Bitwa pod Akcjum stała się w historii starożytnego Rzymu klamrą spinającą dwie diametralnie różne formy ustrojowe — republikę oraz cesarstwo. To starcie zbrojne było również końcowym akordem kilkunastoletniego okresu bratobójczych wojen domowych, które stanowiły tło agonii systemu republikańskiego. Początek tych ostatecznych zmagań, niezależnie od przyjmowanych ustaleń czasowych, wiąże się nieodłącznie z osobą Gajusza Juliusza Cezara.

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Historyczne Bitwy 133 - Paweł Rochala - Las Teutob urski 9 rok n.e.. (2008).jpg

Kolejna znakomita książka Pawła Rochali. Mimo że znaczna jej część nie dotyczy bezpośrednio walk w Lesie Teutoburskim, lecz zawiera skróconą historię zmagań Rzymian z plemionami germańskimi, to jednake znalazło się w niej wszystko, co powinno znaleźć się w opracowaniu z serii Historyczne Bitwy: wprowadzenie do głównego tematu, opis walczących stron, w tym fachowy opis ich organizacji i uzbrojenia, omówienie wydarzeń będących bezpośrednią przyczyną bitwy, szczegółowy opis bitwy i jej skutków. Wszystko to należycie uporządkowane i napisane w dobrym stylu. Do tego niezłe ilustracje i niezłe mapy. Książkę czyta się znakomicie, trudno oderwać się od lektury.

Oczywiście wymagający czytelnicy, którzy zawsze muszą się czepiać (niestety, sam się do takich zaliczam), znajdą parę mankamentów.

Podam przykład. W opisie ostatniego dnia bitwy las, w którym ukryło się kilka tysięcy Germanów z zamiarem niespodziewanego zaatakowania związanych walką głównych sił rzymskich, autor najpierw lokalizuje na północny wschód od głównych sił germańskich. Jednakże z dalszej części tekstu oraz z mapki wynika, że chodziło raczej o północny zachód, a nie północny wschód. Ta rozbieżność to chyba pomyłka autora. Trochę utrudnia ona czytelnikowi orientację w terenie walk i to w najważniejszym, decydującym momencie bitwy.

Szkoda też, że autor nie pokusił się o analizę wielkości strat obu stron. Wiadomo, że bitwa skończyła się wielkim sukcesem Germanów, ale jaka była cena tego zwycięstwa?

Oczywiście te drobiazgi nie zmieniają mojej wysokiej oceny książki. "Las Teutoburski" zaliczam do moich ulubionych książek z Historycznych Bitew, a Pawła Rochalę do ulubionych autorów.

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Bitwa w lesie Teutoburskim (niem. Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald lub Varusschlacht również Hermannsschlacht) - bitwa stoczona jesienią 9 roku n.e. pomiędzy plemionami germańskimi pod wodzą Arminiusza, wodza ze szczepu Cherusków, a wciągnietymi w zasadzkę trzema legionami rzymskimi (XVII, XVIII, XIX) dowodzonymi przez Publiusza Kwinktyliusza Warusa.

Bitwa ta zapoczątkowała siedmioletnią wojnę, która ostatecznie ustanowiła granicę na Renie, jako granicę Cesarstwa Rzymskiego na okres 4 stuleci aż do upadku Cesarstwa. Bitwa ta miała duży wpływ na kształtowanie się XIX-wiecznego nacjonalizmu niemieckiego.

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Historyczne Bitwy 133 - Paweł Rochala - Las Teutob urski 9 rok n.e.. (2008).pdf

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Crowood - Europa Militaria Special 2 - Daniel Pete rson - The Roman Legions Recreated In Color Photog raphs (1999).jpg

Armia Rzymska - 6... - Crowood - Europa Militaria Special 2 - Daniel Pet...oman Legions Recreated In Color Photographs 1999.jpg

In this book, for the first time, the 500-year story of the evolution of the Roman legionary, his armor and equipment is told in vivid color photographs of museum-quality reconstructions. The Roman soldier is reconstructed by actors authentically armored and equipped.

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Crowood - Europa Militaria Special 2 - Daniel Pete rson - The Roman Legions Recreated In Color Photog raphs (1999).pdf

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Ross Cowan - Roman Legionary 58 BC - AD 69 (2005).jpg

Russian

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James J. Bloom - The Jewish Revolts Against Rome, A.D. 66-135, A Military Analysis (2010).jpg

During the first and second centuries A.D., the supremacy of the Roman Empire was aggressively challenged by three Jewish rebellions. The facts surrounding the initial uprising of A.D. 66-74 have been filtered through the biased accounts of Judeao Roman historian Flavius Josephus. Primary information regarding the subsequent Diaspora Revolt (A.D. 115-117) and the Bar Kochba Rebellion (A.D. 132-135) is limited to fragmentary anecdotes emphasizing the religious implications of the two insurrections. In contrast, this analytical history focuses objectively on the military aspects of all three Judean uprisings. The events leading up to each rebellion are detailed, while the nine appendices cover such topics as the nature and number of the Jewish rebels and the factual reliability of the controversial Josephus. One appendix hypothesizes an alternative history of the war between Jerusalem and Rome.

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James J. Bloom - The Jewish Revolts Against Rome, A.D. 66-135, A Military Analysis (2010).pdf

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Robert L. O'Connell - The Ghosts of Cannae, Hannib al and the Darkest Hour of the Roman Republic (201 0).jpg

Armia Rzymska - 6... - Robert L. OConnell - The Ghosts of Cannae, Hanni... and the Darkest Hour of the Roman Republic 2010.jpg

Military historian O'Connell (Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and Aggression) has established the new standard for studies of the second conflict between Rome and Carthage. In dramatic and comprehensive fashion, he describes the rivalry, based on temperament and territory, that led to the slaughter at Cannae in 216 B.C.E. and beyond. Focusing chiefly on Hannibal and his Roman nemesis Scipio Africanus, he also awards proper consideration to Fabius Maximus, whose strategy of attrition and delay could have saved countless Roman lives. Differences in Roman and Carthaginian tactics, armament, and philosophy are explained, as is the importance of religious belief to both cultures. O'Connell shatters the popular myth of the invincibility of the Carthaginians' fabled elephants, the panzer pachyderms. The ghosts of the title are the Roman survivors of Cannae, who were unwanted reminders of defeat. They were banished to Sicily until Scipio Africanus incorporated them into the army that achieved the final Roman victory at Zama. Unfortunately, a lack of sources restricts O'Connell's ability to provide much information on the Carthaginian home front, but ample attention is given to the political maneuvers that shaped Roman policy. 6 maps.

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Concord 6002 - Martin Windrow, Angus McBride - Imp erial Rome at War (1996).jpg

The Roman Empire came to dominate Europe, Asia Minor and Northern Africa, yet until the 4th century AD its army never exceeded about 320,000 infantry and 60,000 cavalry. This book offers a brief introduction to the Roman Army''s organisation.'

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Concord 6002 - Martin Windrow, Angus McBride - Imp erial Rome at War (1996).pdf

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Stephen Dando-Collins - Caesar's Legion, The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar's Elite Tenth Legion and the Armies of Rome (2004).jpg

Armia Rzymska - 6... - Stephen Dando-Collins - Caesars Legion, The Epic ...s Elite Tenth Legion and the Armies of Rome 2004.jpg

"A unique and splendidly researched story, following the trials and triumphs of Julius Caesar's Legio X-arguably the most famous legion of its day-from its activation to the slogging battle of Munda and from Thapsus, Caesar's tactical masterpiece, to the grim siege of the Jewish fortress of Masada. More than a mere unit account, it incorporates the history of Rome and the Roman army at the height of their power and gory glory. Many military historians consider Caesar's legions the world's most efficient infantry before the arrival of gunpowder. This book shows why. Written in readable, popular style, Caesar's Legion is a must for military buffs and anyone interested in Roman history at a critical point in European civilization."
—T. R. Fehrenbach, author of This Kind of War, Lone Star, and Comanches

Stephen Dando-Collins paints a vivid and definitive portrait of daily life in the Tenth Legion as he follows Caesar and his men along the blood-soaked fringes of the Empire. This unprecedented regimental history reveals countless previously unknown details about Roman military practices, Caesar's conduct as a commander and his relationships with officers and legionaries, and the daily routine and discipline of the Legion. From penetrating insights into the mind of history's greatest general to a grunt's-eye view of the gruesome realities of war in the Classical Age, this unique and riveting true account sets a new standard of exellence and detail to which all authors of ancient military history will now aspire.

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Stephen Dando-Collins - Caesar's Legion, The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar's Elite Tenth Legion and the Armies of Rome (2004).pdf

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Osprey - Warrior 72 - Ross Cowan - Imperial Roman Legionary AD 161-284 (2003).jpg

Between AD 161 and 244 the Roman legions were involved in wars and battles on a scale not seen since the late Republic. Legions were destroyed in battle, disbanded for mutiny and rebellion and formed to wage wars of conquest and defence. This volume explores the experience of the imperial legionary, concentrating on Legio II Parthica. Raised by the emperor Septimus Severus in AD 193/4, it was based at Albanum near Rome and as the emperor's personal legion, became one of the most important units in the empire.

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Peter S. Wells - The Battle That Stopped Rome (200 3).jpg

In AD 9, a Roman traitor led an army of barbarians who trapped and slaughtered three entire Roman legions: 20, 000 men, half the Roman army in Europe. If not for this battle, the Roman Empire would have expanded to the River Elbe and probably eastward into present-day Russia. But after this defeat, shocked Romans ended all efforts to expand beyond the Rhine. This narrative introduces us to the key protagonists: the Emperor Augustus, the most powerful of the Caesars; his general Varus, who was the wrong man in the wrong place; and the barbarian leader Arminius, later celebrated as the first German hero. In graphic detail, based on archeological finds, the author leads the reader through the mud and blood of the Battle of Teutoburg Forest.

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Peter S. Wells - The Battle That Stopped Rome (200 3).pdf

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Adrian Goldsworthy - The Complete Roman Army (2007 ).jpg

The Complete Roman Army draws on archaeology, ancient art and original documentary sources to present a picture of one of the world's most famous fighting machines. Every aspect of the Roman army, from the daily lives of individual soldiers to the outcome of major campaigns, is explored in five accessible sections. Discussions of key Roman battles, hundreds of illustrations and brief biographies of the great commanders bring the campaigns and personalities to life. With 245 illustrations, 107 in color.

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M. C. Bishop, J. C. N. Coulston - Roman Military E quipment, From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome (2009).jpg

Armia Rzymska - 6... - M. C. Bishop, J. C. N. Coulston - Roman Military ...nt, From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome 2009.jpg

Rome's rise to empire is often said to have owed much to the efficiency and military skill of her armies and their technological superiority over barbarian enemies. But just how 'advanced' was Roman military equipment? What were its origins and how did it evolve? The authors of this book have gathered a wealth of evidence from all over the Roman Empire - excavated examples as well as pictorial and documentary sources - to present a picture of what range of equipment would be available at any given time, what it would look like and how it would function. They examine how certain pieces were adopted from Rome's enemies and adapted to particular conditions of warfare prevailing in different parts of the Empire. They also investigate in detail the technology of military equipment and the means by which it was produced, and discuss wider questions such as the status of the soldier in Roman society. Both the specially prepared illustrations and the text have been completely revised for the second edition of this detailed and authoritative handbook, bringing it up to date with the very latest research. It illustrates each element in the equipment of the Roman soldier, from his helmet to his boots, his insignia, his tools and his weapons. This book will appeal to archaeologists, ancient and military historians as well as the generally informed and inquisitive reader.
Second edition published 2006, Reprinted 2009

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M. C. Bishop, J. C. N. Coulston - Roman Military E quipment, From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome (2009).pdf

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David William McAllister - Formidable Genus Armoru m, the Horse Archers of the Roman Imperial Army (1 993).jpg

Armia Rzymska - 6... - David William McAllister - Formidable Genus Armor...he Horse Archers of the Roman Imperial Army 1993.jpg

The equites sagittarii formed a considerable force in the auxilia of the early and middle empire, but they, and particularly their role and employment, have received little scholarly attention. This paper will attempt to define their place on the battlefields of the high Empire. While horse archers are known to have been used in eastern armies such as the those of the Persians and Parthians with great effect, they were recruited into and employed by the Roman army in strength only starting at the reign of Augustus. Units of horse archers were almost exclusively recruited from eastern lands and were employed there as well, not only in war, but also as the border garrisons of Pannonia, Dacia, Africa, and the Levant.

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David William McAllister - Formidable Genus Armoru m, the Horse Archers of the Roman Imperial Army (1 993).pdf

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Osprey - Men At Arms 175 - Peter Wilcox - Rome's E nemies (3) Parthians And Sassanid Persians (2001).jpg

Armia Rzymska - 6... - Osprey - Men At Arms 175 - Peter Wilcox - Romes E...s Enemies 3 Parthians And Sassanid Persians 2001.jpg

The Parthians were a warrior people. Though possessing no regular army they were superb horsemen and archers, and in time of war the nobility provided heavily armoured knights mounted on weight-carrying chargers. At Carrhae, it is believed that 20,000 Roman troops out of a force of about 36,000 died at the hands of the Parthians. In the third of four volumes covering Rome's enemies, this fascinating text by Peter Wilcox examines the armies and campaigns of the Parthians and Sassanid Persians. This worthy addition to Osprey's Men-at-Arms series contains a wealth of illustrations, including eight full page colour plates by popular artist Angus McBride.

Contents
Chronology · Introduction · The Parthians · Parthian Campaigns · Sassanid Persia · Sassanian Campaigns · The Plates

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Osprey - Elite 50 - Boris Rankov - The Praetorian Guard (2006).jpg

The Praetorian Guard of Imperial Rome was the power behind the throne, with the ability to make or break an Emperor. Its origins lay in the guards units of republican commanders and the units of Octavian and Anthony that fought at Actium. This title covers the organisation, dress and history from these early days to the Guard's effective destruction at the battle of Milvian Bridge in AD 312, and also details the guard units of the third and fourth centuries that replaced those lost.

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S. Anglim, Rob S. Rice, P. Jestice, S. Rusch, J. S errati - Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World (3000 B.C. to 500 A.D.), Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics (2003).jpg

Armia Rzymska - 6... - S. Anglim, Rob S. Rice, P. Jestice, S. Rusch, J....A.D., Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics 2003.jpg

This essential guide to ancient warfare describes the fight-ing methods of soldiers in Europe and the Middle East in an age before gunpowder. From a detailed examination of the individual components of an ancient army and their equip-ment, to a fascinating exploration of ancient battle strategies, siege warfare, and naval battles, the book explores the unique tactics required to win battles with the technology available. Featuring specially commissioned color and black-and-white artwork and twenty-four full-color tactical maps, this book shows in great detail the methods by which armies, including Assyrians and Roman forces, prevailed over their foes, and why other armies were less successful. This is a must-read for anyone interested in ancient warfare.

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111,7 MB
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S. Anglim, Rob S. Rice, P. Jestice, S. Rusch, J. S errati - Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World (3000 B.C. to 500 A.D.), Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics (2003).pdf

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Gregory Daly - Cannae, The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War (2002).jpg

On a hot, dusty summer's day in 216 BC, the forces of the Carthaginian general Hannibal faced the Roman army in a dramatic encounter at Cannae. Hannibal slaughtered the much larger Roman army. It was the high point of his military career. Massively outnumbered, they nevertheless won an astonishing victory-one that left more than 50,000 Romans dead. Gregory Daly's enthralling narrative recreates the infamous battle and provides a compelling portrait of the horror and chaos of ancient warfare. From the composition of the armies to the strategy and methods of the generals, Daly draws the reader in and makes the battle come alive.
Clear, vivid, and drawing on a wide range of ancient sources and modern scholarship, Cannae offers the fullest account yet of the most destructive battle in ancient history.

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Gregory Daly - Cannae, The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War (2002).pdf

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Osprey - Campaign 224 - Duncan B. Campbell - Mons Graupius AD 83, Rome’s Battle at the Edge of the W orld (2010).jpg

Armia Rzymska - 6... - Osprey - Campaign 224 - Duncan B. Campbell - Mons...D 83, Romes Battle at the Edge of the World 2010.jpg

In AD 77, Roman forces under Agricola marched into the northern reaches of Britain in an attempt to pacify the Caledonian tribesman. For seven years, the Romans marched and battled across what is now Scotland. Finally, in AD 83, they fought the final battle at Mons Graupius where 10,000 Caledonians were slaughtered from only 360 Roman dead. It proved the high-water mark of Roman power in Britain. Following unrest elsewhere in the empire, the north of Scotland was abandoned and Rome’s forces began their long retreat. Never again would Roman arms stand on the edge of the known world.

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Osprey - General Military - Chris McNab - The Roma n Army, The Greatest War Machine of the Ancient Wo rld (2010).jpeg

Armia Rzymska - 6... - Osprey - General Military - Chris McNab - The Ro... Greatest War Machine of the Ancient World 2010.jpeg

Chris McNab's latest title for Osprey follows the Roman Army from the first armed citizens of the early Republic through the glorious heights of the Imperial legions to the shameful defeats inflicted upon the late Roman army by the Goths and Huns. Tracing the development of tactics, equipment and training through detailed text, illustrations, diagrams, and photographs, this book will give the reader an accessible yet detailed insight into the military force that enabled Rome to become the greatest empire the world has ever seen, to defeat its enemies, subdue its neighbors and control vast territories.
This book describes the organization of the forces, equipment and weaponry, uniforms, and development in tactics and warfare of the Roman Army. Each of the four historical sections will focus on the changes in the army, but will also look at the talented men who transformed and led the army, such as Scipio Africanus, Caesar and Marcus Aurelius, and the momentous battles fought, including Cannae, Pharsalus, and Adrianople.

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