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	!! HISTORIA - książki, artykuły
	@ Fizyka. Serie
	@ Matematyka. Serie
	_ Astronomia
	_ Chemia. Organiczna
	_ Clayden i in - Chemia organiczna + rozwiązania
	_ Fizyka. Akustyka
	_ Fizyka. Mechanika
	_ Fizyka. Spektroskopia
	_ Matematyka. Topologia
	_ Teoria obwodów
	_ Wielka historia Polski. Pinnex
	♥ Matematyka
	0 OGÓLNE
	2. NOWOŻYTNOŚĆ (DO 1795)
	Aleksander Paroń - Pieczyngowie (Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN 2015)
	algorithms
	All About History
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	Ewa Wipszycka, Benedetto Bravo - Historia starożytnych Greków (tom III - okres hellenistyczny)(w yd. 2 popr. 2010)
	Ewa Wipszycka, Benedetto Bravo, Marek Węcowski, Aleksander Wolicki - Historia starożytnych Greków (tom II - okres klasyczny)(wyd. II - Wydawnictwo UW, 2009)
	EWOLUCJA ŚWIATA I CZŁOWIEKA
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	Szczęśliwa Arabia - Claudie Fayein - wyd. I - 1988
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	Sztuka XVII wieku ziem wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej
	Teofilakt Simokatta - Historia powszechna (Anna Kotłowska, Łukasz Różycki)
	Testimonia najdawniejszych dziejów Słowian. 1989-2009
	The Medieval Islamic Civilization - Collection 6 (Art, Architecture 2)
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	Tom 2 - Od Europy feudalnej do renesansu
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	UNESCO History of Civilizations of Central Asia Collection (1996-2005)
	Weisstein E. - CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics
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5,4 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Aidan Dodson - Amarna Sunset, Nefertiti, Tutankham un, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reforma tion (2009).pdf

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13 gru 18 15:43

Eric G. Reiche - The Development of the SA in Nurn berg, 1922-1934 (2002).jpg

In Nürnberg, as in other German cities, the SA (or stormtroopers) was the most visible Nazi organisation prior to the seizure of power by Hitler in 1933. This book looks in close detail at the development of the SA from its inception in 1922 until its overthrow by Hitler in 1934. More than a history of marches and violent encounters, the book analyses why, in a heavily industrialized city where the forces of democracy initially enjoyed strong support, a growing number of men from virtually every group of society decided to become members of the SA. Drawing from the biographical data of more than 350 stormtroopers and from extensive research in German archives, Professor Reiche reveals both the significance of the First World War and peer pressure, as well as the impact of the Great Depression, on the growth of the SA.

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13 gru 18 15:43

Eric G. Reiche - The Development of the SA in Nurn berg, 1922-1934 (2002).djvu

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13 gru 18 15:43

Jan Hogendorn, Marion Johnson - The Shell Money of the Slave Trade (2003).jpg

This study examines the role of cowrie-shell money in West African trade, particularly the slave trade. The shells were carried from the Maldives to the Mediterranean by Arab traders for further transport across the Sahara, and to Europe by competing Portuguese, Dutch, English and French traders for onward transport to the West African coast. In Africa they served to purchase the slaves exported to the New World, as well as other less sinister exports. Over a large part of West Africa they became the regular market currency, but were severely devalued by the importation of thousands of tons of the cheaper Zanzibar cowries. Colonial governments disliked cowries because of the inflation and encouraged their replacement by low-value coins. They disappeared almost totally, to re-appear during the depression of the 1930s, and have been found occasionally in the markets of remote frontier districts, avoiding exchange and currency control problems.

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1,8 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Jan Hogendorn, Marion Johnson - The Shell Money of the Slave Trade (2003).djvu

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13 gru 18 15:43

Brian R. Hamnett - Roots of Insurgency, Mexican Re gions, 1750-1824 (2002).jpg

Studies in Spanish American regional history have, as yet, made little attempt to incorporate the struggles for independence within the context of provincial society and politics viewed over the broader period that spans the late colonial and early national experience of Latin America. This book attempts a new perspective: it emphasises the provincial milieu and popular participation in its varied forms, often ambiguous and contradictory. The central aim is to examine social conflicts, chiefly in the Mexican provinces of Puebla, Guadalajara, Michoacán, and Guanajuato from the middle of the eighteenth century, and to assess their relationship to the widespread insurgency of the second decade of the nineteenth century.

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2,1 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Brian R. Hamnett - Roots of Insurgency, Mexican Re gions, 1750-1824 (2002).djvu

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13 gru 18 15:43

J. S. Bromley - Corsairs and Navies, 1600-1760 (20 06).jpg

Two societies, two conceptions of justice, collaborated and collided when French forces stormed Cartagena of the Indies in May 1697. For their commander, the baron de Pointis, a naval captain in the mould of Drake, this bloody if strategically pointless success fulfilled a long-postponed design "that might be both honourable and advantageous", with ships lent and soldiers (but not seamen) paid by the King, who in return would take the Crown's usual one-fifth interest in such "preis de vaisseaux", the remaining costs falling on private subscribers, in this case no less than 666 of them, headed by courtiers, financiers, naval contractors and officers of both pen and sword.' According to Pointis, peace rumours restricted the flow of advances and the expedition, nearly 4,000 strong when it sailed out of Brest, was weaker than he had planned, especially if it should prove difficult to use the ships' crews ashore.

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35,5 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

J. S. Bromley - Corsairs and Navies, 1600-1760 (20 06).pdf

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33 KB
13 gru 18 15:43

Ann Kussmaul - A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538-1840 (1993).jpg

'The subtlety and ingenuity of Kussmaul's book ... will repay detailed study.' Southern History 'All in all the book providess a fascinating insight to long-term changes in the English countryside prior to the mid-nineteenth century.' Local Population Studies 'We can be sure this book will prompt much lively argument for a long time to come.' The Times Higher Education Supplement 'Kussmaul makes a genuinely original and important contribution to the economic history of early modern England.' The Times Literary Supplement

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1,3 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Ann Kussmaul - A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538-1840 (1993).djvu

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13 gru 18 15:43

Jill Rubalcaba - Empires of the Maya (2009).jpg

Long before European boats reached the shores of the Americas, sophisticated civilizations had already developed throughout the continents. The empire of the Maya, located in modern Mexico and Central America, influenced civilization there for centuries. The ancient Maya had fully developed the idea of the calendar, detailed a writing system, pioneered new ideas in agriculture, and built towering palaces and temples that still stand today. "Empire of the Ancient Maya" gives a brief summary of the history of the empire, placing it within the context of its time period and geographical location, and then explores the evolution of Maya civilization from its origin through the classic period to the Spanish conquest. Delving into daily life, the book includes Maya achievements in mathematics, astronomy, technology, political organization, commerce, architecture, and the arts.

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17,7 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Jill Rubalcaba - Empires of the Maya (2009).pdf

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13 gru 18 15:43

Barbara A. Somervill - Empire of the Aztecs (2009).jpg

Despite only existing for two centuries, the Aztec managed to found their civilization on an island in the Valley of Mexico, link causeways to the mainland, develop far-reaching trade agreements, and build Tenochtitlan, one of the world's largest cities at the time of the Spanish invasion. Today, many people living in Mexico can trace their roots back to the Aztec Empire, which serves as a bridge between the modern and ancient worlds. "Empire of the Aztec" opens with a summary of the rise and fall of the empire, placing it within the context of its time period and geographical location. The second half of this new book explores the daily lives of the Aztec people, focusing on their social customs, religious practices, family and community structure, and cultural accomplishments, and includes primary sources to offer firsthand accounts. The volume concludes with the legacy of the Aztec and how it is maintained today.

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11,3 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Barbara A. Somervill - Empire of the Aztecs (2009) [PDF].rar

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13 gru 18 15:43

Ebru Boyar - Ottomans, Turks and the Balkans, Empi re Lost, Relations Altered (2007).jpg

The loss of the Balkans was not merely a physical but also a psychological disaster for the Ottoman Empire. In this frank assessment, Ebru Boyar charts the creation of modern Turkish self-perception during the transition from the late Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic. The Balkans played a key role in identity construction during this period; humiliated by defeat, the Ottomans were stung by what they saw as a betrayal and ingratitude of the peoples of the region to whom they had brought peace and order for centuries and whom they had defended at the cost of much Turkish blood. It induced a sense of isolation and encapsulated the destruction of the Ottoman Empire’s military machine and self-esteem by the Great Powers. This victim mentality was sustained by late Ottoman history-writing and by the historians of the early Republic, for whom history was an essential tool in the creation of the new Turkish national identity for the new Turkish Republic of the 20th century.

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13 gru 18 15:43

Margit Szollosi-Janze - Science in the Third Reich (2001).jpg

How true is it that National Socialism led to an ideologically distorted pseudo-science? What was the relationship between the regime funding "useful" scientific projects and the scientists offering their expertise? And what happened to the German scientific community after 1945, especially to those who betrayed and denounced Jewish colleagues? In recent years, the history of the sciences in the Third Reich has become a field of growing importance, and the in-depth research of a new generation of German scholars provides us with new, important insights into the Nazi system and the complicated relationship between an elite and the dictatorship. This book portrays the attitudes of scientists facing National Socialism and war and uncovers the continuities and discontinuities of German science from the beginning of the twentieth century to the postwar period. It examines major disciplines such as eugenics and pathology, as well as technologies such as biotechnology and area planning.

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12,4 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Margit Szollosi-Janze - Science in the Third Reich (2001).pdf

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106 KB
13 gru 18 15:43

Yun Lee Too - The Idea of the Library in the Ancie nt World (2010).jpg

In The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World Yun Lee Too argues that the ancient library was much more than its incarnation at Alexandria, which has been the focus for students of the subject up till now. In fact, the library is a complex institution with many different forms. It can be a building with books, but it can also be individual people, or the individual books themselves. In antiquity, the library's functions are numerous: as an instrument of power, of memory, of which it has various modes; as an articulation of a political ideal, an art gallery, a place for sociality. Too indirectly raises important conceptual questions about the contemporary library, bringing to these the insights that a study of antiquity can offer.

About the Author
Yun Lee Too has held research fellowships at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and the Center for Hellenic Studies, Washington and has taught at the University of Liverpool and Columbia University. She currently lives in New York City.

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13 gru 18 15:43

Adam Stout - Creating Prehistory, Druids, Ley Hunt ers and Archaeologists in Pre-War Britain (2008).jpg

Creating Prehistory deals even-handedly and sympathetically with the creation of several different sorts of prehistory during the volatile period between the two World Wars.
* Investigates the origins of professional archaeology in Britain during the inter-war period
* Brings to life many fascinating and controversial personalities and their creeds, including the archaeologists O. G. S. Crawford, Mortimer Wheeler and Gordon Childe; Grafton Elliot Smith and W. H. R. Rivers (of ‘Regeneration’ fame); Alfred Watkins and The Old Straight Track; and the thunderous George Watson Macgregor Reid, who brought the Druids back to Stonehenge
* Examines the production of archaeological knowledge as a social process, and the relationship between personalities, institutions, ideology, and power
* Addresses the ongoing debates of the significance of sites such as Stonehenge, Avebury, and Maiden Castle.

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10,8 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Adam Stout - Creating Prehistory, Druids, Ley Hunt ers and Archaeologists in Pre-War Britain (2008).pdf

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13 gru 18 15:43

Frederick H. Russell - The Just War in the Middle Ages (1975).jpg

The first systematic attempt to reconstruct from original manuscript sources and early printed books the medieval doctrines relating to the just war, the holy war and the crusade. Despite the frequency of wars and armed conflicts throughout the course of western history, no comprehensive survey has previously been made of the justifications of warfare that were elaborated by Roman lawyers, canon lawyers and theologians in the twelfth and thirteenth century universities. After a brief survey of theories of the just war in antiquity, with emphasis on Cicero and Augustine, and of thought on early medieval warfare, the central chapters are devoted to scholastics such as Pope Innocent IV, Hostiensis and Thomas Aquinas. Professor Russell attempts to correlate theories of the just war with political and intellectual development in the Middle Ages. His conclusion evaluates the just war in the light of late medieval and early modern statecraft and poses questions about its compatibility with Christian ethics and its validity within international law.

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10,1 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Frederick H. Russell - The Just War in the Middle Ages (1975).pdf

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13 gru 18 15:43

Larry W. Hurtado - The Earliest Christian Artifact s, Manuscripts and Christian Origins (2006).jpg

Much attention has been paid to the words of the earliest Christian texts, yet Larry Hurtado argues that an even more telling story is being overlooked — that of the physical texts themselves. Well known for his nimble scholarship, Hurtado combines his comprehensive knowledge of Christian origins with an archivist’s eye to make sense of these earliest objects of the faith.
Hurtado introduces readers to the staurogram, possibly the first representation of the cross, the nomina sacra, a textual abbreviation system, and the puzzling early Christian preference for book-like texts over scrolls. Intended for intellectually engaged readers as well as New Testament scholars and students, The Earliest Christian Artifacts introduces the distinctive features of early Christian manuscripts, illustrating their relevance for wider inquiry into the ancient history of Christianity.

About the Author
Larry W. Hurtado is professor of New Testament language, literature, and theology at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.

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8,5 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Larry W. Hurtado - The Earliest Christian Artifact s, Manuscripts and Christian Origins (2006).pdf

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151 KB
13 gru 18 15:43

Jean-Michel Rabaté - 1913, the Cradle of Modernism (2007).jpg

All History1 - Jean-Michel Rabat - 1913, the Cradle of Modernism 2007.jpg

With this book Jean-Michel Rabaté, one of the foremost scholars of literary modernism, serves up a sumptuous intellectual feast. Examining the currents of thought and creative activity that churn through a single year, the 1913 of his title, he achieves an epic overview of early modernism. Music, painting, technology, science, philosophy, mathematics, literature, sexuality--nothing escapes his probing gaze. Telling anecdotes, insightful criticism, and philosophical rigour are combined to produce a work that is both a pleasure to read and a major scholarly synthesis

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10,9 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Jean-Michel Rabaté - 1913, the Cradle of Modernism (2007).pdf

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150 KB
13 gru 18 15:43

Stuart Carroll - Martyrs and Murderers, The Guise Family and the Making of Europe (2009).jpg

Martyrs and Murderers tells the story of three generations of treacherous, bloodthirsty power-brokers. One of the richest and most powerful families in sixteenth-century France, the House of Guise played a pivotal role in the history of Europe. Among the staunchest opponents of the Reformation, they whipped up religious bigotry throughout France. They overthrew the king, ruled Scotland for nearly 20 years through Mary Queen of Scots, plotted to invade England and overthrow Elizabeth I, and ended the century by unleashing the bloody Wars of Religion, before succumbing in a counter-revolution that made them martyrs for the Catholic cause. The story of the Guise family is sensational but true. Though parts of the story are familiar--such as their crucial role in the murder of 4,000 Protestants in the infamous Massacre of Saint Bartholomew--the full scope of their influence has never been told before. Stuart Carroll unravels the legends about this cultivated, charismatic, and violent dynasty, and challenges traditional assumptions about one of Europe's most turbulent eras.

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5,7 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Stuart Carroll - Martyrs and Murderers, The Guise Family and the Making of Europe (2009).pdf

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172 KB
13 gru 18 15:43

Donald F. McCallum - The Four Great Temples, Buddh ist Archaeology, Architecture, and Icons of Sevent h-Century Japan (2008).jpg

All History1 - Donald F. McCallum - The Four Great Temples, Buddhist...rchitecture, and Icons of Seventh-Century Japan 2008.jpg

Few periods in Japanese history are more fascinating than the seventh century. This was the period when Buddhism experienced its initial flowering in the country and the time when Asukadera, Kudara Odera, Kawaradera, and Yakushiji (the "Four Great Temples" as they were called in ancient texts) were built. Despite their enormous historical importance, these structures have received only limited attention in Western literature, primarily because they are now ruins. Focus has been placed instead on Horyuji, a beautifully preserved structure, but not a key temple of the period. Donald McCallum seeks in this volume to restore the four great temples to their proper place in the history of Japanese Buddhism and Buddhist architecture.

Extraordinary archaeological discoveries in the past few decades in the Asuka-Fujiwara area provide the basis for the monumental task McCallum has set for himself. Three of the temples have been studied archaeologically, but one, Kudara Odera (the first royal temple in Japan), has until recently been known only through textual references--primarily those mentioning its nine-story pagoda, a format closely linked to the grandiose royal temples of China and Korea. A series of digs carried out between 1997 and 2001 at Kibi Pond yielded what are thought to be the remains of Kudara Odera. A platform, the appropriate size for a large pagoda, has been uncovered at the site, indicating the reliability of the textual sources. These results have necessitated a rethinking of early Buddhist architecture in Japan. The Four Great Temples gives the first detailed account in the English language of these excavations.

In his detailed analyses of each of the four temples, McCallum considers historiographical issues, settings and layouts, foundations, tiles, relics, and icons and allows readers to follow their chronological evolution. A key feature is the interweaving of archaeological and documentary data to clarify numerous historical problems that have until now resisted plausible solutions. Although the focus is on temples, the book looks at broader political and religious developments that serve as a context for the study. It further makes an effort to unify data on great royal temples in China, Korea, and other parts of Japan, thereby providing cross-cultural insights into a matter that has frequently been discussed only in terms of a single region.

The Four Great Temples is a masterful, multifaceted study that will fundamentally alter and enrich current understanding of Japan's ancient Buddhist temples. It is sure to generate considerable discussion among scholars in the fields of Japanese and Asian history, art history, and Buddhist studies.

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