The Ottoman Army was the first to employ the 'triangular division', starting from 1910, which contained three infantry regiments of three battalions supported by an artillery regiment of three battalions. This structure went on to become the world's standard. In the years immediately prior to the outbreak of World War I, the Ottoman Army undertook a massive retraining program to rebuild its forces following the Balkan Wars of 1912-13.

When World War I began, the Ottoman Army consisted of 36 combat infantry divisions, giving it a strength of some 200,000 enlisted men and 8,000 officers. These troops are usually described in terms of a huge amorphous mass with little to no attempt to see these men as individuals; indeed, no book has yet focused specifically upon the infantrymen, or 'Mehmets' as the Ottomans called them, who formed the backbone, and the bulk, of the Ottoman Army during World War I. This is not only a significant gap in the literature of the war, but is highly misleading, not least because such troops were recruited from the culturally and linguistically different peoples who made up what was, in 1914, still a huge and diverse empire.

This army, this period and these troops formed the immediate background to what might be called the modern Middle East. The average Ottoman soldier, or asker, was hardy, well trained and courageous and formed the solid base on which the Ottoman Army rested. Ottoman troops campaigned in astonishingly varied geographical and climatic conditions during the war, including on the Gallipoli Peninsula, in Mesopotamia and in the Caucasus. This title explores their recruitment, training, and combat experiences.

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Michael Rice - Egypt's Legacy, The Archetypes of W estern Civilization 3000-30 BC (2003).jpg

Egypt's Legacy reviews the splendor and majesty of the history of Ancient Egypt from 3000-30 BC. Drawing upon Jungian analytical psychology, it elucidates the allure of Ancient Egypt, and suggests why Egypt has been so important in the history of the West. Jung claimed that there exist certain psychological drives dormant in our shared unconscious--these he termed archetypes. Characteristic Egyptian institutions such as kingship, the nation-state and an omnipotent, isolated god were powerful and complex manifestations of archetypes. Michael Rice contends that these archetypes underlie most of the accepted norms of Western civilization. Through an inherited unconscious, subsequent civilizations are influenced in their attempts to give archetypes form.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Michael Rice - Egypt's Legacy, The Archetypes of W estern Civilization 3000-30 BC (2003).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

G. Arrighi - The Resurgence of East Asia, 500, 150 and 50 Year Perspectives (2003).jpg

The East Asian expansion since the 1960s stands out as a global power shift with few historical precedents. The Resurgence of East Asia examines the rise of the region as one of the world's economic power centres from three temporal perspectives: 500 years, 150 years and 50 years, each denoting an epoch in regional and world history and providing a vantage point against which to assess contemporary developments. The three perspectives each have something valuable to offer towards the understanding of the present rise of East Asia and the modern world system, and their combination offers a contrast to the national and global studies that have recently dominated the literatures of development and globalization. In offering a comprehensive understanding of the present East Asian dynamic in light of the region's historical heritage, the authors present several alternative hypotheses about the ongoing East Asian renaissance, whose plausibility remains to be assessed in the light of unfolding evidence. This collection is a valuable resource for students of Asian history, international politics and Asian studies.

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10 wrz 18 22:03

G. Arrighi - The Resurgence of East Asia, 500, 150 and 50 Year Perspectives (2003).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Jill Kraye - The Cambridge Companion to Renaissanc e Humanism (1996).jpg

Beginning as a movement based on the recovery of ancient texts, and archaeological study, humanism turned into a dynamic cultural program, influencing almost every facet of the intellectual life of the Renaissance. The fourteen original essays in this volume deal with all aspects of the movement, from its origins in Italy to its manifestation in the literature of More, Sidney and Shakespeare. Overall, The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism provides a comprehensive introduction to a major movement in the culture of early modern Europe.

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Jonathan Scott - Commonwealth Principles, Republic an Writing of the English Revolution (2005).jpg

Examining works which supported the abolition of monarchy and its replacement with a republic, Jonathan Scott ventures beyond existing studies of individual authors or specific themes to offer the first general account of an influential body of writing. Poets such as John Milton as well as journalists, political leaders, theorists and whig martyrs were among those contributing to the cultural ferment. The result is a major contribution to our understanding of seventeenth-century England, from one of its foremost historians.

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Robert M. Rosenswig - The Beginnings of Mesoameric an Civilization, Inter-Regional Interaction and th e Olmec (2009).jpg

All History - Robert M. Rosenswig - The Beginnings of Mesoamerican ...ation, Inter-Regional Interaction and the Olmec 2009.jpg

Mesoamerica is one of a several cradles of civilization in the world. In this book, Robert M. Rosenswig proposes that we understand Early Formative Mesoamerica as an archipelago of complex societies that interacted with one another over long distances and that were separated by less sedentary peoples. These early "islands" of culture shared an Olmec artistic aesthetic, beginning approximately 1250 BCE (uncalibrated), that first defined Mesoamerica as a culture area. Rosenswig frames the Olmec world from the perspective of the Soconusco area on Pacifica Chiapas and Guatemala. The disagreements about Early Formative society that have raged over the past 30 years focus on the nature of inter-regional interaction between San Lorenzo and other Early Formative regions. He evaluates these debates from a fresh theoretical perspective and integrates new data into an assessment of Soconusco society before, during, and after the apogee of the San Lorenzo polity.

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Robert M. Rosenswig - The Beginnings of Mesoameric an Civilization, Inter-Regional Interaction and th e Olmec (2009).pdf

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J. Y. Wong - Deadly Dreams, Opium, Imperialism and the Arrow War (1856-1860) in China (1998).jpg

Many have accepted that the Arrow War (1856-60) was caused by an insult to the British flag belonging to the pirate boat Arrow. Dr. Wong argues that Britain's reliance on the opium trade with China played a far greater role in pushing the diplomatic conflict into war. The war was not a simple diplomatic squabble: it involved vital economic interests in British India, which had to be protected at all costs. Dr. Wong offers penetrating insights into theories of imperialism and how they might be reassessed.
New interpretations of Chinese foreign policy and of British expansion in the nineteenth century; new interpretation of annexation of Sind in India • Revisionist take on the ‘imperialism of free trade’ theory
New light on British, Indian, and Chinese economy, mid-nineteenth century

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10 wrz 18 22:03

J. Y. Wong - Deadly Dreams, Opium, Imperialism and the Arrow War (1856-1860) in China (1998).pdf

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Marc Oxenham - Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia (2 006).jpg

Bringing together the most active researchers in late Pleistocene/Holocene Southeast Asian human osteology, this volume considers major approaches to studying human skeletal remains. Using analysis of the physical appearance of the region's past peoples, it explores issues such as the evidence for migratory patterns (particularly between Southeast and Northeast Asia) and counter arguments centering on in situ microevolutionary change. Written for archaeologists, bioarchaeologists and biological anthropologists, the book provides fascinating insight into the bioarchaeology of this important region.

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2,9 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Marc Oxenham - Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia (2 006).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Mark Roseman - Generations in Conflict, Youth Revo lt and Generation Formation in Germany 1770-1968 ( 1995).jpg

All History - Mark Roseman - Generations in Conflict, Youth Revolt ...lt and Generation Formation in Germany 1770-1968 1995.jpg

This is the first English-language collection of essays on modern German history with a generational theme. It analyzes the origins and impact of generation conflict from the eighteenth century to the 1960s student revolts. It adds to our understanding of generations as historical phenomena and elucidates why so often in modern German history generation conflict has overshadowed class conflict. It addresses the generational roots of National Socialism, and pays particular attention to gender and the development of East German society.

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6,8 MB
10 wrz 18 22:03

Mark Roseman - Generations in Conflict, Youth Revo lt and Generation Formation in Germany 1770-1968 ( 1995).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

Tuncay Zorlu - Innovation and Empire in Turkey, Su ltan Selim III and the Modernisation of the Ottoma n Navy (2008).jpg

All History - Tuncay Zorlu - Innovation and Empire in Turkey, Sulta...im III and the Modernisation of the Ottoman Navy 2008.jpg

Ottoman naval technology underwent a transformation under the rule of Sultan Selim III. New types of sailing warships such as two- and three-decked galleons, frigates and corvettes began to dominate the Ottoman fleet, rendering the galley-type oared ships obsolete. This period saw technological innovations such as the adoption of the systematic copper sheathing of the hulls and bottoms of Ottoman warships from 1792-93 onwards and the construction of the first dry dock in the Golden Horn.
The changing face of the Ottoman Navy was facilitated by the influence of the British, Swedish and French in modernizing both the shipbuilding sector and the conduct of naval warfare. Through such measures as training Ottoman shipbuilders, heavy reliance on help from foreign powers gave way to a new trajectory of modernization. Using this evidence, Zorlu argues that although the Ottoman Empire was a major and modern independent power in this period, some technological dependence on Europe remained.

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Graham Connah - Forgotten Africa, An Introduction to its Archaeology (2004).jpg

The 29 brief chapters look at human origins, the material culture of hunter gatherers, the beginnings of African farming, the development of metallurgy, the emergence of distinctive artistic traditions, the growth of cities and states, the expansion of trading networks, and the impact of European and other external contacts. The result is a fascinating and important story told in a straightforward and readable manner.

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Graham Connah - Forgotten Africa, An Introduction to its Archaeology (2004).pdf

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10 wrz 18 22:03

J.A. Yelling - Slums And Redevelopment, Policy And Practice In England, 1918-45, With Particular Ref erence To London (1992).jpg

All History - J.A. Yelling - Slums And Redevelopment, Policy And Pr...nd, 1918-45, With Particular Reference To London 1992.jpg

Based on intensive documentary research , this is the first full-scale study of the politics of the slum question in England between the world wars, and of associated policy and practice in the fields of housing and town planning. It is the second volume in a trilogy which began with "Slums and Slum Clearance" (Allen & Unwin 1986) and which is completed with a third volume covering the period since 1945. From the early Victorian period to the 1970s, the question of slums occupied an important place in British politics and in housing and town planning policies. The inter-war period has two major points of interest. It sees the restoration of slum clearance following a period of opposition and the onset of the first national slum clearance campaign. It reaches its climax in the plans for large-scale redevelopment made during World War II. Although slum clearance developed from nineteenth-century thought and practice, inner-city redevelopment of this kind had its intellectual origins in the 1930s. Activities such as slum clearance had a dramatic impact on those people and places affected, but political formulations of the slum question also had much wider repercussions for property and social policy. In particular, they had a major role in shaping distinctions that have marked modern British cities: between public and private housing, inner city and suburbs, house and flat. As a study of practice as well as policy, this is a major original work on a topic of widespread interest throughout the history, geography, urban studies and planning communities. It will be an indispensable source for those interested in slum conditions, redevelopment and housing practice, whether in an historical or contemporary context, and it discusses issues of international relevance. This book is intended for urban historians, historical geographers, historians of housing and planning, students and researchers in contemporary housing and planning studies.

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J.A. Yelling - Slums And Redevelopment, Policy And Practice In England, 1918-45, With Particular Ref erence To London (1992).pdf

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Timothy Insoll - Archaeology, Ritual, Religion (20 04).jpg

The archaeology of religion is a much neglected area, yet religious sites and artifacts constitute a major area of archaeological evidence. Timothy Insoll here presents an introductory statement on the archaeology of religion, examining what archaeology can tell us about religion, the problems of defining and theorizing religion in archaeology, and the methodology, or how to "do", the archaeology of religion. This volume assesses religion and ritual through a range of examples from around the world and across time, including prehistoric religions, shamanism, African religions, death, landscape, and even food. Insoll also discusses the history of research and varying theories in this field before looking to future research directions. This book will be a valuable guide for students and archaeologists, and will initiate a major area of debate.

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R. B Halbertsma - Scholars, Travellers and Trade, The Pioneer Years of the National Museum of Antiqu ities in Leiden, 1818-1840 (2003).jpg

All History - R. B Halbertsma - Scholars, Travellers and Trade, The...ional Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, 1818-1840 2003.jpg

Today, the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden is internationally known for its outstanding archaeological collections. Yet its origins lie in an insignificant assortment of artefacts used for study by Leiden University . How did this transformation come about? Ruurd Halbertsma has delved into the archives to show that the appointment of Caspar Reuvens as Professor of Archaeology in 1818 was the crucial turning point. He tells the dramatic story of Reuvens' struggle to establish the museum, with battles against rival scholars, red tape and the Dutch attitude of neglect towards archaeological monuments. This book throws new light on the process of creating a national museum, and the difficulties of convincing society of the value of the past.

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R. B Halbertsma - Scholars, Travellers and Trade, The Pioneer Years of the National Museum of Antiqu ities in Leiden, 1818-1840 (2003).pdf

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Samuel Fanous - Christina of Markyate (2004).jpg

This fascinating and comprehensive collection surveys the life of an extraordinary medieval woman. Christina of Markyate made a vow of chastity at an early age, against the wishes of her parents who intended her to marry. When forced into wedlock, she fled in disguise and went into hiding, receiving refuge in a network of hermitages. Christina became a religious recluse and eventually founded a priory of nuns attached to St. Albans. Samuel Fanous and Henrietta Leyser present a vivid inter-disciplinary study devoted to the life, work, and extant vita of Christina of Markyate, which draws on research from a wide range of disciplines. Key topics have been selected in a balanced and comprehensive approach; they cover timeless themes, such as monasticism and eremiticisim, as well as topical matters in medieval research, such as gender issues. The book begins by introducing readers to Christina's person and life, setting her in a cultural, social and religious context, and presenting the literary background of The Life of Christina of Markyate. Further chapters examine themes such as the two traditions of martyrdom, virgin and ascetic, and Christina's alignment with both, the presentation of sanctity and sexual temptation in the twelfth century, and a survey of the phenomena of hermits and anchorites. The book also includes a close reading of the vita, revealing its markedly hagiographical qualities, and a discussion of the drama of the initials on the St. Alban's Psalter and what this reveals about the relationship between Christina and Abbot Geoffrey. Beautifully illustrated, this book provides students who regularly encounter Christina with a research compendium from which to begin their studies, and introduces Christina to a wider audience.

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Samuel Fanous - Christina of Markyate (2004).pdf

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Jacob Abbott - History of William the Conqueror (1 902).jpg

A book from Makers of History series by Jacob Abbott, an American writer of juvenile fiction, brief histories, biographies and works in popular science.
From the author: In selecting the subjects for the successive volumes of this series, it has been the object of the author to look for the names of those great personages whose histories constitute useful, and not merely entertaining, knowledge. There are certain names which are familiar, as names, to all mankind; such personages as Hannibal, Alexander, Cæsar, Cleopatra, Darius, Xerxes, Alfred, William the Conqueror, Queen Elizabeth, and Mary Queen of Scots, it is the design and object of these volumes to communicate, in a faithful, and, at the same time, if possible, in an attractive manner.

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Jacob Abbott - History of William the Conqueror (1 902).pdf

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Harold Perkin - Rise of Professional Society, Revi sed Edition, England since 1880 (2002).jpg

The Rise of Professional Society lays out a stimulating and controversial framework for the study of British society, challenging accepted paradigms based on class analysis. Perkins argues that the non-capitalist "professional class" represents a new principle of social organization based on trained expertise and meritocracy, a "forgotten middle class" conveniently overlooked by classical social theorists.

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Harold Perkin - Rise of Professional Society, Revi sed Edition, England since 1880 (2002).pdf

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S.M. Ghazanfar - Medieval Islamic Economic Thought , Filling the Great Gap in European Economics (200 3).jpg

This book is a collection of papers on the origins of economic thought discovered in the writings of some prominent Islamic scholars, roughly during the five centuries prior to the Latin Scholastics, like St. Thomas Aquinas.

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