Existing studies of early modern Scotland tend to focus on the crown, the nobility and the church. Yet, from the sixteenth century, a unique national representative assembly of the towns, the Convention of Burghs, provides an insight into the activities of another key group in society. Meeting at least once a year, the Convention consisted of representatives from every parliamentary burgh, and was responsible for apportioning taxation, settling disputes between members, regulating weights and measures, negotiating with the crown on issues of concern to the merchant community. The Convention's role in relation to parliament was particularly significant, for it regulated urban representation, admitted new burghs to parliament, and co-ordinated and oversaw the conduct of the burgess estate in parliament. In this, the first full-length study of the burghs and parliament in Scotland, the influence of this institution is fully analysed over a one hundred year period. Drawing extensively on local and national sources, this book sheds new light upon the way in which parliament acted as a point of contact, a place where legislative business was done, relationships formed and status affirmed. The interactions between centre and localities, and between urban and rural elites are prominent themes, as is Edinburgh's position as the leading burgh and the host of parliament. The study builds upon existing scholarship to place Scotland within the wider British and European context and argues that the Scottish parliament was a distinctive and effective institution which was responsive to the needs of the burghs both collectively and individually.

zachomikowany

10,6 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Alan R. MacDonald - The Burghs and Parliament in S cotland, c. 1550-1651 (2007).pdf

zachomikowany

45 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

John Staller, Michael Carrasco - Pre-Columbian Foo dways, Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Cultu re, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica (2009).jpg

All History - John Staller, Michael Carrasco - Pre-Columbian Foodwa...ood, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica 2009.jpg

The significance of food and feasting to Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures has been extensively studied by archaeologists, anthropologists and art historians. Foodways studies have been critical to our understanding of early agriculture, political economies, and the domestication and management of plants and animals. Scholars from diverse fields have explored the symbolic complexity of food and its preparation, as well as the social importance of feasting in contemporary and historical societies. This book unites these disciplinary perspectives — from the social and biological sciences to art history and epigraphy — creating a work comprehensive in scope, which reveals our increasing understanding of the various roles of foods and cuisines in Mesoamerican cultures.
The volume is organized thematically into three sections. Part 1 gives an overview of food and feasting practices as well as ancient economies in Mesoamerica. Part 2 details ethnographic, epigraphic and isotopic evidence of these practices. Finally, Part 3 presents the metaphoric value of food in Mesoamerican symbolism, ritual, and mythology. The resulting volume provides a thorough, interdisciplinary resource for understanding, food, feasting, and cultural practices in Mesoamerica.

zachomikowany

39,5 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

John Staller, Michael Carrasco - Pre-Columbian Foo dways, Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Cultu re, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica (2009).pdf

zachomikowany

300 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Niels M. Saxtorph, Stig Bramsen - Warriors and Wea pons 300 B.C. to A.D. 1700 in Colour (1972).jpg

zachomikowany

140,0 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Niels M. Saxtorph, Stig Bramsen - Warriors and Wea pons 300 B.C. to A.D. 1700 in Colour (1972).pdf

zachomikowany

37 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Neil M. Heyman - World War I (1997).jpg

Designed for secondary school and college student research, this book is a readable analysis and ready-reference guide to the war. An introductory essay presents a lucid overview of the main features of the conflict, incorporating the most recent scholarship. Five essays analyze crucial aspects of the war, from the battlefield to the homefront, and a concluding essay assesses the consequences of the war from a contemporary perspective. Ready-reference features include: a chronology of events; lengthy biographical profiles of twenty-one major figures, stressing their role in the war's origins, conduct, or outcome; the text of fifteen key primary documents such as diaries, memoirs, and newspaper editorials; a glossary of selected terms; and an extensively annotated bibliography of recommended further reading and major documentary and feature films made about the war.

zachomikowany

20,6 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Neil M. Heyman - World War I (1997).pdf

zachomikowany

38 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Charles R. Shrader - The First Helicopter War, Log istics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954-1962 (1999).jpg

An explanation of how, between 1954 and 1962, the French Army employed its superior logistical systems enhanced by helicoptersand highly effective counter-mobility measures, to cut off the Algerian nationalist rebels from their exterior bases and inflict upon them a decisive battlefield defeat.

zachomikowany

15,0 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Charles R. Shrader - The First Helicopter War, Log istics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954-1962 (1999).pdf

zachomikowany

28 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

David Carrasco, Scott Sessions - Daily Life of the Aztecs, People of the Sun and Earth (2008).jpg

Based on the most recent archaeological discoveries, this volume offers a balanced interpretation of the complex relationships between Aztec cultural practices, social order, and religious myths and symbols. In addition to examining such topics as the ancient Aztec calendar, commerce, art, and human sacrifice, Carrasco considers the impact and influence Aztec culture continues to have on modern Mexican society. Heavily illustrated, this book also includes a chronology of Central Mexico, a glossary, and a selected bibliography.

zachomikowany

24,9 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

David Carrasco, Scott Sessions - Daily Life of the Aztecs, People of the Sun and Earth (2008).pdf

zachomikowany

115 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Jon Stallworthy - Survivors' Songs, From Maldon to the Somme (2008).jpg

From Homer to Heaney, the voices of men and women have seldom been more piercing, more poignant, than in time of conflict. For fifty years, Jon Stallworthy has been attuned to such voices. In Survivors’ Songs he explores a series of poetic encounters with war, with essays on Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, and others. Beautifully written, this moving book sets the poetry and prose of the First World War and its aftermath in the wider context of writing about warfare from prehistoric Troy to Anglo-Saxon England; from Agincourt to Flanders; from El Alamein to Vietnam; from the wars of yesterday to the wars of tomorrow.

zachomikowany

86 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Brian Bond - The Unquiet Western Front, Britain's Role in Literature and History (2002).jpg

"Bond takes a moderate and judicious approach, dealing fairly and admirably with a wide range of literary, cultural, and historical issues. The book is written with style, and is strongly recommended to all those who would like to know how our views of the Great War have been shaped over the last eighty-five years." International History Review

"The author's insightful views make worthwhile reading for anyone interested in this important subject." Historian

zachomikowany

0,9 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Brian Bond - The Unquiet Western Front, Britain's Role in Literature and History (2002).pdf

zachomikowany

126 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Dáibhí Ó Cróinín - A New History of Ireland, Prehi storic and Early Ireland Volume I (2005).jpg

All History - Dibh Ó Cróinn - A New History of Ireland, Prehistoric and Early Ireland Volume I 2005.jpg

In this first volume of the Royal Irish Academy's multi-volume A New History of Ireland a wide range of national and international scholars, in every field of study, have produced studies of the archaeology, art, culture, geography, geology, history, language, law, literature, music, and related topics that include surveys of all previous scholarship combined with the latest research findings, to offer readers the first truly comprehensive and authoritative account of Irish history from the dawn of time down to the coming of the Normans in 1169. Included in the volume is a comprehensive bibliography of all the themes discussed in the narrative, together with copious illustrations and maps, and a thorough index.

zachomikowany

54,7 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Dáibhí Ó Cróinín - A New History of Ireland, Prehi storic and Early Ireland Volume I (2005).pdf

zachomikowany

343 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

A. R. Disney - A History of Portugal and the Portu guese Empire, From Beginnings to 1807, Volume 1 (2 009).jpg

The Kingdom of Portugal was created as a by-product of the Christian Reconquest of Hispania. With no geographical raison d’être and no obvious political roots in its Roman, Germanic, or Islamic pasts, it for long remained a small, struggling realm on Europe’s outer fringe. Then, in the early fifteenth century, this unlikely springboard for Western expansion suddenly began to accumulate an empire of its own, eventually extending more than halfway around the globe. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, drawing particularly on historical scholarship postdating the 1974 Portuguese Revolution, offers readers a comprehensive overview and reinterpretation of how all this happened – the first such account to appear in English for more than a generation. Volume I concerns the history of Portugal itself from pre-Roman times to the climactic French invasion of 1807, and Volume II traces the history of the Portuguese overseas empire.

zachomikowany

246 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

A. R. Disney - A History of Portugal and the Portu guese Empire, From Beginnings to 1807, Volume 2 (2 009).jpg

zachomikowany

248 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Patrick Wyse Jackson - The Chronologers' Quest, Th e Search for the Age of the Earth (2006).jpg

The history of geology and how we learned about the age of the Earth is a fascinating subject, but Jackson, a geologist at Trinity College, Dublin, is unable to explain and pass along his enthusiasm. Aficionados might appreciate the tour through attempts to arrive at the planet's age from ancient myths, the Bible, the salinity of the oceans, temperature readings, fossils, geology, biology, radiology and cosmology. Each chapter ends with a "close but no cigar" statement of why a given theory was a good idea at the time. Numerous sections feel rushed—in particular the opening catalogue of creation myths—though when readers finally arrive at the sections on geology and fossils, Jackson injects more detail and, consequently, more interest. But while the preface states that this book is meant for a general as well as scientific audience, too many terms go undefined and too many names are dropped without immediate explanations of who the people were.

zachomikowany

66 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

H. B. Dewing - Procopius, History of the Wars, Boo ks I and II (2005).jpeg

Procopius' three works give us a fairly complete account of the reign of Justinian up till near the year 560A.D., and he has done us the favour of setting forth three different points of view which vary so widely thatposterity has sometimes found it difficult to reconcile them. His greatest work, as well as his earliest, is theHistory of the Wars, in eight books. The material is not arranged strictly according to chronological sequence, but so that the progress of events may be traced separately in each one of three wars. Thus the first two booksare given over to the Persian wars, the next two contain the account of the war waged against the Vandals in Africa, the three following describe the struggle against the Goths in Italy.

zachomikowany

1,0 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

H. B. Dewing - Procopius, History of the Wars, Boo ks I and II (2005).pdf

zachomikowany

51 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Richard A. Gabriel - The Ancient World, Soldiers' Lives Through History (2006).jpg

What was it like to march with Julius Caesar in Gaul or fight the Goths in the Balkans? This series shows what life was and is like for soldiers. The weapons and technology change, culture changes, but human physical and psychological needs and fears do not. This lively and comprehensive series reveals what kinds of societies produced these soldiers and the ways in which the soldiers, in turn, shaped their societies. This volume provides glimpses into the day-to-day lives of soldiers of the period from the age of the Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia to the fall of Rome, and addresses the significant political and historic issues of the times. Chapters examine the basics of military life, including recruitment, training, desertion, relations between officers and soldiers, attitudes of the civilian population to the soldiers, food, clothing, health and well-being, injuries and death, strategies and tactics in conflicts, equipment and weapons, discipline and punishment, life after the army, and other issues. The volume also includes the following resources for readers: illustrations and maps; timelines; recommended books, articles, primary documents, correspondence, and Web sites; and comprehensive indexes.

zachomikowany

4,7 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Richard A. Gabriel - The Ancient World, Soldiers' Lives Through History (2006).pdf

zachomikowany

7 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Sir Charles William Chadwick Oman - The art of war in the Middle Ages, A.D. 378-1515 (1885).jpg

Chapter I. The transition from Roman to mediaeval forms in war (A.D. 378-582).

Disappearance of the Legion. Constantine's reorganization. The German tribes. Battle of Adrianople. Theodosius accepts its teaching. Vegetius and the army at the end of the fourth century. The Goths and the Huns. Army of the Eastern Empire. Cavalry all-important

Chapter II. The Early Middle Ages (A.D. 476-1066).

Paucity of Data for the period. The Franks in the sixth century. Battle of Tours. Armies of Charles the Great. The Franks become horsemen. The Northman and the Magyar. Rise of Feudalism. The Anglo-Saxons and their wars. The Danes and the Fyrd. Military importance of the Thegnhood. The House- Carles. Battle of Hastings. Battle of Durazzo.

Chapter III. The Byzantines and Their Enemies (A.D. 582-1071).

1. Character of Byzantine Strategy.
Excellence of the Byzantine Army. Scientific study of the art of war. Leo's ' Tactica.' Wars with the Frank. With the Turk. With the Slav. With the Saracen. Border warfare of Christendom and Islam. Defence of the Anatolic Themes. Cavalry as a defensive force. Professional and unchivalrous character of Byzantine officers

2. Arms, Organization, and Tactics of the Byzantines.
Reorganization of the Army of the Eastern Empire by Maurice. Its composition. Armament of the Horseman, A.D. 600-looo. Armament of the Infantry. Military Train and Engineers. The Officers. Cavalry tactics. Leo's ideal line of battle. Military Machines and their importance

Chapter IV. The Supremacy of Feudal Cavalry (A.D. 1066-1346).

Unscientific nature of feudal warfare. Consequences of headlong charges. Tactical arrangements. Their primitive nature. Non-existence of strategy. Weakness of Infantry. Attempts to introduce discipline. Rise of Mercenaries. Supreme importance of fortified places. Ascendency of the defensive. The Mediaeval siege. Improvement of the Arts of Attack and Defence of fortified places. General character. The Crusades

zachomikowany

13,8 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Sir Charles William Chadwick Oman - The art of war in the Middle Ages, A.D. 378-1515 (1885).pdf

zachomikowany

201 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Louis Jacobs - Quest for the African Dinosaurs, An cient Roots of the Modern World (1993).jpg

A enterprising editor might have boosted sales of this fine book using a different title. Steve Gould's Panda's Thumbs and Flamingo's Smiles do well. Jacobs' depiction of his search for African dinosaur fossils deserves no less. Along with a fine account of his field work in Malawi and Cameroon, Jacobs' assessment of fossil composition and what it tells us about past life is illuminating. As it happens, the structure of a crocodile's nose tells us whether it lived on land or water. This seemingly dry fact relates to how our own skulls are organized, and why. Deftly woven into his story of seeking dinosaur fossils, tracing the movement of continents over the face of the globe and the status of Malawi's culture in today's world, are the threads of his research. Evolution's had a busy time of it, and Jacobs explains how to read the record of its workings.

Jabobs' travels and observations demolish the image of the austere scientist who cares only for his research and status within his guild. The title isn't "The Dinosaurs of Africa" - he's done that before. Here, he's relating his journey to make those finds, updating information on what he's found. The broader approach means learning of the travails experienced in locating the fossils, what it's like to work a dig, and how he and his team dealt with their host countries. He leaves a valid image of a broadly caring person, untrammeled by his own cultural heritage. Jacobs is adept at bringing the reader into his world. That world has a long time span, with unceasing change the only constant. He traverses millennia more easily than countries. Justly so - there're no border guards at century boundaries.

African dinosaur fossils are elusive in popular science writing. The notoriety given "the Bone Wars" in 19th Century North America have kept interest and funding largely curtailed to that region until recently. Jacobs was among the first to bring the African fossil picture into view. Although finds are being announced from that continent with increasing frequency, few of the scientists have produced a record as readable as Quest for the African dinosaurs. Nor has there come to light other examples of the follow-up in developing local expertise Jacobs has undertaken in Malawi. It's an inspiring story and one of interest far beyond fossil analysis. The final chapter, "The Good of Dinosaurs" demonstrates how a serious scientist can express awareness of his host country and act to improve desperate conditions, even if only marginally. "One small step . . . "

zachomikowany

3,7 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Louis Jacobs - Quest for the African Dinosaurs, An cient Roots of the Modern World (1993).djvu

zachomikowany

233 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Osprey - Men-at-arms 396 - D Lindholm, David Nicol le - Medieval Scandinavian Armies(1), 1100-1300.jpg

As the Viking Age gave way to the Middle Ages the development of Scandinavian armies showed special local characteristics, due both to the rough terrain and the relatively 'egalitarian' nature of society. Though Denmark's proximity to Germany led to the appearance there of a kind of feudal system and some heavy armoured cavalry, in Sweden and Norway there was fairly willing co-operation between the few nobles and the many free farmers. This book shows how armies were of local infantry levies raised by 'democratic' methods to defend home territory. It also details how the crossbow became very important along with ambush tactics and winter campaigning, employing the use of sledges and skis.

zachomikowany

251 KB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Osprey - Men-at-arms 399 - D Lindholm, David Nicol le - Medieval Scandinavian Armies(2), 1300-1500 (2 003).jpg

This period saw profound changes, as Scandinavia became greatly influenced by military events and developments elsewhere in Europe. Most noticeably, plate armour began to take over from mail; and important evidence is provided by the remarkable 14th century battle grave finds at Wisby, where many corpses were tipped rapidly into mass graves still wearing their armour. This book examines the traces of wounds on the thousand-plus excavated skeletons offering unique insights into the realities of medieval hand-to-hand fighting. Later the increased use of Continental mercenaries introduced massed infantry tactics, especially in Denmark during the almost unceasing 'Union Wars' of the 15th century.

zachomikowany

« poprzednia strona następna strona »

Odtwórz folder
Pobierz folder
Zachomikuj folder

2277
3240
2
9

5702 plików
48,55 GB

bezpośredni link do folderu

Chomikowe rozmowy

brzeska11 napisano 24.11.2022 15:39

Polecam, książki o Wikingach, archeologia,rekonstrukcja średniowiecza, bazy znalezisk, wczesne średniowiecze: Hedeby, Archeologia wikingów

moyade8805 napisano 27.01.2023 09:08

Super chomik

Batiar42 napisano 26.03.2023 23:14

Super chomik, wartościowe pozycje dla emeryta 84!

mona7551 napisano 27.11.2023 21:53

dzięki super zbiory zapraszam do siebie

Najlepszyy6979 napisano 28.12.2024 11:52

Zapraszam

MOONLIGHTNEO napisano 2.06.2025 05:20

FREE TRANSFER

Im więcej pobrań, tym więcej darmowego transferu możesz otrzymać!

magda.s3 napisano 15.09.2025 15:59

AUDIOBOOKI NOWOŚCI 2025 I HITY WYDAWNICZE EBOOKI różne formaty, NOWOŚCI, HITY, kryminał, reportaż, psychologia, psychiatria, thriller, klasyki gatunku, trudnodostępne perełki, zapraszam!

DELL_2026 napisano 29.03.2026 19:27