enormously, and new standing armies underpinned the growing absolutist power of princes. Academic experts from both sides of the Atlantic review these developments, discussing the medieval legacy, Spain, the Ottoman Turks, the Thirty Years War, Prussia, the ancient regime and the Napoleonic Wars, together with sea power, the American Revolution and warfare outside the West.

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0,8 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Geoff Mortimer - Early Modern Military History, 14 50-1815 (2004).pdf

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355 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Chris Wickham - Framing the Early Middle Ages; Eur ope and the Mediterranean, 400-800 (2007).jpg

The Roman empire tends to be seen as a whole whereas the early middle ages tends to be seen as a collection of regional histories, roughly corresponding to the land-areas of modern nation states. As a result, early medieval history is much more fragmented, and there have been few convincing syntheses of socio-economic change in the post-Roman world since the 1930s. In recent decades, the rise of early medieval archaeology has also transformed our source-base, but this has not been adequately integrated into analyses of documentary history in almost any country.
In Framing the Early Middle Ages Chris Wickham aims at integrating documentary and archaeological evidence together, and also, above all, at creating a comparative history of the period 400-800, by means of systematic comparative analyses of each of the regions of the latest Roman and immediately post-Roman world, from Denmark to Egypt (only the Slav areas are left out). The book concentrates on classic socio-economic themes, state finance, the wealth and identity of the aristocracy, estate management, peasant society, rural settlement, cities, and exchange. These are only a partial picture of the period, but they are intended as a framing for other developments, without which those other developments cannot be properly understood.
Wickham argues that only a complex comparative analysis can act as the basis for a wider synthesis. Whilst earlier syntheses have taken the development of a single region as 'typical', with divergent developments presented as exceptions, this book takes all different developments as typical, and aims to construct a synthesis based on a better understanding of difference and the reasons for it. This is the most ambitious and original survey of the period ever written.

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15 lip 18 15:18

James L. Larson - Reforming the North; The Kingdom s and Churches of Scandinavia, 1520-1545 (2010).jpg

The turbulence of the Protestant Reformation marks a turning point in European history, but the Scandinavian contribution to this revolution is not well known outside the Northern world. Reforming the North focuses on twenty-five years (1520-1545 A.D.) of this history, during which Scandinavians terminated the medieval Union of Kalmar, toppled the Catholic Church, ended the commercial dominance of the German Hanse, and laid the foundations for centralized states on the ruins of old institutions and organizations. This book traces the chaotic and often violent transfer of resources and authority from the decentralized structures of medieval societies to the early modernstates and their territorial churches. Religious reform is regarded as an essential element in the process - in the context of social unrest, political conflict, and long-term changes in finance, trade, and warfare. Reformingthe North offers a broad perspective on this turbulent period and on the implications of the Protestant Reformation for Northern history.

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