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	!! HISTORIA - książki, artykuły
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10,1 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Victoria R. Rumble - Soup Through the Ages, A Culi nary History with Period Recipes (2009).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

James Murray - Enforcing the English Reformation i n Ireland, Clerical Resistance and Political Confl ict in the Diocese of Dublin, 1534-1590 (2009).jpg

All History - James Murray - Enforcing the English Reformation in I...al Conflict in the Diocese of Dublin, 1534-1590 2009.jpg

This book explores the enforcement of the English Reformation in the heartland of English Ireland during the sixteenth century. Focusing on the diocese of Dublin - the central ecclesiastical unit of the Pale - James Murray explains why the various initiatives undertaken by the reforming archbishops of Dublin, and several of the Tudor viceroys, to secure the allegiance of the indigenous community to the established church ultimately failed. Led by its clergy, the Pale's loyal colonial community ultimately rejected the Reformation and Protestantism because it perceived them to be irreconcilable with its own traditional English culture and medieval Catholic identity. Dr Murray identifies the Marian period, and the opening decade of Elizabeth I's reign, as the crucial times during which this attachment to survivalist Catholicism solidified, and became a sufficiently powerful ideological force to stand against the theological and liturgical innovations advanced by the Protestant reformers.

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5,1 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

James Murray - Enforcing the English Reformation i n Ireland, Clerical Resistance and Political Confl ict in the Diocese of Dublin, 1534-1590 (2009).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

G. R. S. Mead - The Hymns Of Hermes (2006).jpg

These writings are attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, an ancient Egyptian sage, the founder of all arts and sciences, both mundane and spiritual. Rather than being an actual person, Hermes is the Egyptian personification of the "Gnostic Revealer." Hymns of Hermes examines Hermetic ecstatic hymns, which are songs of a poetic nature used to describe the Gnosis of Hermetic attainment—the ecstatic personal experience of the divine. The invaluable commentary from author G.R.S. Mead makes the hymns themselves comprehensible and relevant to modern seekers, removing the veil of the occult to reveal the secrets behind these verses. He also draws parallels between Gnostic and Hermetic thought, which were strikingly similar. For anyone interested in Gnostic thought and the formation of early Christian doctrine, it is hard to ignore the parallels in Hermetic teachings from the same era. In his introduction, Stephan A. Hoeller describes the role and influence of Hermetic thought on the early Church and Gnostics, its position in the history of Western thought, and its renaissance in Gnostic and Hermetic studies today. This little volume, which might well be called initiatory, is an excellent introduction to the Hermetic Gnosis.

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5,0 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

G. R. S. Mead - The Hymns Of Hermes (2006).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Robert M. Baum - Shrines of the Slave Trade, Diola Religion and Society in Precolonial Senegambia (1 999).jpg

In this groundbreaking work, Robert Baum seeks to reconstruct the religious and social history of the Diola communities in southern Senegal during the precolonial era, when the Atlantic slave trade was at its height. Baum shows that Diola community leaders used a complex of religious shrines and priesthoods to regulate and contain the influence of the slave trade. He demonstrates how this colse involvement with the traders significantly changed Diola religious life.

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15 lip 18 15:18

David Cressy - England on Edge, Crisis and Revolut ion 1640-1642 (2006).jpg

England on Edge deals with the collapse of the government of Charles I, the disintegration of the Church of England, and the accompanying cultural panic that led to civil war. Focused on the years 1640 to 1642, it examines stresses and fractures in social, political, and religious culture, and the emergence of an unrestrained popular press. Hundreds of people not normally seen in historical surveys make appearances here, in a drama much larger than the struggle of king and parliament. Historians commonly assert that royalists and parliamentarians parted company over issues of principle, constitutional scruples, and religious belief, but a more complex picture emerges from the environment of anxiety, mistrust, and fear.
Rather than seeing England's revolutionary transformation as a product of the civil war, as has been common among historians, David Cressy finds the world turned upside down in the two years preceding the outbreak of hostilities. The humbling of Charles I, the erosion of the royal prerogative, and the rise of an executive parliament were central features of the revolutionary drama of 1640-1642. The collapse of the Laudian ascendancy, the splintering of the established church, the rise of radical sectarianism, and the emergence of an Anglican resistance all took place in these two years before the beginnings of bloodshed. The world of public discourse became rapidly energized and expanded, in counterpoint with an exuberantly unfettered press and a deeply traumatized state.
These linked processes, and the disruptive contradictions within them, made this a time of shaking and of prayer. England's elite encountered multiple transgressions, some more imagined than real, involving lay encroachments on the domain of the clergy, lowly intrusions into matters of state, the city clashing with the court, the street with institutions of government, and women undermining the territories of men. The simultaneity, concatenation, and cumulative, compounding effect of these disturbances added to their ferocious intensity, and helped to bring down England's ancien regime. This was the revolution before the Revolution, the revolution that led to civil war.

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2,0 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

David Cressy - England on Edge, Crisis and Revolut ion 1640-1642 (2006).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Sean Dobson - Authority and Upheaval in Leipzig, 1 910-1920 (2000).jpg

In the fall of 1918, after it had become clear that the Great War was lost, revolution broke out in Germany. In the area around Leipzig, workers supported the revolution with unusual determination, in many cases seeking to socialize their companies on their own authority. In the first book to devote serious scholarly attention to Leipzig´s turbulent transition from authoritarian monarchy to democratic republic, Sean Dobson offers a cogent history of political change in what was one of Germany´s most industrialized and politically radical districts. During most of the postWWII period, only Leninist historians -following the strict ideological guidelines dictated by the Socialist Unity Party of the German Democratic Republic -were permitted access to the relevant archives. With the fall of the Berlin Wall, Dobson gained unprecedented access to those archives. His study tells the real story of what happened in one of the revolution´s storm centers and enriches the larger theoretical discussion of class and identity formation. Because the turmoil in and around Leipzig is incomprehensible without an understanding of the region before 1914, Dobson details the antecedents of the revolution. In the process, he challenges common historiographical assumptions about prewar and wartime Germany.

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15 lip 18 15:18

Christopher Hodgkins - Reforming Empire, Protestan t Colonialism and Conscience in British Literature (2002).jpg

All History - Christopher Hodgkins - Reforming Empire, Protestant C...Colonialism and Conscience in British Literature 2002.jpg

In Reforming Empire, Christopher Hodgkins shows how for more than four centuries the Protestant imagination gave the British Empire its main paradigms for dominion and also, ironically, its chief languages of anti-imperial dissent.

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10,4 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Christopher Hodgkins - Reforming Empire, Protestan t Colonialism and Conscience in British Literature (2002).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Rosemary A. Joyce - Gender and Power in Prehispani c Mesoamerica (2001).jpg

Gender was a fluid potential, not a fixed category, before the Spaniards came to Mesoamerica. Childhood training and ritual shaped, but did not set, adult gender, which could encompass third genders and alternative sexualities as well as "male" and "female." At the height of the Classic period, Maya rulers presented themselves as embodying the entire range of gender possibilities, from male through female, by wearing blended costumes and playing male and female roles in state ceremonies. This landmark book offers the first comprehensive description and analysis of gender and power relations in prehispanic Mesoamerica from the Formative Period Olmec world (ca. 1500-500 BC) through the Postclassic Maya and Aztec societies of the sixteenth century AD. Using approaches from contemporary gender theory, Rosemary Joyce explores how Mesoamericans created human images to represent idealized notions of what it meant to be male and female and to depict proper gender roles. She then juxtaposes these images with archaeological evidence from burials, house sites, and body ornaments, which reveals that real gender roles were more fluid and variable than the stereotyped images suggest. Rosemary A. Joyce is Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley.

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3,9 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Rosemary A. Joyce - Gender and Power in Prehispani c Mesoamerica (2001) [PDF].rar

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87 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Ross Hassig - Time, History, and Belief in Aztec a nd Colonial Mexico (2001).jpg

Based on their enormously complex calendars that recorded cycles of many kinds, the Aztecs and other ancient Mesoamerican civilizations are generally believed to have had a cyclical, rather than linear, conception of time and history. This boldly revisionist book challenges that understanding. Ross Hassig offers convincing evidence that for the Aztecs time was predominantly linear, that it was manipulated by the state as a means of controlling a dispersed tribute empire, and that the Conquest cut off state control and severed the unity of the calendar, leaving only the lesser cycles. From these, he asserts, we have inadequately reconstructed the pre-Columbian calendar and so misunderstood the Aztec conception of time and history. Hassig first presents the traditional explanation of the Aztec calendrical system and its ideological functions and then marshals contrary evidence to argue that the Aztec elite deliberately used calendars and timekeeping to achieve practical political ends. He further traces how the Conquest played out in the temporal realm as Spanish conceptions of time partially displaced the Aztec ones. His findings promise to revolutionize our understanding of how the Aztecs and other Mesoamerican societies conceived of time and history.

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10,0 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Ross Hassig - Time, History, and Belief in Aztec a nd Colonial Mexico (2001).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Edmond A. Boudreaux - The Archaeology of Town Cree k (2007).jpg

The sequence of change for public architecture during the Mississippian period may reflect a centralization of political power through time. In the research presented here, some of the community-level assumptions attributed to the appearance of Mississippian mounds are tested against the archaeological record of the Town Creek site—the remains of a town located on the northeastern edge of the Mississippian culture area. In particular, the archaeological record of Town Creek is used to test the idea that the appearance of Mississippian platform mounds was accompanied by the centralization of political authority in the hands of a powerful chief.

A compelling argument has been made that mounds were the seats and symbols of political power within Mississippian societies. While platform mounds have been a part of Southeastern Native American communities since at least 100 B.C., around A.D. 400 leaders in some communities began to place their houses on top of earthen mounds—an act that has been interpreted as an attempt to legitimize personal authority by a community leader through the appropriation of a powerful, traditional, community-oriented symbol. Platform mounds at a number of sites were preceded by a distinctive type of building called an earthlodge—a structure with earth-embanked walls and an entrance indicated by short, parallel wall trenches. Earthlodges in the Southeast have been interpreted as places where a council of community leaders came together to make decisions based on consensus. In contrast to the more inclusive function proposed for premound earthlodges, it has been argued that access to the buildings on top of Mississippian platform mounds was limited to a much smaller subset of the community. If this was the case and if ground-level earthlodges were more accessible than mound-summit structures, then access to leaders and leadership may have decreased through time.

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1,6 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Edmond A. Boudreaux - The Archaeology of Town Cree k (2007).pdf

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214 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Douglas Clark, Victor Matthews - One Hundred Years of American Archaeology in the Levant, Proceeding s of the ASOR Centennial Celebration, Washington, DC, April 2000 (2003).jpg

All History - Douglas Clark, Victor Matthews - One Hundred Years of...ntennial Celebration, Washington, DC, April 2000 2003.jpg

This volume presents an important collection of essays on history and archaeology of the Ancient Near East, written by the leading scholars in the field. Based on papers presented at the ASOR Centennial Celebration in Washington DC in 2000, these essays provide a useful synthesis of the results of North American excavations in the Middle East region over the past century, and their implications for historical and anthropological research. But the focus is not just retrospective; some of the contributors are also concerned with a prospective view, seeking to address how archaeologists should proceed with their work at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Most of the papers concentrate on the major historical periods, from the Bronze and Iron Ages to the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman, Byzantine and Islamic Periods; they also consider specific geographical areas and other thematic topics, such technology, religion, economics and politics.

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32,0 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Douglas Clark, Victor Matthews - One Hundred Years of American Archaeology in the Levant, Proceeding s of the ASOR Centennial Celebration, Washington, DC, April 2000 (2003).pdf

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15 lip 18 15:18

Zhand Shakibi - Revolutions and the Collapse of th e Monarchy, Human Agency and the Making of Revolut ion in France, Russia and Iran (2007).jpg

All History - Zhand Shakibi - Revolutions and the Collapse of the M... Making of Revolution in France, Russia and Iran 2007.jpg

What caused revolution among the last major monarchies of the modern period? Why were Louis XVI, Nicholas II and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi all overthrown and was this the result of their historical background or individual action? This powerful and original book is the first comparative study of the implosion of the monarchical regimes in Bourbon France, Romanov Russia and Pahlavi Iran. Seeking to understand fully the causes and timing of the French, Russian and Iranian revolutions, Shakibi examines the complex interaction between the personality and behavior of the monarchs and the different problems faced by their regimes which turned a potentially revolutionary situation into the revolutions which engulfed France in the eighteenth century, Russia in 1917 and Iran in 1978-8. Drawing on a huge amount of primary and archival research throughout the world, Revolutions and the Collapse of the Monarchy argues that it is human agency which often provides the vital spark which produces revolution. An ambitious and important counter-blast to traditional theories of revolution.

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181 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Christopher Mcgowan - The Dragon Seekers, How an E xtraordinary Circle of Fossilists Discovered the D inosaurs and Paved the Way for Darwin (2002).jpg

All History - Christopher Mcgowan - The Dragon Seekers, How an Extr...ered the Dinosaurs and Paved the Way for Darwin 2002.jpg

Though inarguably revolutionary, Charles Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection had many intellectual forebears, some of them little known. One was Mary Anning, a young Dorset woman who, in the early 19th century, turned to "fossiling" to earn a living, supplying private collectors and museums with the curiosities she found in the chalk cliffs--and who knew far more about comparative anatomy than many of the academics of her time. Anning's identification of unknown dinosaur species and explanations of curiosities such as the ichthyosaurus's kinked tail provided grist for contemporary scientists, who, arguing against theological orthodoxy, sought to extend the chronology of life far into the past--and who, in the bargain, published Anning's work as their own even as they professed scorn for amateurs.

In this lucid and lively book, Christopher McGowan, a Canadian zoologist, examines the contributions to 19th-century science of Anning and other self-taught fossil-hunters, from difficult eccentrics like Thomas Hawkins to superb scholars like Richard Owen, all of whom had to battle plenty of orthodoxies in their status-conscious time. They succeeded admirably, McGowan suggests, and they should provide inspiration for other amateurs in science. For, he writes, "the future for paleontological discoveries looks very bright ... [and] many of the most important finds will be made by those who are not employed as paleontologists."

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8,8 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Christopher Mcgowan - The Dragon Seekers, How an E xtraordinary Circle of Fossilists Discovered the D inosaurs and Paved the Way for Darwin (2002).pdf

zachomikowany

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15 lip 18 15:18

Dougal Dixon - The New Dinosaurs, An Alternative E volution (1988).jpg

I absolutely love this book. I have a well-read, well-loved copy that I've owned since my parents bought it for me back when I was seven or eight years old, and I wouldn't trade it for the world. In this book, Dougal Dixon (known for his alternate evolution scenarios like 'After Man: A Zoology of the Future' and 'The Future is Wild') posits a world where the dinosaurs never died out. He opens up with a nice introduction to dinosaurs and mass extinctions, and then goes on to give charts detailing his alternate evolution, information on continental drift, different biomes and regions of the earth, and how lifeforms adapt to everything from tropical rainforests to open deserts and grasslands to the seas. Then we get into the REAL meat of the book.

Arranged by region, we get to see richly illustrated creatures that might have evolved, had the dinosaurs not vanished 65 million years ago. We are introduced to ground dwelling pterosaurs on the African savannah, sleek theropods that stalk the great herds of hadrosaurs on the North American plain, armored ankylosaurs on the Asian steppe, giant ammonites and the pleisosaurs that adapted to eat them, and armless, scavenging descendants of the tyrannosaur in Patagonia. These, and the countless other fascinating, yet believable, creatures all show parallels to contemporary animals like pandas, flamingos, whales, jerboas, pelicans, woodpeckers, and so forth. And, not all dinosaurs survived Dixon's either. He mentions the last stegosaurs as dying out on the Indian subcontinent 2 million years ago, for instance.

Creationists and other such types will probably find the whole concept a bit objectionable, but those of us who accept evolution can look at this book as a fascinating read, an alternate look at the potential creatures that may have evolved were the dinosaurs with us today. Its really sci-fi in the strictest sense of the word, and a fun read to boot, so I definately recommend getting your hands on a copy when (if) you can find it.

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Nicholas C. Fraser and Hans-Dieter Sues - In the S hadow of the Dinosaurs, Early Mesozoic Tetrapods ( 1997).jpg

All History - Nicholas C. Fraser and Hans-Dieter Sues - In the Shad...hadow of the Dinosaurs, Early Mesozoic Tetrapods 1997.jpg

This book is the first attempt to collate all the information known to date on the small vertebrates, e.g. mammals, crocodiles, turtles, lizards, frogs, salamanders, etc., and features contributions by experts with international reputations in their fields. There are chapters on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the key vertebrate groups followed by a section dealing with the most significant fossiliferous assemblages worldwide. The final section looks at how faunal turnover at this time is measured and examines the possibility of mass extinctions.

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Nicholas C. Fraser and Hans-Dieter Sues - In the S hadow of the Dinosaurs, Early Mesozoic Tetrapods ( 1997).pdf

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Pei-ji Chen, Yuan Wang, Yuan-qing Wang, and Mee-Ma nn Chang - The Jehol Fossils, The Emergence of Fea thered Dinosaurs, Beaked Birds and Flowering Plant s (2008).jpg

All History - Pei-ji Chen, Yuan Wang, Yuan-qing Wang, and Mee-Mann ...ed Dinosaurs, Beaked Birds and Flowering Plants 2008.jpg

No other single volume reference to the Jehol site and its fossils exists and nowhere is there such a collection of fine photos of the fossils concerned. This book has pieced together the most up-to-date information on the Jehol Biota, a place that has shown the world some of the most astonishing fossil finds including the first complete skeleton of Archaeopteryx in 1861, four-winged dinosaurs- many feathered ones, the first beaked bird, the first plants with flowers and fruits, and thousands of species of invertebrates. Authors shed new light on a number of interesting theoretical issues in evolutionary biology today, such as the origin and early evolution of some major taxonomic groups.

The first two chapters give an inviting introduction to the Jehol Biota in terms of its history of study, its main components, its scientific importance, its geographical, geological and biostratigraphic framework, and its renowned fossil discoveries. Each of the remaining chapters deals with a particular organismal group of the Biota written by leading experts. The book is lavishly illustrated with nearly 280 illustrations, which include 200 photographs that show the diversity of the taxa and beauty of their preservation. The colored life restorations, elegantly done by some of China's most celebrated scientific illustrators, give a kiss of life to the dead bones. Although targeted primarily at an educated public, the book is also an invaluable source of information for students and professionals in paleontology, geology, evolutionary biology and science education in general.

* Authoritative introduction to an exciting, classic Mesozoic site home to many of the world's most important and best preserved fossils
* Clear informative text accessible to the professional and lay reader alike
* Over 200 high quality photographs of a wide range of extraordinary fossils
* Beautiful colour paintings depicting reconstructed animals and plants in lifelike landscapes
* Lavish, large format, high quality production

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Pei-ji Chen, Yuan Wang, Yuan-qing Wang, and Mee-Ma nn Chang - The Jehol Fossils, The Emergence of Fea thered Dinosaurs, Beaked Birds and Flowering Plant s (2008).pdf

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Peter Dodson - An Alphabet Of Dinosaurs (1995).jpg

The vice president of the Dinosaur Society and an accomplished science illustrator combine talents to create an unusual ABC book that brings the world of dinosaurs to life and includes such favorites as Stegosaurus, Tyrannosaurus Rex, and newly discovered Xenotarsaurus.

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Peter Dodson - An Alphabet Of Dinosaurs (1995).pdf

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R. McNeill Alexander - Dynamics of Dinosaurs and O ther Extinct Giants (1989).jpg

This is one of the more powerful little books in science. The author elegantly describes such issues as how we can infer speed from footprints, a practical discussion of whether some dinosaurs were warm blooded, and other interesting topics. Most dinosaur books are either glorified picture books or narrative. This is a practical step by step discovery of "how we know what we know". This, and Random Walks in Biology, are the two best books of this type anywhere. As a biology teacher I've gotten a ton of good ideas and lessons out of this one.

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