00. Professor Bio.mkv
01. Defining Utopia and Terror.mkv
02. The Legacy of Revolutions.mkv
03. Omens of Conflict.mkv
04. World War I.mkv
05. Total War—Mobilization and Mass Death.mkv
06. Total Revolution in Russia.mkv
07. War's Aftermath—The Hinge of Violence.mkv
08. Communism.mkv
09. Stalin.mkv
10. Soviet Civilization.mkv
11. Fascism.mkv
12. The 1930's—The Low Dishonest Decade.mkv
13. Nazism.mkv
14. Hitler.mkv
15. World War II.mkv
16. Nazi Genocide and Master Plans.mkv
17. The Cold War.mkv
18. Mao.mkv
19. Cambodia and Pol Pot's Killing Fields.mkv
20. East Germany, the Soviet Union, North Korea.mkv
21. From the Berlin Wall to the Balkans.mkv
22. Rwanda.mkv
23. Saddam Hussein's Iraq.mkv
24. The Future of Terror.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 01. Definin g Utopia and Terror.mkv

This is the premise of Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. Professor Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius traces the violent history of that era, beginning with its early roots in the American and, especially, the French revolutions. With each passing lecture, you will see how the 20th century's violence was the result of specific historical developments that eventually combined, with explosive results.

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 02. The Leg acy of Revolutions.mkv

From the trenches of World War I to Nazi Germany to Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the 20th century was a time of unprecedented violence. According to best estimates, in that 100-year span more than 200 million people were killed in world wars, government-sponsored persecutions, and genocides.

Such monumental violence seems senseless. But it is not inexplicable. And if we can understand its origins, we may prevent even greater horrors in the century to come.

This is the premise of Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. Professor Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius traces the violent history of that era, beginning with its early roots in the American and, especially, the French revolutions. With each passing lecture, you will see how the 20th century's violence was the result of specific historical developments that eventually combined, with explosive results.

The Fuse that Made the 20th Century Explode

The French Revolution proved that ideological movements could mobilize the public and, when willing to use violence, could indeed transform society.

The Industrial Revolution and subsequent technology created vastly more powerful weapons—including some that were entirely new, such as the airplane and rocket—that raised the potential for bloodshed to new heights.

Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection was perverted into Social Darwinism and eugenics: racist pseudosciences that provided excuses to repress or eliminate entire groups of people.

These events created a dangerous backdrop for the most sinister development of all. This was the notion that utopia was not just a perfect paradise to look forward to in the afterlife. Instead, utopia could be built right now, in this life.

Such 20th-century ideologies as Marxism, Nazism, Communism, and Fascism embraced this idea willingly—even enthusiastically—and used terror to implement it. These ideologies functioned as political religions, demanding fanaticism, commitment, and sacrifice in return for an ultimate reward in this life rather than the next.

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 03. Omens o f Conflict.mkv

Understanding Totalitarian Governments: Gangsters and Machines

Professor Liulevicius offers an intellectual framework though which to understand the totalitarian governments of the last century or, for that matter, of today. Such governments, and the terror they spread, share key characteristics and strategies.

For example, their leaders can be seen not as politicians but as mobsters, an organized conspiracy that uses criminal methods inspired by gangsters. They gain and maintain power by manipulating masses of people, often exploiting societies with many uprooted and alienated citizens, such as existed in Europe after World War I.

In addition, you will see that these regimes create fear and command allegiance through the use of "machines." These are not literally machines, but bureaucracies that carry out a set of deliberate, interrelated strategies. These include:

The cult of the leader, or the cult of personality. These make the dictator seem larger than life, or superhuman. After Italy annexed Ethiopia in 1936, Mussolini's followers declared him to be a new god in human form. In the Soviet Union, long ovations after Stalin's speeches were common, as no one wanted to be seen as the first to stop applauding.
The Big Lie, or deliberate distortions of the truth. During the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao Zedong seemed to promote free speech, then killed some half million dissidents when they came out in the open.
Secret police. An estimated 274,000 people worked with the East German secret police, the Stasi, from 1950 to 1989. When informers were added, this translated into one secret policeman for every 6.5 persons.
The media. Radio, film, and television were used to rewrite history and manipulate the masses. The Bolsheviks produced documentary films that made their October Revolution seem much more dramatic and deadly than it was (a common joke was that more people were injured during filming than in the actual event).

The portrait Professor Liulevicius paints is that 20th-century violence, while horrific and massive, was not chaotic or random but deliberate and calculated. Very often, it was based on precedent.

In using concentration camps, Hitler and Stalin essentially adopted a strategy that had first been employed by the Spanish in 1896 in Cuba and by the British against Dutch settlers during the Boer War (1899–1902).

Hitler's plan to exterminate Germany's Jews was inspired by the 1915 genocide of Armenians by the Turkish Ottoman Empire, an atrocity barely noticed by the international community. The fact that "no one remembered the Armenians," as Hitler is said to have declared, convinced him that his Final Solution would work.

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 04. World W ar I.mkv

Lessons Learned: A Hopeful Conclusion

In the final lectures, Professor Liulevicius considers recent figures such as Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden and assesses terrorism in the contemporary world. What is the future of terror? What lessons have been learned by the hard experience of the past century?

These questions hinge on several issues, including our attitudes toward human nature, our ability to remember and learn from past atrocities, and our use of technology. But an especially optimistic note is the notion of resistance. If the 20th century was plagued by repressive regimes, it was also blessed with those who resisted them.

Unlike the story of totalitarianism, which is about the state, the story of resistance is one of individuals who ignored personal risk to oppose violence. These "witnesses to the century," as Professor Liulevicius calls them, include novelists George Orwell and Aleksander Solzhenitsyn, Polish labor leader Lech Walesa, Pope John Paul II, and political philosopher Hannah Arendt.

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 05. Total W ar—Mobilization and Mass Death.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 06. Total R evolution in Russia.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 07. War's A ftermath—The Hinge of Violence.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 08. Communi sm.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 09. Stalin.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 10. Soviet Civilization.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 11. Fascism.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 12. The 193 0's—The Low Dishonest Decade.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 13. Nazism.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 14. Hitler.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 15. World W ar II.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 16. Nazi Ge nocide and Master Plans.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 17. The Col d War.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 18. Mao.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 19. Cambodi a and Pol Pot's Killing Fields.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 20. East Ge rmany, the Soviet Union, North Korea.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 21. From th e Berlin Wall to the Balkans.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 22. Rwanda.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 23. Saddam Hussein's Iraq.mkv

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Utopia and Terror in the 20th Century. 24. The Fut ure of Terror.mkv

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Phillip J. Bryson - The Economics of Centralism an d Local Autonomy; Fiscal Decentralization in the C zech and Slovak Republics (2010).jpg

Communism - Phillip J. Bryson - The Economics of Centralism and Lo...ecentralization in the Czech and Slovak Republics 2010.jpg

A comparative analysis of the process of public sector transition from central planning to market democracy. It is the story of the difficulties and complexities of moving to a system of greater autonomy for the subnational governments of the Czech and Slovak Republics, including the future of these two governments’ fiscal policies after the global recession.

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Phillip J. Bryson - The Economics of Centralism an d Local Autonomy; Fiscal Decentralization in the C zech and Slovak Republics (2010).pdf

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Anthony C. Sutton - Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development 1917 to 1930 (1970).jpg

Sutton studied at the universities of London, Goettingen and California and received his D.Sc. degree from University of Southampton, England. He was an economics professor at California State University Los Angeles and a research fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution from 1968 to 1973. During his time at the Hoover Institution he wrote the major study Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development (in three volumes), arguing that the West played a major role in developing the Soviet Union from its very beginnings up until the present time (1970). Sutton argued that the Soviet Union's technological and manufacturing base—which was then engaged in supplying the Viet Cong – was built by United States corporations and largely funded by US taxpayers. Steel and iron plants, the GAZ automobile factory – a Ford subsidiary, located in eastern Russia – and many other Soviet industrial enterprises were, according to Sutton, built with the help or technical assistance of the United States or U.S. corporations. He argued further that the Soviet Union's acquisition of MIRV technology was made possible by receiving (from U.S. sources) machining equipment for the manufacture of precision ball bearings, necessary to mass-produce MIRV-enabled missiles.

In 1973 Sutton published a popularized, condensed version of the three volumes called National Suicide: Military Aid to the Soviet Union, and was thereby[citation needed] forced out of the Hoover Institution. His conclusion from his research on the issue was that the conflicts of the Cold War were "not fought to restrain communism", since the United States, through financing the Soviet Union "directly or indirectly armed both sides in at least Korea and Vietnam"; rather, these wars were organised in order "to generate multibillion-dollar armaments contracts".

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Anthony C. Sutton - Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development 1917 to 1930 (1970).pdf

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Anthony C. Sutton - Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development 1930 to 1945 (1971).jpg

Sutton's next three major published books Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler and Wall Street and FDR detailed Wall Street's involvement in the Bolshevik Revolution (in order to destroy Russia as an economic competitor and turn into "a captive market and a technical colony to be exploited by a few high-powered American financiers and the corporations under their control") as well as its decisive contributions to the rise of Adolf Hitler and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, whose policies he assessed as being essentially the same, namely "corporate socialism" planned by the big corporations. Sutton concluded that this was all part of the economical power elites' "long-range program of nurturing collectivism" and fostering "corporate socialism" in order to ensure "monopoly acquisition of wealth", because it "would fade away if it were exposed to the activity of a free market".[4] In his view, the only solution to prevent such abuse in the future was that "a majority of individuals declares or acts as if it wants nothing from government, declares it will look after its own welfare and interests", or specifically that "a majority finds the moral courage and the internal fortitude to reject the something-for-nothing con game and replace it by voluntary associations, voluntary communes, or local rule and decentralized societies". In Sutton's own words he was "persecuted but never prosecuted" for his research and subsequent publication of his findings.

In the early 1980s, Sutton used a combination of public-domain information on Skull and Bones, and previously unreleased documents sent to him by Charlotte Iserbyt, whose father was in the Order[5] to infer that it played an important role in coordinating the political and economic relationships underlying the historical events he wrote of in his previous works. He published his findings as America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull and Bones – which, according to Sutton, was his most important work.

In his book, Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era (New York: Viking Press;1970), Zbigniew Brzezinski wrote:

For impressive evidence of Western participation in the early phase of Soviet economic growth, see Antony C. Sutton's Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development: 1917–1930, which argues that 'Soviet economic development for 1917–1930 was essentially dependent on Western technological aid' (p.283), and that 'at least 95 per cent of the industrial structure received this assistance.' (p. 348).

Professor Richard Pipes, of Harvard, said in his book, Survival Is Not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future (Simon & Schuster;1984):

In his three-volume detailed account of Soviet Purchases of Western Equipment and Technology ..." Sutton comes to conclusions that are uncomfortable for many businessmen and economists. For this reason his work tends to be either dismissed out of hand as 'extreme' or, more often, simply ignored.

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