Apache (N'de lub Dine'é ("Ludzie")) – zespół grup etnicznych Indian Ameryki Północnej, spokrewnionych prawdopodobnie z Atabaskami, zamieszkujący rezerwaty w stanach Arizona, Nowy Meksyk i Oklahoma.

Nazwa Apacze obejmuje co najmniej osiem szczepów, spośród których najbardziej znanymi były szczepy Kiowa, Mescalero, Jicarilla i Chiricahua. Kilka z nich, w tym Chiricahua, określano jako Apaczów z White Mountain. Jeden, szczególnie dokuczliwy dla białych osadników szczep z Teksasu, nosił miano Lipan.

Znamienny był ich styl osiedlania. Kiedy budowali wickiup, zazwyczaj ustawiali je w centrum obozowiska i przeznaczali dla kobiet, dzieci i starców. Wojownicy swoje szałasy stawiali wokół obozu, tworząc niejako "mur obronny" dla całej społeczności.

Historia
Pochodzący z dalekiej północy kontynentu, a następnie wędrujący po Wielkich Równinach na południe Apacze przybyli na Południowy Zachód ok. 1500 r. n.e. i – inaczej niż spokrewnieni Nawahowie – pozostali ludem nomadów. Sami Apacze – jak większość Indian – wierzą, że na tych terenach byli "od zawsze". Ich legenda stworzenia głosi, że Wielki Stwórca Ulzen (lub Usen) wysłał na Ziemię Ga'an (Tańczącego Kruka lub Ducha Gór) jako przewodnika i nauczyciela ludzi, którzy te ziemie zamieszkiwali.

Zajmowali się wówczas łowiectwem (w tym polowaniami na bizony) i prymitywnym rolnictwem ale stali się znani przede wszystkim jako wojownicy. Nazwa Apache pochodzi z języka Zuni i znaczy wrogowie lub waleczni ludzie. Niezasłużenie zła reputacja Apaczów uwieczniona została w świecie poprzez nazwanie ich mianem paryskich rzezimieszków (apasze).

Apache zorganizowani byli w samodzielne ekonomicznie matrylinearne grupy. Po rozpoczęciu kolonizacji Ameryki przez Europejczyków wyróżnili się walkami najpierw z Hiszpanami, a następnie z Meksykanami i Amerykanami. Kulminacja walk przypadła na lata przymusowych wysiedleń (1848–1886), kiedy wodzami byli Cochise i Geronimo. Wojny Apaczów z białymi i okres koczowniczego trybu życia plemienia skończyły się z chwilą poddania się Geronima (1886). Rozpoczął się trudny okres adaptacji do nowych warunków życia w rezerwatach, dezintegracji tradycyjnych struktur i asymilacji.

Chiricahua dzisiaj

Potomkowie plemienia w większości zamieszkują rezerwat Mescalero Indian Reservation (pow. 460 tysięcy akrów), który muszą dzielić z dwoma innymi plemionami Apaczów - Mescalero i Lipan. Około stu Chiricahua'ów wciąż mieszka w Fort Sill w Oklahomie. Rosnąca ilość mieszanych małżeństw powoduje wtapianie się w znacznie liczniejsze i doskonale zorganizowane plemię Mescalerów, na czele którego (od lat 1950.) stał Wendall Chino: postawił na rozwój gospodarczy rezerwatu budując ośrodki narciarskie i wypoczynkowe. Najbardziej kontrowersyjną jego decyzją była zgoda na składowanie odpadów radioaktywnych (1991 r.). Obecnie prezydentem organizacji pn. Mescalero Apache Tribe jest jego syn, Mark Chino. Nowa konstytucja rezerwatu nie wymienia oddzielnie plemienia Apaczów Chiricahua.

Liczebność w roku 2000: Według danych U.S. Census Bureau, podczas spisu powszechnego w 2000 roku 1134 obywateli USA zadeklarowało, że jest pochodzenia wyłącznie Chiricahua a 2189 oświadczyło, że ma pochodzenie wyłącznie lub między innymi Chiricahua.

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Mapa rozmieszczenia plemion Indian.jpg

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History & Culture of Native Americans - Joseph C. Jastrzembski - The Apache (2011).pdf

First entering the present-day American Southwest around 1500, the Apaches established themselves in the face of competition from the Spanish, Mexicans, and Americans. After decades of fierce resistance, the Apache tribes eventually found themselves facing an assault on their culture as they were confined to reservations and their children sent to boarding schools. Nevertheless the people found new ways to preserve their culture and sense of nationhood even as they learned to navigate the changing social, political, and economic landscape of modern America. Today, most Apache still live in the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, where the principal Apache reservations are located. In The Apache, read how this proud people thrived in America, interacted with Europeans, and live today.

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Indians of North America - Michael E. Melody - The Apache (2005).pdf

The Apache comprised many nomadic bands who hunted and gathered in a vast region -- stretching from Kansas to Northern Mexico -- until the arrival of Spanish colonists in the mid-16th century. These newcomers subdued other Indian peoples, but the Apache, highly adept warriors and raiders, fended them off for 300 years. Then, in the mid-19th century, the United States expanded its borders into Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Once again the Apache took arms, led by brilliant tacticians such as Cochise and Geronimo, who outmaneuvered the U.S. Army in skirmishes fought on the forbidding terrain of the Southwest. Enemy forces proved too great, however, and by 1996 the entire Apache population had been placed on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. Today, these proud people face yet another struggle, as they seek to preserve their unique way of life.

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Edward J. Rielly - Legends of American Indian Resi stance (2011).pdf

From the Indian Removal Act to the Battle of Little Bighorn to Geronimo's surrender in 1886, the story of how Europeans settled upon and eventually took over lands traditionally inhabited by American Indian peoples is long and troubling. This book discusses American Indian leaders over the course of four centuries, offering a chronological history of the Indian resistance effort.

Legends of American Indian Resistance is organized in 12 chapters, each describing the life and accomplishments of a major American Indian resistance leader. Author Edward J. Rielly provides an engaging overview of the many systematic efforts to subjugate Native Americans and take possession of their valuable land and resources.

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Osprey - Men-at-Arms 186 - Jason Hook - The Apache s (1987) [polskie tłumaczenie - 4 x DOC].rar

The Apache culture of 1850 was a blend of influences from the peoples of the Great Plains, Great Basin and the South-West, particularly the Pueblos, and – as time progressed – from the Spanish and American settlers. This fascinating work by Jason Hook examines the Apaches, their social structure, religion and warcraft, and outlines the Apache wars and conflicts with the American, including the dramatic story of Crook and Geronimo. This absorbing volume is illustrated with a wealth contemporary photographs, museum examples and eight stunning full page colour plates by Richard Hook, making it the perfect book for anyone interested in this fascinating culture. Men-at-Arms 163 and 186 and Warrior 4 are also available in a single volume special edition as ‘To Live and Die in the West’.

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Joseph C. Jastrzembski - The Apache Wars, The Fina l Resistance (2007).pdf

This book covers the final decades of the Apache wars and resistance in the 19th century; it follows a pretty chronological order. The first chapter has a brief look at Apache history and social customs including an explanation of tribal governing. The second has history on the beginning of the conflict, followed by the third chapter, which focuses on the American Government’s efforts to bring the Apaches to a reservation life. Successive chapters dedicate parts to known Apache leaders: Mangas, Coloradas, and Geronimo along with some lesser known leaders: Lozen, Juh, and Naiche. There is a chapter on the forced movement of the Apaches to Florida and Alabama. The book, then, comes full circle with Apaches allowed to return to land near their homes after being prisoners of war and marking the 100th anniversary of the surrender of Geronimo. This book would be excellent for social studies classes or young adult readers with an interest in US or American Indian history, as it is a very even handed portrayal of the conflict of the Apaches and the United States. The focus on the Apache government style of each tribe and group of Apaches being autonomous in their rule helps for a greater understanding of the problems with achieving peace between the two nations. Reviewer: Patrick Hunter

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Charles Collins - Apache Nightmare, The Battle at Cibecue Creek (1999).rar

In Apache Nightmare, Charles Collins tells the story of the Battle at Cibecue Creek, a pivotal event in the Apache Wars. On August 28, 1881, Col. Eugene Asa Carr left Fort Apache, Arizona Territory, with two cavalry troops and a company of Indian scouts. Their aim was to arrest a Cibecue Apache medicine man, Nock-ay-det-klinne, rumored to be inciting his followers against whites in the area. The arrest at Cibecue Creek was uneventful, but as Carr's forces returned to Fort Apache, the medicine man's followers attacked. The Apaches were soon joined by the Indian scouts, marking the skirmish as the only wholesale mutiny of an Indian scout company in U.S. military history. Basing his account on extensive primary sources, including testimony from Apaches themselves, Collins describes the events leading up to the incident, recreates the battle, and analyzes its aftermath.

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Helge Ingstad - The Apache Indians, In Search of t he Missing Tribe (2004).pdf

Available in English for the first time, The Apache Indians tells the story of the Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad’s sojourn among the Apaches near the White Mountain Reservation in Arizona and his epic journey to locate the “lost” group of their brethren in the Sierra Madres in the 1930s.

Ingstad traveled to Canada, where he lived as a trapper for four years with the Chipewyan Indians. The Chipewyans told him tales about people from their tribe who traveled south, never to return. He decided to go south to find the descendants of his Chipewyan friends and determine if they had similar stories. In 1936 Ingstad arrived in the White Mountains and worked as a cowboy with the Apaches. His hunch about the Apaches’ northern origins was confirmed by their stories, but the elders also told him about another group of Apaches who had fled from the reservation and were living in the Sierra Madres in Mexico. Ingstad launched an expedition on horseback to find these “lost” people, hoping to record more tales of their possible northern origin but also to document traditions and knowledge that might have been lost among the Apaches living on the reservation.

Through Ingstad’s keen and observant eyes, we catch unforgettable glimpses of the landscape and inhabitants of the southwestern borderlands as he and his Apache companions, including one of Geronimo’s warriors, embark on a dangerous quest to find the elusive Sierra Madre Apaches. The Apache Indians is a powerful echo of a past that has now become a myth.

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S.M. Barrett - Geronima żywot własny (1975).pdf

Spisany przez S.M.Barretta

Geronimo - wojenny wódz Apaczów ostatni, który złożył broń w walce przeciw białym i który wraz z resztką swego plemienia musiał żyć w rezerwacie - opowiada własne dzieje i dzieje swego szczepu.

"Na początku świat okrywała ciemność. Nie było słońca ani dnia. Panowała wieczna noc bez księżyca i gwiazd. (...) Wśród nielicznych żyjących wóczas ludzi była pewna kobieta, która miała wiele dzieci, jednakże wszystkie padały pastwą zwierząt. Jeżeli jakimś cudem któreś uchroniło się przed innymi zwierzętami, przychodził pożreć je smok, który był bardzo przebiegły i zły.

Po wielu latach kobieta urodziła syna burzy i wykopała dla niego głęboką pieczarę. Wejście do niej zamknęła i rozpaliła nad nim obozowe ognisko, które maskowało kryjówkę dziecka i ogrzewało je. (...)

Wkrótce potem chłopiec oświadczył, że wybiera się na polowanie. (...)

I właśnie wtedy ukazało się olbrzymie cielsko smoka. Chłopiec nie przeląkł się (...). Smok wziął udziec chłopca i odszedł z nim. (...) "Więc to jest dziecko, którego szukam. Jesteś, chłopcze, tłuściutki i soczysty, więc najpierw zjem ten udziec, a później ciebie". Ale chłopiec odrzekł: "Nie, nie zjesz ani mnie, ani tego mięsa". Po czym podszedł do siedzącego smoka i zabrał mięso (...). "Podoba mi się twoja odwaga - powiedział smok - ale jesteś niemądry. Co ty sobie wyobrażasz?". "Wiem jedno - powiedział na to chłopiec - że potrafię się bronić. Wkrótce się o tym przekonasz".

Na to smok zabrał znowu mięso, a chłopiec znowu je odebrał. W sumie smok cztery razy zabierał mięso, aż chłopiec, odebrawszy je po raz czwarty, zapytał: "Będziesz się ze mną bił, smoku?" "Będę - odparł smok - w jakikolwiek sposób zechcesz". Na to chłopiec rzekł: "Stanę o sto kroków od ciebie i będziesz mógł oddać do mnie cztery strzały ze swego łuku pod warunkiem, że potem zamienisz się ze mną miejscami i pozwolisz mnie strzelić do ciebie cztery razy". "Dobrze - powiedział smok. - Stawaj".

Smok wziął swój łuk zrobiony z rosłej sosny. Potem wyjął z kołczana cztery strzały zrobione z młodych sosenek, z których każda miała dwadzieścia stóp wysokości. Wycelował starannie, ale gdy tylko strzała wyfrunęła z łuku, chłopiec wydał dziwny dźwięk i podskoczył w górę. Strzała rozprysnęła się momentalnie na tysiąc drzazg, a chłopiec tymczasem stał wsparty stopą na czubku lśniącej tęczy nad miejscem, w które miała trafić. Po chwili tęcza zniknęła i chłopiec znalazł się z powrotem na ziemi. Gdy powtórzyło się to cztery razy, chłopiec rzekł: "Teraz moja kolej, smoku. Ty stań tutaj, a ja będę strzelał". "Dobrze - odparł smok. - Twoje małe strzały nie przeszyją nawet jednej rogowej pokrywy, a mam ich cztery, więc możesz sobie strzelać". Chłopiec strzelił, trafiając w miejsce, gdzie smok miał serce, i jedna warstwa wielkich rogowych łusek opadła na ziemię. Za drugim razem odpadła druga, za trzecim trzecia. Teraz smok zadrżał, bo jego serce było w niebezpieczeństwie, ale musiał pozostać na miejscu. (...) wówczas chłopiec wypuścił celnie czwartą strzałę, która przeszyła serce smoka. Z potężnym hukiem smok jął się toczyć po zboczu góry...

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Famous Figures of the American Frontier - Bill, II I Thompson, William Thompson - Geronimo (2002).pdf

These utilitarian biographies about charismatic and controversial Native American leaders provide plenty of report information. Each book begins with a compelling scene from near the end of the subject's life and then goes back to trace, in five or six engaging and readable chapters, earlier events. Since there is little extant material about these leaders' early lives, both books are careful to say "he probably" did this or "probably did" that while providing generalized background about tribal life, including naming ceremonies, vision quests, and the adult lives of both men. The authors also discuss specific battles. Both leaders were considered dangerous by the cavalry and Western settlers; the authors present a balanced view, leaving readers to answer the question-were these men warriors protecting their people or mass murderers? The layout is inviting, with plenty of white space, and most of the illustrations are period color photographs. Russell Freedman's expertly researched and beautifully written Life and Death of Crazy Horse (Holiday, 1996) will appeal to an older audience and provides greater detail about Native and cavalry encounters.

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Legends of the Wild West - Jon Sterngass - Geronim o (2010).pdf

In the 1800s, Apache leader Geronimo was seen by his supporters as a proud symbol of resistance and the upholder of the Chiricahua ways. To others, especially white settlers, he was a troublemaker and a cold-blooded killer. Today, Geronimo is an enduring figure of the now-tamed Wild West.

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S. M. Barrett - Geronimo, His Own Story (1996).doc

One of the most extraordinary documents in the annals of Native American history, this is the authentic testament of a remarkable war shaman who for several years held off both Mexico and the United States in fierce defense of Apache lands.

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Odie B. Faulk - The Geronimo Campaign (1993).pdf

The surrender of the great Apache leader Geronimo to U.S Army Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood in August of 1886 brought to an end a struggle that had begun in the early years of the century, and had figured prominently in the western campaign of the Civil War. The words addressed by Gatewood to Geronimo as they met along the banks of Mexico's Bavispe River echoed those spoken in many such a meeting between victorious American commander and vanquished Native American. "Accept these terms or fight it out to the bitter end," said Gatewood. The terms were forced relocation to Florida and the ceding of the ancestral homeland of the Apaches to white settlers; the bitter end was, quite simply, annihilation.
In The Geronimo Campaign, Odie B. Faulk, a leading historian of the American Southwest, offers a lively and often chilling account of the war that raged over the deserts and mountains of Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico in the mid 1880's, and traces its legacy well past the ultimatum delivered to Geronimo on August 25, 1886. Faulk is especially concerned with the campaign's wider historical setting and significance, and with the sad record of betrayal of the Native American by the U.S. Government.
In a very real sense, it is the stuff of Greek tragedy. Here among the mesas of the Southwest was inevitable conflict and inevitable defeat, with both sides losing and yet surviving their loss. The Apaches were forced to endure years of captivity and humiliation, and--like the Sioux, Comanche, and Nez Perce before them--the obliteration of their traditional way of life. The Army, seemingly the winner, was torn by conflicting claims of glory by its hubristic leaders. And Americans lost much that Apache culture might have contributed to their country, as well as more than a measure of American self-respect.
Few emerge from Faulk's riveting account with their dignity and stature intact: only the titanic figure of Geronimo, and to a lesser extent the two men he knew and trusted among his opponents, Gatewood and General George Crook, retain a semblance of honor. Faulk shows that neither side wanted war, that both sides believed in the righteousness of their cause, and that the real instigators of the conflict were rapacious American settlers--the "Tucson Ring" of merchants--who sold grain, hay, and other provisions to the troops as well as to those living on the Indian reservations.
Faulk's realistic and colorful narrative highlights many of the campaign's ironies as well as its dangers and vicissitudes. In addition, it vividly recreates life in an Army command post on the western frontier, offers an exceptionally clear and sympathetic life history of Geronimo, and sheds new light on the conflict through many hitherto unknown documents originally collected by Gatewood's son. Also included is a brief history of the Apache people, a full bibliography and notes, and many vintage photographs which lend a rare immediacy to this tragic story.

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Mary A. Stout - Geronimo, A Biography (2009).pdf

A revered Apache spiritual and military leader and a recurring figure in pop culture lore, Geronimo was a key figure during the settlement of the American Southwest. He led one of the last major independent Indian uprisings and personified the struggle of Native Americans during westward expansion. Geronimo: A Biography explores the life of this legendary leader, a man who has become an icon of the courageous—and doomed—struggle of the Native Americans.
This biography follows GeronimoÕs life from his traditional Apache upbringing to his final days as a celebrity prisoner of war. It discusses the historical and social forces at work during the period, including Native American traditions and lifeways. It also shows how GeronimoÕs surrender in 1886 marked the end of the traditional Native American way of life. No longer free to roam the lands of their forefathers, Indians faced a future of captivity and a struggle to maintain their identity and traditions.

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Edwin R. Sweeney - Mangas Coloradas, Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches (1998).rar

From Publishers Weekly
One would expect that a biography of the great Apache leader would be sympathetic to the Native American's plight. Mangas was a prominent and influential leader of his people against the Mexicans and later the Americans who ended his life in 1863. But Sweeney's (Cochise) choice of language in his cumbersome work is appalling. Whites fighting against Apaches "killed a few Indians," "repeatedly whipped," "slain," "executed," and "dispassionately killed"; the Apaches "massacred," "murdered," "killed indiscriminately," "laid waste," "committed... depredations" and "slaughtered" troops and civilians?as if what the Apaches did in trying to protect and sustain their way of life was more heinous than what Mexicans and Americans were doing to deprive them of it. Especially dismaying is this passage describing an Apache raid: "they lanced seventy head of cattle, just for devilment" portraying them as little more than mischievous children. Understandably, any reconstruction of events will necessitate a dependence on historical documents, especially in this case with no records from the Apaches. But a historian should be careful of surmises, and the frequent use of "probably," "perhaps," "likely" and "apparently" undermines reader confidence. The writing is blase, a sluggish narrative that is little more than recounting of historical facts. Mangas Coloradas's life was anything but boring, and although well researched, this volume of his life is just that. Illustrated.

From Library Journal
Sweeney (Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief, LJ 5/1/91) has written a sympathetic biography of Mangas Coloradas ("red sleeves"), who led the Chiricahua Apache nation for almost 40 years. A large and powerful man (6' 4" tall) who led war parties against the Mexicans of Sonora, Mangas welcomed Americans into his territory in 1846 because they treated his people well and joined him in his fight against the Mexicans. However, as more whites came, retaliatory incidents caused Mangas and his son-in-law, Cochise, to fight back. When Mangas finally tried to make peace in 1863, he was captured and killed by American soldiers, which led to more than two decades of war. The strength of this first full-length biography lies in Sweeney's presenting all sides of the story, using historical papers, correspondence, newspaper accounts, and state documents. This well-written book would have been even stronger had it more greatly emphasized Apache social organization and political system, but it will still serve as a standard historical source on Mangas Coloradas and his followers.?Vicki L. Toy Smith, Univ. of Nevada, Reno

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Edward S. Curtis - List Of Large Plates Supplement ing Volume One.pdf

The North American Indian by Edward S. Curtis
Volume 1 (The Apache, The Jicarillas , The Navaho])

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Edward S. Curtis - The North American Indian, Volu me 1 (1907).pdf

The North American Indian by Edward S. Curtis
Volume 1 (The Apache, The Jicarillas , The Navaho])

Edward Sheriff Curtis published The North American Indian between 1907 and 1930 with the intent to record traditional Indian cultures. The work comprises twenty volumes of narrative text and photogravure images. Each volume is accompanied by a portfolio of large photogravure plates.

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Douglas C. McChristian - Fort Bowie, Arizona, Comb at Post Of The Southwest, 1858-1894 (2005).pdf

Fort Bowie, in present-day Arizona, was established in 1862 at the site of the famous Battle of Apache Pass, where U.S. troops clashed with Apache chief Cochise and his warriors. The fort's dual purpose was to guard the invaluable water supply at Apache Spring and to control Indians in the developing southwestern region. Douglas C. McChristian's Fort Bowie, Arizona, spans nearly four decades to provide a fascinating account of the many complex events surrounding the small combat post. In a sweeping narrative, McChristian presents Fort Bowie in fresh contexts of national expansion and regional development, weaving in threads of early exploration, transcontinental railroad surveys, the overland mail, mining, ranching, and the conflict with the Apaches.

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William Chebahtah, Nancy McGown Minor - Chevato, T he Story of the Apache Warrior Who Captured Herman Lehmann.pdf

Here is the oral history of the Apache warrior Chevato, who captured eleven-year-old Herman Lehmann from his Texas homestead in May 1870. Lehmann called him “Bill Chiwat” and referred to him as both his captor and his friend. Chevato provides a Native American point of view on both the Apache and Comanche capture of children and specifics regarding the captivity of Lehmann known only to the Apache participants. Yet the capture of Lehmann was only one episode in Chevato’s life.
Born in Mexico, Chevato was a Lipan Apache whose parents had been killed in a massacre by Mexican troops. He and his siblings fled across the Rio Grande and were taken in by the Mescalero Apaches of New Mexico. Chevato became a shaman and was responsible for introducing the Lipan form of the peyote ritual to both the Mescalero Apaches and later to the Comanches and the Kiowas. He went on to become one of the founders of the Native American Church in Oklahoma.
The story of Chevato reveals important details regarding Lipan Apache shamanism and the origin and spread of the type of peyote rituals practiced today in the Native American community. This book also provides a rare glimpse into Lipan and Mescalero Apache life in the late nineteenth century, when the Lipans faced annihilation and the Mescaleros faced the reservation.

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Before the Storm, Apache (Edward S. Curtis).jpg

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Grupa Geronimo w drodze do obozu więziennego na Fl orydzie, 1886.jpg

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Chatto, Chiricahua Apache, 1886.jpg

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Chiricahua Apache.jpg

1, 2, 4, 6: Warriors
3, 5: Women

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Chiricahua Puberty Ceremony.jpg

1: Maiden
2: Sponsor
3: Schaman

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Cullah, Chiricahua Apache, 1876.jpg

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Lozen.jpg

Lozen was born into the Chihenne band of the Chiricahua Apache in the early 1800's. She was a warrior who rode and fought alongside Geronimo and her older brother Cheif Victorio in the Apache wars in the late 1800's. Very little is written of this talented and brave woman. It's speculated that her importance in battle was downplayed by her people for her own protection. It is said she could detect the movements of the enemy by raising her hands in the air which made her extremely valueable in battles. She was also a gifted midwife and healer. This photo is one of the few taken at the time of her surrender as she and her comrades were waiting to board the train to captivity in Florida.

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Victorio.jpg

Victorio (Bidu-ya, Beduiat; ca. 1825 – October 14, 1880) was a warrior and chief of the Chihenne band of the Chiricahua Apaches in what is now the U.S. states of New Mexico, Arizona, Texas and the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua.

Biography

Victorio grew up in the Chihenne band (sometimes called Eastern Chiricahua). There are rumors that Victorio was part Mexican, but there is no concrete evidence or reputable oral history to support this claim. There is also speculation that he or his band had Navajo kinship ties and was known among the Navajo as "he who checks his horse". Victorio's sister was the famous woman warrior Lozen ("Dextrous Horse Thief").

In 1853 he was considered a chief or sub chief by the U.S. Army and signed a document. In his twenties, he rode with Geronimo and other Apache leaders. As was the custom, he became the leader of a band of Chiricahuas (sometimes also called Warm Springs or Mimbres) and Mescaleros and fought against the United States Army. From 1870 to 1886, Victorio and his band were moved to and left at least three different reservations (some more than once), despite his band's request to live on traditional lands. The Ojo Caliente reservation was located in their traditional territory. Victorio and his band were moved to San Carlos Reservation in Arizona Territory in 1877. He and his followers immediately left the reservation along with other Apache bands. Victorio was successful at raiding and evading capture by the military.

In April, 1880, Victorio was credited with leading the "Alma massacre" – a raid on United States settlers' homes around Alma, New Mexico. During this event, several settlers were killed. Victorio's warriors were finally driven off with the arrival of U.S. Army soldiers from Fort Bayard. However, Victorio continued his campaign with the attack on Fort Tularosa.

In October 1880, while moving along the Rio Grande in northern Mexico, Victorio and his band were surrounded and killed by soldiers of the Mexican Army at Cerro Tres Castillos (29.96667°N 105.78333°W), in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Some women and children escaped but were sent with Geronimo to Florida, Alabama and Oklahoma.

Victorio Peak in New Mexico is named after him.

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Apache Warriors.doc

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Taza - Chiricahua Apache.jpg

c. 1835-1876. As the first son of COCHISE, Taza became the leader of his father's group when Cochise died in 1874. Taza, who was also brother of NAICHE and grandson of MANGAS COLORADAS, strove to honor his father's peace agreement with the army. In 1876, he agreed to relocate his people from the Chiricahua Reservation at Apache Pass, Arizona, to the San Carlos Reservation. However, he could not unite the various Apache bands under his leadership as Cochise had done. Consequently, GERONIMO and his followers crossed the Mexican border into the Sierra Madre of Mexico. This remote area became their base camp. In the summer of 1876, Taza joined the Apache delegation to Washington, D.C., to sue for peace. During this trip, Taza succumbed to pneumonia and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery. As a result of Taza's death, Naiche became more militant.

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Naiche - Chiricahua Apache.jpg

c.1857-1921. As a young man, Naiche (means "the Mischief Maker" or "Meddlesome One") led many raids against white settlers. When his older brother TAZA died of pneumonia in 1876m he became chief of the Chiricahua Apaches. In 1879, Naiche resisted relocation to the San Carlos Apache Reservation and went to Mexico with GERONIMO's Band. While ensconced in the Sierra Madre south of Rio Grande, Naiche and Geronimo attacked American and Mexican communities with relative impunity. While Naiche was certainly the hereditary chief of the Chiricahua Apaches at this time, it appears that Geronimo was viewed as the great leader and probably persuaded Naiche, the younger man, to submit to his leadership during these campaigns. During the early 180s, the U.S. Army relentlessly tracked the rebellious Chiricahua Apaches until Naiche surrendered on May 25,1883, to General George Crook. For a while, Naiche and Geronimo languished at the San Carlos Reservation, but in 1885, the two leaders left with over one hundred men in a last attempt to avoid American control. By September 1886, Apache scouts and detachments of the U.S. Army were able to force their surrender in the inhospitable terrain of Mexico. Soon after the Chiricahuas were captured, Naiche and Geronimo and their men were incarcerated first at Fort Marion, Florida, and then at Mount Vernon Barracks in Alberta. Although Naiche and his men wanted return home to Arizona, angry white settlers there prevented it. After Kiowa and Comanche leaders invited the Chiricahua Apaches to share their reservation, Naiche and 295 other Apaches relocated to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, on October 4, 1895. Naiche remained in Oklahoma until 1913. He eventually returned to the Southwest, where he lived in peace for eight years, dying of influenza at Mescalero, New Mexico, in 1921.

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