The key to understanding a volatile region
In 1989, to the surprise of many, the infamous Iron Curtain separating Western and Eastern Europe collapsed. In a matter of months, a world that had existed for four decades was overturned, and nations and peoples who had for centuries been dominated-and at times destroyed-by their more powerful neighbors were detached from the Russian sphere of influence and set on a radically new economic and political path.
Major articles on the countries of Eastern Europe
The cornerstones of the encyclopedia are the articles on countries and regions of Eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and the countries that once made up Yugoslavia. Additional coverage of European Russia is also included. These articles are both detailed and concise, offering the reader a brief but comprehensive introduction into a country's history during the last two centuries.

Articles on the major political organizations and movements
Eastern Europe was an area rich in diverse political ideas and movements, stretching from monarchists on the one extreme to radical socialists and anarchists on the other. These movements often played decisive roles in the political and social evolution of the region but have often been little covered in histories written from a Western European orientation. The book also covers the leading figures who shaped the region's political destiny, as well as the major artists, writers, and other culturally significant individuals during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Maps and other reader aidsAn extensive map program enriches the text and helps the reader place a topic in geographic context. Bibliographies at the end of entries direct the reader to accessible sources for further reading on Eastern European history.
This encyclopedia serves as an excellent introduction for the reader who is unfamiliar with Eastern Europe, but it is also a comprehensive reference for the expert interested in checking a detail or examining the latest historical perspective about a subject.

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Richard Frucht - Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe, F rom the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communis m (2007).pdf

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Alexander Kotchegura - Civil Service Reform in Pos t-Communist Countries (2008).jpg

Why does the state bureaucracy in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) appear to have been affected very little by the post-communist transformation when compared to other public institutions and sectors of the economy? Why have declared reforms of civil services failed so far to reach most of their objectives and even have had a counter-productive effect in some cases? On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the development of the Russian and Czech state administration over the last decade and a half the author provides a thorough insight into the causes of the prevailing tendencies in the administrative development of CEE countries and explores key factors that have led to more than modest results in the reforms of their civil services.

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Alexander Kotchegura - Civil Service Reform in Pos t-Communist Countries (2008).pdf

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Sergei Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfie ld - Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 3, State sman, 1953-1964 (2007).jpg

Communism - Books - Sergei Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfie...a Khrushchev, Volume 3, Statesman, 1953-1964 2007.jpg

This is the third and last volume of the only complete and fully reliable English-language version of the memoirs of the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev.
In the first two volumes, published by Pennsylvania State University Press in 2005 and 2006, respectively, Khrushchev tells the story of his rise to power and his part in the fight against Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. He also discusses agriculture, the housing problem, and other issues of domestic policy, as well as defense and disarmament. This volume is devoted to international affairs. Khrushchev describes his dealings with foreign statesmen and his state visits to Britain, the United States, France, Scandinavia, India, Afghanistan, Burma, Egypt, and Indonesia.
In the first part, Khrushchev talks about relations between the Soviet Union and the Western powers. Of particular interest is his perspective on the Berlin, U-2, and Cuban missile crises. The second part focuses on the Communist world--above all, the deterioration of relations with China and the tensions in Eastern Europe, including relations with Tito's Yugoslavia, Gomulka's Poland, and the 1956 Soviet intervention in Hungary. In the third part, Khrushchev discusses the search for allies in the Third World.
The Appendixes contain biographies, a bibliography and a chronology, and also the reminiscences of Khrushchev's chief bodyguard about the visit to the United Nations in 1960 at which the famous "shoe-banging" incident occurred--or, perhaps, did not occur.

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Sergei Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfie ld - Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 3, State sman, 1953-1964 (2007).pdf

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Yoram Gorlizk, Oleg Khlevniuki - Cold Peace, Stali n and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945-1953 (2004).jpg

In the period from the end of World War II until his death, Stalin became an increasingly distrustful despot. He habitually picked on and humiliated members of his inner circle, had them guarded around the clock, had their correspondence decoded by secret police, bugged the lines of even his most senior deputies, and even drove several to the point of publicly betraying their spouses in order to prove their allegiance. This book argues that Stalin's behavior was not entirely paranoid and erratic but followed a clear political logic. The authors contend that his system of leadership was at once both modern-Stalin vested authority in committees, elevated younger specialists, and made key institutional innovations-and patrimonial-repressive, informal, and based on personal loyalty. Always, Stalin's goal was to make the USSR a global power and, though the country teetered on the edge of violence during this period of acute domestic and international pressure, he succeeded in achieving superpower status and in holding on to power despite his old age and ill health. Based on the newest archival material available, including personal correspondence, drafts of Central Committee paperwork, new memoirs, and interviews with former functionaries and the families of Politburo members, this book will appeal to all those interested in Soviet history, political history, and the biographies of dictators.

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Ian H. Birchall - Sartre Against Stalinism (2004).jpg

Most critics of the political evolution of Jean-Paul Sartre have laid emphasis on his allegedly sympathetic and uncritical attitude to Stalinist Communism due, to a large extent, to their equation of Marxism with Stalinism. It is true that Sartre was guilty of many serious misjudgements with regard to the USSR and the French Communist Party. But his relationship with the Marxist Left was much more complex and contradictory than most accounts admit. This book offers a political defence of Sartre and shows how, from a relatively apolitical stance in the 1930s, Sartre became increasingly involved in the politics of the Left; though he always distrusted Stalinism, he was sometimes driven to ally himself with it because of the force of its argument.

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Ian H. Birchall - Sartre Against Stalinism (2004).pdf

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Osprey - Fortress 48 - Gordon Rottman - Viet Cong and NVA Tunnels and Fortifications of the Vietnam War (2006).jpg

Communism - Books - Osprey - Fortress 48 - Gordon Rottman - Viet Cong ...unnels and Fortifications of the Vietnam War 2006.jpg

During the Vietnam War, the Viet Cong (VC) main forces and North Vietnamese Army (NVA) were forced to hide weapons and supplies underground and to dig protective shelters to counter massive US firepower. Their field works defended villages, hidden base camps, and fortified complexes, and took the form of trench systems, individual fighting positions, crew-served weapon positions, bunkers, caches, and extensive tunnel complexes. Camouflage and deceptive measures, and the employment of obstacles and booby traps, went hand-in-hand with such works. This title takes a detailed look at the VC/NVA tunnel systems, field fortifications, base camps. and camouflage and concealment measures employed during the Vietnam conflict.

Contents
Introduction · The nature of the land and the war · Building and manning the defenses · Construction techniques and materials · Field fortifications · Camps and villages · Tunnel systems · Tackling the tunnels and fortifications · The test of battle · An assessment of the fortifications · The sites today · Bibliography and further research · Abbreviations · Index

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Nikolai L. Krementsov - Stalinist Science (1986).jpg

Some scholars have viewed the Soviet state and science as two monolithic entities--with bureaucrats as oppressors, and scientists as defenders of intellectual autonomy. Based on previously unknown documents from the archives of state and Communist Party agencies and of numerous scientific institutions, Stalinist Science shows that this picture is oversimplified. Even the reinstated Science Department within the Central Committee was staffed by a leading geneticist and others sympathetic to conventional science. In fact, a symbiosis of state bureaucrats and scientists established a much more terrifying system of control over the scientific community than any critic of Soviet totalitarianism had feared. Some scientists, on the other hand, developed more elaborate devices to avoid and exploit this control system than any advocate of academic freedom could have reasonably hoped. Nikolai Krementsov argues that the model of Stalinist science, already taking hold during the thirties, was reversed by the need for inter- Allied cooperation during World War II. Science, as a tool for winning the war and as a diplomatic and propaganda instrument, began to enjoy higher status, better funding, and relative autonomy. Even the reinstated Science Department within the Central Committee was staffed by a leading geneticist and others sympathetic to conventional science. However, the onset of the Cold War led to a campaign for eliminating such servility to the West. Then the Western links that had benefited genetics and other sciences during the war and through 1946 became a liability, and were used by Lysenko and others to turn back to the repressive past and to delegitimate whole research directions

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Nikolai L. Krementsov - Stalinist Science (1986).pdf

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Richard Pipes - Komunizm (2008).jpg

Jak to się stało, że utopijna idea, która pojawiła się w Paryżu w połowie XIX wieku, zrodzona z jak najszlachetniejszych intencji, stała się ostatecznie źródłem strasznych zbrodni i cierpień milionów ludzi?

Czy powodem fiaska komunizmu była ludzka nieudolność, czy już sam pomysł? Słynny historyk wnikliwie przedstawia historię, teorię i praktykę socjalizmu, zarówno w samym ZSRR, jak i poza nim. "Książka ta jest zarówno wprowadzeniem do historii ruchu komunistycznego, jak i jego nekrologiem" - pisze autor. Na szczęście...

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Fidel Castro - My Life (2007).jpg

For years people have tried to persuade the leader of the Cuban Revolution to tell his own life story. Here, finally, Ignacio Ramonet, well-known activist and editor of "Le Monde Diplomatique", has succeeded. For the first time, in a series of probing interviews, Fidel Castro describes his life, from the 1950s all the way up to the present day. He discusses his parents, his earliest influences, the beginnings of the revolution, his relationship with Che Guevara, the Bay of Pigs, the Carter years, Cuban migration to the US. And along the way, Ramonet challenges Castro to discuss his views on a number of controversial questions, from human rights and freedom of the press to the repression of homosexuality and the survival of the death penalty, and he gives his opinion of other leaders, alive and dead, including George Bush and Tony Blair.

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Fidel Castro - My Life (2007).pdf

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Paul Hollander - Political Will and Personal Belie f, The Decline and Fall of Soviet Communism (1999).jpg

Communism - Books - Paul Hollander - Political Will and Personal Belie...ef, The Decline and Fall of Soviet Communism 1999.jpg

A brilliant and original analysis of the fall of communism that focuses on the impact of its cumulative failures on the communist elite. It is a reflection of the limitations of Soviet studies, not just in the United States, that Hollander (Sociology/Univ. of Mass.; Political Pilgrims, 1981, etc.) is the first analyst to do so. Most Sovietologists have tried to explain the fall of communism in institutional terms. They have looked at the economic failure of the USSR, or its warring nationalities, or its imperial overstretch. Hollander instead examines the erosion of the leadership's belief in the inevitable triumph of communism and their growing discomfort about the gap between its utopian ends and its brutal means, between professed ideals and bleak reality. He considers four groups: the defectors and exiles, the reformers and high-level functionaries, the leadership in Eastern Europe, and the state security apparatchiks. The process of disillusionment was profoundly painful for many. There had been an element of religious faith in their convictions. Some were shocked when they first encountered the freedom and abundance of the West, ``a standing rebuke to and refutation of everything the Soviet system claimed it stood for.'' Others (like both Mikhail and Raisa Gorbachev) nurtured terrible memories of loved ones exiled or shot. Many were appalled by the privileges of the elite and the contrast with the misery of the poor, by their own private well-stocked stores, their country dachas with staffs of a dozen, and the greedy fights over the possessions of fellow party members who had been executed. Their disillusionment, Hollander notes, remained well under control until they themselves were purged, but it clearly affected the devotion with which they fought to maintain the system. A thoughtful and timely reminder that regimes, no matter how seemingly invincible, are built, maintained, and ultimately betrayed by people.

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Paul Hollander - Political Will and Personal Belie f, The Decline and Fall of Soviet Communism (1999).pdf

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Raymond James Sontag, James Stuart Beddie - Nazi-S oviet Relations 1939-1941, Documents from the Arc hives of the German Foreign Office (1948).jpg

Communism - Books - Raymond James Sontag, James Stuart Beddie - Nazi-S...rom the Archives of the German Foreign Office 1948.jpg

In 1945 the American and British armies captured the archives of the German Foreign Office which had been evacuated from Berlin. This collection of the most significant documents bearing on German-Soviet relations during 1939-1941 was originally published by the U. S. Department of State in 1948.

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Philip Boobbyer - The Stalin Era (2000).jpg

This book provides a wide-ranging history of every aspect of Stalin's dictatorship over the peoples of the Soviet Union. Drawing on a huge array of primary and secondary sources, The Stalin Era is a first-hand account of Stalinist thought, policy, and the effects of both of these. The book places the man and his ideology into context both within pre-Revolutionary Russia, Lenin's Soviet Union, and post-Stalinist Russia. The Stalin Era examines collectivization; industrialization; terror; government; the cult of Stalin; education and science; family; religion and the Russian Orthodox Church; and art and the state.

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Philip Boobbyer - The Stalin Era (2000).pdf

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Alan Bullock - Żywoty równoległe. Hitler i Stalin (1994).jpg

Autor, historyk angielski o światowej sławie, porównuje życiorysy dwóch dyktatorów oraz systemy totalitarne, które stworzyli - faszyzm i komunizm - i dochodzi do wniosku, że miały one wiele cech wspólnych.

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Alan Bullock - Żywoty równoległe. Hitler i Stalin (1994) [DOC x 2].rar

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Jan Kucharzewski - Od białego do czerwonego caratu (2000).jpg

Przed ponad trzydziestu laty, gdy mało jeszcze zdawano sobie sprawę z całego niebezpieczeństwa komunizmu, jeden z najznakomitszych polskich pisarzy i mężów stanu, były
premier Jan Kucharzewski, postanowił poświęcić całe swe dalsze życie naukowemu wykazaniu, że "droga od białego do czerwonego caratu" prowadzi w nieubłaganej konsekwencji rozwoju dziejowego Rosji do katastrofy, grożącej nie tylko Polsce, ale całemu wolnemu światu (z przedmowy).

Jan Kucharzewski (ur. 27 maja 1876 w Wysokiem Mazowieckiem, zm. 4 lipca 1952 w Nowym Jorku) – polski historyk, prawnik, polityk, premier (1917–1918).

Życiorys

W 1898 ukończył Wydział Prawny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, od 1906 pracował jako adwokat. Był członkiem Zetu i Bratniej Pomocy. Pierwsze lata I wojny światowej spędził w Szwajcarii, gdzie prowadził działalność publicystyczną na rzecz sprawy polskiej. W czerwcu 1917 wrócił do Warszawy. Rozpoczął pracę w administracji podległej Radzie Regencyjnej. Od 26 listopada 1917 do 27 lutego 1918 pełnił urząd Prezesa Ministrów. W okresie międzywojennnym doradca przy Radzie Ministrów i MSZ, następnie zajmował się działalnością naukową i publicystyczną. W czasie II wojny światowej przebywał w USA, gdzie wielokrotnie zabierał głos na rzecz Polski, zwłaszcza z pozycji antysowieckich i antykomunistycznych (1942–1952). Prezes Polskiego Instytut Naukowego w Nowym Jorku.

Jako historyk zajmował się głównie dziejami Rosji i Polski w XIX i XX w. Był członkiem Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego (od 1921 członek rzeczywisty, od 1929 członek zwyczajny) i Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności (od 1926 członek-korespondent, od 1936 członek czynny). Niektóre publikacje:

Socyalizm prawniczy (1906)
Sprawa polska w parlamencie frankfurckim 1848 roku (1908)
Réflexions sur le problème Polonais, Lausanne 1916, ss. 91 (1916)
Maurycy Mochnacki (1910)
Epoka Paskiewiczowska. Losy oświaty (1914)
Od białego caratu do czerwonego (tom 1–7, Warszawa 1923–1935, Wyd. Kasy im Mianowskiego), Wyd. I powojenne pod red. nauk. Andrzeja Szwarca i Pawła Wieczorkiewicza. Warszawa 1998-2000 Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN
The Origin of Modern Russia (1948), wyd. polskie: Od białego do czerwonego caratu z przedmową Oskara Haleckiego, London 1986, Veritas Foundation Publication Centre.

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Jan Kucharzewski - Od białego do czerwonego caratu (2000).txt

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Peter Kenez - A History Of The Soviet Union From T he Beginning To The End (2Ed 2006).jpg

An examination of political, social and cultural developments in the Soviet Union. The book identifies the social tensions and political inconsistencies that spurred radical change in the government of Russia, from the turn of the century to the revolution of 1917. Kenez envisions that revolution as a crisis of authority that posed the question, ??Who shall govern Russia?' This question was resolved with the creation of the Soviet Union. Kenez traces the development of the Soviet Union from the Revolution, through the 1920s, the years of the New Economic Policies and into the Stalinist order.He shows how post-Stalin Soviet leaders struggled to find ways to rule the country without using Stalin's methods but also without openly repudiating the past, and to negotiate a peaceful but antipathetic coexistence with the capitalist West. In this new edition, he also examines the post-Soviet period, tracing Russia's development up to the present day.

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Peter Kenez - A History Of The Soviet Union From T he Beginning To The End (2Ed 2006).pdf

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David A. Dyker - Catching Up and Falling Behind, P ost-Communist Transformation in Historical Perspec tive (2004).jpg

Communism - Books - David A. Dyker - Catching Up and Falling Behind, P...nist Transformation in Historical Perspective 2004.jpg

In this collection of essays David A Dyker explores some of the most difficult and fascinating aspects of the process of transition from autocratic "real socialism" to a capitalism that is sometimes democratic, sometimes authoritarian. The stress is on the economic dimension of transformation, but the author sets the economic drama firmly within a political economy framework and a historical perspective. Trends in key economic variables are analysed against the background of the struggle between different social and political groups for power and command over resources. While the book pays due attention to topical issues like EU enlargement, the underlying perspective is a long-term one. Transition is viewed not as a set of once-and-for-ali institutional changes or a process of short-term stabilisation, but as a historic opportunity to solve the inherited problem of poverty and underdevelopment in Central-East Europe and the former Soviet Union. The book ends with a critical assessment of how economics, as a discipline, has coped with the challenge of that historic opportunity.

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David A. Dyker - Catching Up and Falling Behind, P ost-Communist Transformation in Historical Perspec tive (2004) [PDF].rar

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Piotr Piotrowski - In the Shadow of Yalta, Art and the Avant-garde in Eastern Europe, 1945-1989 (200 9).jpg

In this comprehensive study of the artistic culture of the region between the Iron Curtain and the former Soviet Union, Piotr Piotrowski chronicles the relationship between avant-garde art production and post-World War II politics in such Iron Curtain nations as Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the former Yugoslavia.
Beginning with an analysis of surrealism in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary, Piotrowski then examines the evolution of modernist art against the decline of Stalinism. He later chronicles the neo-avant-garde art movement during the height of socialism in the 1970s. In the Shadow of Yalta concludes with the rise of commercial art development at the end of the communist era.
Featuring more than 200 images, most by artists largely unfamiliar to an English-speaking audience, In the Shadow of Yalta is a fascinating portrait of the inspiring art made in a region—and at a time—of critical importance in modern Europe. This comprehensive study will introduce historians, art critics, and scholars to significant artists from Central and Eastern Europe and will illuminate an influential period in

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Piotr Piotrowski - In the Shadow of Yalta, Art and the Avant-garde in Eastern Europe, 1945-1989 (200 9).pdf

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