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MFGZubr

	Byzantium
	Carthage - Phoenicia (Kartagina - Fenicja)
	Crusaders (Krzyżowcy)
	Crusaders (Krzyżowcy)(1)
	Crusaders (Krzyżowcy)(2)
	Dokumenty
	Galeria
	Germans
	Gothes (Goci - Z Gotlandii poprzez teren dzisiejszej Polski wędrowali na nadczarnomorski step)
	Greckie miasta-kolonie handlowe na wybrzeżu Morza Czarnego
	Greece - Sparta
	Greece (Grecja)
	Hittites (Hetyci - Pierwsza indo-europejska cywilizacja, Centralna Anatolia)
	Huns ( Hunowie po 375 AD zniszczyli potężne państwo Sarmatia )
	Hurrians ( Huryci z królestw Mitanni i Urartu - Przodkowie Czeczenów)
	Kultura Przeworska - Lugiowie plemię Swebów - przodkowie Wandałow i Burgundów, między Wisłą i Odrą
	Polska prehistoryczna i średniowieczna
	Polska przedwojenna
	Prusy
	Prywatne
	Roman Army - Rzymska Armia
	Rome
	Russia
	Samuraje
	Spanish Civil War-Guerra Civil Espanola 1936-1939
	Thraco-Phrygian - (Grupa Tracko-Frygijska - Indo-europejczycy z obu stron cieśniny Bosforu)
	Troy
	Visigoths (Wizygoci - razem z Alanami stworzyli na Połwyspie Iberyjskim swoje państwo)
	Wikingowie-Warego wie-Normanowie
	World War II
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Carsten Hjort Lange - Res Publica Constituta (2009 ).pdf

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Carroll Moulton - Ancient Greece and Rome, An Enc yclopedia for Students (1998).jpg

The information in Ancient Greece and Rome is substantially (but not exclusively) a distillation of two previous works, both published by Scribners: Ancient Writers: Greece and Rome (1982), edited by T. James Luce, and Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome (1988), edited by Michael Grant and Rachel Kitzinger. These volumes, intended for a college-level audience, consist of essays written by experts in Greek and Roman literature, history, art and archaeology, philosophy, religion, and material culture. The task of reshaping this material for a younger audience has been undertaken by the editorial staff of Visual Education Corp. in Princeton, NJ. I would like to acknowledge the contributions of the Editorial Board and the Board of Teaching Consultants, as well as the welcome support and encouragement of Karen Day, Publisher of Scribner Reference Books.

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Bryan Ward-Perkins - The Fall of Rome, And the End of Civilization (2006).jpg

Why did Rome fall? Vicious barbarian invasions during the fifth century resulted in the cataclysmic end of the world's most powerful civilization, and a 'dark age' for its conquered peoples. Or did it? The dominant view of this period today is that the 'fall of Rome' was a largely peaceful transition to Germanic rule, and the start of a positive cultural transformation. Bryan Ward-Perkins encourages every reader to think again by reclaiming the drama and violence of the last days of the Roman world, and reminding us of the very real horrors of barbarian occupation. Attacking new sources with relish and making use of a range of contemporary archaeological evidence, he looks at both the wider explanations for the disintegration of the Roman world and also the consequences for the lives of everyday Romans, in a world of economic collapse, marauding barbarians, and the rise of a new religious orthodoxy. He also looks at how and why successive generations have understood this period differently, and why the story is still so significant today.

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Peter S. Wells - The Barbarians Speak, How the Con quered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe (1999).jpg

Table of contents
Frontmatter
List of Figures and Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments

* CHAPTER 1 Natives and Romans
* CHAPTER 2 Europe before the Roman Conquests
* CHAPTER 3 Iron Age Urbanization
* CHAPTER 4 The Roman Conquests
* CHAPTER 5 Identities and Perceptions
* CHAPTER 6 Development of the Frontier Zone
* CHAPTER 7 Persistence of Tradition
* CHAPTER 8 Town, Country, and Change
* CHAPTER 9 Transformation into New Societies
* CHAPTER 10 Impact across the Frontier
* CHAPTER 11 Conclusion

Glossary
Greek and Roman Authors
Bibliographic Essay
Bibliography of Works Cited
Index

The Barbarians Speak re-creates the story of Europe's indigenous people who were nearly stricken from historical memory even as they adopted and transformed aspects of Roman culture. The Celts and Germans inhabiting temperate Europe before the arrival of the Romans left no written record of their lives and were often dismissed as "barbarians" by the Romans who conquered them. Accounts by Julius Caesar and a handful of other Roman and Greek writers would lead us to think that prior to contact with the Romans, European natives had much simpler political systems, smaller settlements, no evolving social identities, and that they practiced human sacrifice. A more accurate, sophisticated picture of the indigenous people emerges, however, from the archaeological remains of the Iron Age. Here Peter Wells brings together information that has belonged to the realm of specialists and enables the general reader to share in the excitement of rediscovering a "lost people." In so doing, he is the first to marshal material evidence in a broad-scale examination of the response by the Celts and Germans to the Roman presence in their lands.

The recent discovery of large pre-Roman settlements throughout central and western Europe has only begun to show just how complex native European societies were before the conquest. Remnants of walls, bone fragments, pottery, jewelry, and coins tell much about such activities as farming, trade, and religious ritual in their communities; objects found at gravesites shed light on the richly varied lives of individuals. Wells explains that the presence--or absence--of Roman influence among these artifacts reveals a range of attitudes toward Rome at particular times, from enthusiastic acceptance among urban elites to creative resistance among rural inhabitants. In fascinating detail, Wells shows that these societies did grow more cosmopolitan under Roman occupation, but that the people were much more than passive beneficiaries; in many cases they helped determine the outcomes of Roman military and political initiatives. This book is at once a provocative, alternative reading of Roman history and a catalyst for overturning long-standing assumptions about nonliterate and indigenous societies.

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Peter Wilcox, Rafael Trevio - Barbarians Against R ome, Rome's Celtic, Germanic, Spanish and Gallic E nemies (2000).jpg

Rome - Peter Wilcox, Rafael Trevio - Barbarians Against Rome, Ro... Romes Celtic, Germanic, Spanish and Gallic Enemies 2000.jpg

This book combines Men-at-Arms 129: ‘Rome's Enemies 1: Germanics and Dacians’, Men-at-Arms 158: ‘Rome's Enemies 2: Gallic & British Celts’ and Men-at-Arms 180: ‘Rome's Enemies 4: Spanish Armies 218-19BC’. As Rome's borders increased, a multifarious clash of cultures ensued. Conflict was inevitable; to the victor, new territory and dominion; to the vanquished, humility and subjugation. The Celts, Celtiberians, Gauls, Teutones, Cimbri, and many others all fought without mercy to protect their people, territories and cultures from the Roman onslaught.

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R. Ross Holloway - The Archaeology of Ancient Sici ly (2000).jpg

From the Palaeolithic to the later Roman period, The Archaeology of Ancient Sicily explores all the main topics of archaeological interest. These range from Greek colinization, sancyuaries and burial, the architecture of temples, houses, theaters, and military sites, to sculpture, the cities of the island and the Sicels. Separate sections explore the fascinating coinage of Sicily and the famous late Roman villa at Piazza Armerina.
With clear, concise and illuminating commentary and over 200 illustrations, this book continues to be the standard work on the archaeology of ancient Sicily.

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Richard Hingley - Roman Officers and English Gentl emen, The Imperial Origins of Roman Archaeology (2 000).jpg

Richard Hingley's pioneering work explores the fascinating relationship between classical Rome and ancient Britain. His thorough examination of late Victorian and Edwardian writings on Rome and the ancient Britons illuminates the historical context and development of Roman archaeology and simultaneously makes an exciting contribution to the current debates on English identity and imperialism. This landmark study will be essential reading for anyone interested in Roman archaeology, ancient history, colonial studies, and historiography.

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Richard Hingley - Roman Officers and English Gentl emen, The Imperial Origins of Roman Archaeology (2 000).pdf

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Richard Miles - Constructing Identities in Late An tiquity (1999).jpg

Through detailed discussions of particular Roman texts and images, Constructing Identities in Late Antiquity examines the formation of identity in the Roman Empire.
The contributors show not only how these texts were used to create and organize particular visions of late antique society and culture, but also how constructions of identity and culture contributed to the fashioning of "late antiquity" into a discrete historical period.

The essays in the volume concern themselves with three particular developments, the changes in imperial self-representation and ideology, the influx of "barbarians" and the emergence of Christianity. The contributors deploy a variety of perspectives and critical approaches to investigate how the varied responses to these changes affected the way that individuals and groups constructed themselves in late antiquity.

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Richard Miles - Constructing Identities in Late An tiquity (1999).pdf

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Thorsten Fögen - Tears in the Graeco-Roman World ( 2009).jpg

Rome - Thorsten Fgen - Tears in the Graeco-Roman World 2009.jpg

This volume presents a wide range of contributions that analyse the cultural, sociological and communicative significance of tears and crying in Graeco-Roman antiquity. The papers cover the time from the eighth century BCE until late antiquity and take into account a broad variety of literary genres such as epic, tragedy, historiography, elegy, philosophical texts, epigram and the novel. The collection also contains two papers from modern socio-psychology.

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Thorsten Fögen - Tears in the Graeco-Roman World ( 2009) [PDF].rar

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R. Malcolm Errington - Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius (2006).jpg

The division of the late Roman Empire into two theoretically cooperating parts by the brothers Valentinian and Valens in 364 deeply influenced many aspects of government in each of the divisions. Although the imperial policies during this well-documented and formative period are generally understood to have been driven by the religious and ideological aims of the emperors, R. Malcolm Errington argues that the emperors were actually much more pragmatic in their decision making than has previously been assumed.
The division of responsibilities between the emperors inevitably encouraged separate developments and allowed locally varying and often changing imperial attitudes toward different forms of religious belief. Errington demonstrates that the main stimulus for action in this period nearly always came from below the level of the imperial government, and not from an imperial initiative. Extending the theory of Fergus Millar into the later empire, Errington argues that the emperors were fundamentally reactive to regionally supplied information, as Millar has asserted was the case for the High Empire. Thus, despite significant structural changes, the empire remained broadly traditional in its operations.

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R. Malcolm Errington - Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius (2006).pdf

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Christopher Kelly - The Roman Empire, A Very Short Introduction (2004).jpg

The Roman Empire was a remarkable achievement. It had a population of sixty million people spread across lands encircling the Mediterranean and stretching from northern England to the sun-baked banks of the Euphrates, and from the Rhine to the North African coast. It was, above all else, an empire of force--employing a mixture of violence, suppression, order, and tactical use of power to develop an astonishingly uniform culture.
Here, historian Christopher Kelly covers the history of the Empire from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius, describing the empire's formation, and its political, religious, cultural, and social structures. It looks at the daily lives of the Empire's people: both those in Rome as well as those living in its furthest colonies. Romans used astonishing logistical feats, political savvy, and military oppression to rule their vast empire. This Very Short Introduction examines how they "romanised" the cultures they conquered, imposing their own culture in order to subsume them completely. The book also looks at how the Roman Empire has been considered and depicted in more recent times, from the writings of Edward Gibbon to the Hollywood blockbuster Gladiator. It will prove a valuable introduction for readers interested in classical hist

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Anthony Barrett - Caligula - The Corruption of Pow er (1993).jpg

Of all Roman emperors none, with the possible exception of Nero, surpasses Caligula''s reputation for infamy. But was Caligula really the mad despot and depraved monster of popular legend or the victim of hostile ancient historians?
In this study of Caligula''s life, reign and violent death, Anthony A. Barrett draws on the archaeological and numismatic evidence to supplement the later written record. In Professor Barrett''s view, the mystery of Caligula''s reign is not why he descended into autocracy, but how any intelligent Roman could have expected a different outcome - to grant total power to an inexperienced and arrogant young man was a recipe for disaster. This book, scholarly and accessible, offers a careful reconstruction of Caligula''s life and times, and a shrewd assessment of his historical importance.

Quotes
''The book is founded on a comprehensive knowledge of the latest scholarship, and makes use of the most recent archaeological evidence.'' - Greece and Rome
''An interesting and readable book, with good illustrative material.'' - David Shotter, Minerva
''A lucid, scholarly and highly readable book.'' - Daily Telegraph

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Anthony Barrett - Caligula - The Corruption of Pow er (1993).pdf

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Alaric Watson - Aurelian and the Third Century (19 99).jpg

W. deserves admiration for having squeezed so much interesting material so accessibly into so little space. - Journal of Roman Studies

Aurelian and the Third Century provides a re-evaluation, in the light of recent scholarship, of the difficulties facing the Roman empire in the AD 260s and 270s, concentrating upon the reign of the Emperor Aurelian and his part in summoning them.

With introduction examining the situation in the mid third century, the book is divided into two parts:
- Part 1: deals chronologically with the military and political events of the period from 268 to 276
- Part 2: analyzes the other achievements and events of Aurelian's reign and assesses their importance.

A key supplement to the study of the Roman Empire.

This concise and informative biography deals with Aurelian, Emperor of Rome from 270-275; a man who in many ways revitalized the military and politic fiber of Rome, but whose comparatively brief reign has left him largely forgotten. (Indeed until this biography the usual means of reading about Aurelian - other than through Gibbon - was to go to biographies on Queen Zenobia, the Palmyrian rebel who he famously defeated). In every sense, Aurelian's brief but successful reign presaged Diocletian's lengthy and successful one.

The first half of the book is a narrative of his many achievements (peace in Britain, the Eastern frontier restored, an imperial pretender in Gaul defeated, the Aurelian walls constructed); the second is more of an essay-format discussion of the economic and other social aspects of his reign. My only gripe is that the second half is considerably more academic than the first, and as such does not read as well. Having said that, this is an excellent work. Particularly interesting is Watson's observations about the supposed 3rd century "decline"; as he observes, this is an after-the-fact construct, and Romans of that era did not necessarily view themselves as being in the middle of some giant historic slide.

Table of contents : Preface. List of Abbreviations. List of dates. Maps. 1. Introduction: The Third-Century Crisis.
Part I: 'Restorer of the World' 2. A Divided Empire 3. Aurelian Ascendent 4. Zenobia and the East 5. The Palmyrene Wars 6. War in the West: The Re-unification of the Empire 7. The End of Aurelian
Part II: Internal Politics 8. Economic Reforms 9. Public Works and Administration 10. The Emperor, the Senate and the Armies 11. The Emperor and the Divine Conclusion.
Appendix A: Excursion on Sources. Appendix B: Problems of chronology. Bibliography. Index.

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Alaric Watson - Aurelian and the Third Century (19 99).pdf

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Gary Forsythe - A Critical History of Early Rome, From Prehistory to the First Punic War (2005).jpg

During the period from Rome's Stone Age beginnings on the Tiber River to its conquest of the Italian peninsula in 264 B.C., the Romans in large measure developed the social, political, and military structure that would be the foundation of their spectacular imperial success. In this comprehensive and clearly written account, Gary Forsythe draws extensively from historical, archaeological, linguistic, epigraphic, religious, and legal evidence as he traces Rome's early development within a multicultural environment of Latins, Sabines, Etruscans, Greeks, and Phoenicians. His study charts the development of the classical republican institutions that would eventually enable Rome to create its vast empire, and provides fascinating discussions of topics including Roman prehistory, religion, and language.
In addition to its value as an authoritative synthesis of current research, A Critical History of Early Rome offers a revisionist interpretation of Rome's early history through its innovative use of ancient sources. The history of this period is notoriously difficult to uncover because there are no extant written records, and because the later historiography that affords the only narrative accounts of Rome's early days is shaped by the issues, conflicts, and ways of thinking of its own time. This book provides a groundbreaking examination of those surviving ancient sources in light of their underlying biases, thereby reconstructing early Roman history upon a more solid evidentiary foundation.

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Gary Forsythe - A Critical History of Early Rome, From Prehistory to the First Punic War (2005).pdf

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C R Whittaker - Rome and its Frontiers, The Dynami cs of Empire (2008).jpg

Do the Romans have anything to teach us about the way that they saw the world, and the way they ran their empire? How did they deal with questions of frontiers and migration, so often in the news today?
This collection of ten important essays by C. R. Whittaker, engages with debates and controversies about the Roman frontiers and the concept of empire. Truly global in its focus, the book examines the social, political and cultural implications of the Roman frontiers in Africa, India, Britain, Europe, Asia and the Far East, and provides a comprehensive account of their significance.

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Donald G. Kyle - Spectacles of Death in Ancient Ro me (2001).jpg

The elaborate and inventive slaughter of humans and animals in the arena fed an insatiable desire for violent spectacle among the Roman people. Donald G. Kyle combines the words of ancient authors with current scholarly research and cross-cultural perspectives, as he explores

* the origins and historical development of the games
* who the victims were and why they were chosen
* how the Romans disposed of the thousands of resulting corpses
* the complex religious and ritual aspects of institutionalised violence
* the particularly savage treatment given to defiant Christians.

This lively and original work provides compelling, sometimes controversial, perspectives on the bloody entertainments of ancient Rome, which continue to fascinate us to this day.

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Olga Tellegen-Couperus - A Short History of Roman Law (1993).jpg

Roman law, one of the key legal systems from which modern European law is derived, is also one of the binding factors par excellence within the European community. A Short History of Roman Law presents a brief, accurate and up-to-date survey of the history of Roman law.

Olga Tellegen-Couperus divides its thousand-year-history into four periods, each based on the political developments taking place therein. The final section of each chapter analyzes the changes in legislation, jurisdiction and legal science for each period, offering a detailed introduction to the political and socio-economic background of Roman law. Tellegen-Couperus also gives due attention to topics which are currently under debate in Romanist literature. This book will be invaluable for all law students, classicists and ancient historians.
See all Editorial Reviews

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Olga Tellegen-Couperus - A Short History of Roman Law (1993).pdf

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Saskia Roselaar - Public Land in the Roman Republi c, A Social and Economic History of Ager Publicus in Italy, 396-89 BC (2010).jpg

Rome - Saskia Roselaar - Public Land in the Roman Republic, A So...onomic History of Ager Publicus in Italy, 396-89 BC 2010.jpg

In the first volume in this new series on Roman society and law, Saskia T. Roselaar traces the social and economic history of the ager publicus, or public land. As the Romans conquered Italy during the fourth to first centuries BC, they usually took land away from their defeated enemies and declared this to be the property of the Roman state. This land could be distributed to Roman citizens, but it could also remain in the hands of the state, in which case it was available for general public use. However, in the third and second centuries BC growth in the population of Italy led to an increased demand for land among both commercial producers and small farmers. This in turn led to the gradual privatization of the state-owned land, as those who held it wanted to safeguard their rights to it. Roselaar traces the currents in Roman economy and demography which led to these developments.

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Saskia Roselaar - Public Land in the Roman Republi c, A Social and Economic History of Ager Publicus in Italy, 396-89 BC (2010).pdf

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Hans A. Pohlsander - Emperor Constantine, 2 Editio n (2004).jpg

'Emperor Constantine' is a convenient and concise account of one of the most important figures in ancient history. Hans Pohlsander provides comprehensive coverage of religious, political, legal and military aspects of Constantine's reign.
The Emperor Constantine provides a convenient and concise introduction to one of the most important figures in ancient history. Taking into account the historiographical debates of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, Hans A. Pohlsander: describes the Roman world into which Constantine was born assesses Constantine's ability as a soldier and statesman, emphasizes the significance of Constantine as Rome's first Christian emperor, discusses the importance of the establishment of the new capital of Byzantium and gives an even-handed assessment of Constantine's achievements. This second edition is updated throughout to take into account the latest research on the subject. Also included is a revised introduction and an enlarged bibliography.

Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (c. 27 February 272[2] – 22 May 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine, was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian, and issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of Christians throughout the empire.

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John Creighton - Britannia, The Creation of a Roma n Province (2006).jpg

In the Late Iron Age two kings held dominion over much of Lowland Britain: Cunobelin and Verica. Just before AD 43 the rule of both of them ended - one died and the other fled - and Rome, under the Emperor Claudius, took the opportunity to invade.
Within a few generations the ceremonial centers of these Iron Age kings had been transformed into the magnificence of Roman towns with their monumental public buildings. This book looks at the interface of these two worlds, Iron Age and Roman, to see how much each owed the other.
Britannia: the creation of a Roman province offers a complete re-evaluation of both the evidence for and the interpretation of the rule of the kings of Late Iron Age Britain on the eve of the Roman conquest, and their long-lasting legacy in the creation of the Roman province of Britannia. Among topics considered are:
DT The links between Iron Age kings of Britain and Rome before the Claudian conquest
DT The creation of the towns of Roman Britain
DT The many different natures of "Roman Identity"
DT The long lasting influence of the kings on the development of the province
DT The widely different ways that archaeologists have read the evidence

Review

'This volume confirms John Creighton's prominence in a group of scholars who are changing our perceptions of the era so much that the idea that Roman Britain starts with the Claudian invasion of AD 43 is collapsing. By any standards, this really is writing new history.' - The Times Literary Supplement

'A vibrant synthesis of theory and data ... This is a book to be much admired for presenting a wide range of fresh and ambitious interpretations and developing a sophisticated structurationist account of early Roman Britain in a clear and fluent fashion.' – Cambridge Archaeological Journal

'The issues [Britannia] addresses are crucial to our understanding of a turbulent period in the early history of Britain.' - Britannia

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