Although the exact dates of construction of the so-called Saxon Shore forts are uncertain, the development of the frontier system that ran form the Wash to the Solent on the south-east coast of Roman Britain was spread over at least a century and a half. Many of the new forts were notable for the superior strength of their defences, with thicker stone walls bristling with projecting curved bastions. These and other features were clearly designed to them more difficult to storm than old-style frontier forts with their classic playing-card shape and internal towers. Defense earlier in the Roman era had meant aggressive response in the open field or even offensive pre-emptive strikes into enemy territory. The new trend was to build stronger, the emphasis being on solid, more static defense, anticipating attack and absorbing it rather than going out to meet it. Most of the major harbours and estuaries of the east and south-east coasts of Britain were fortified in this manner. There was a similar series of military installations across the Channel in Gaul, extending along the northern coast as far as what is now Brittany.

Whatever their precise tactical and strategic function, a continuing debate to which this book contributes, the construction of these stone forts represented a huge outlay of money, and commitment of manpower and materials. The Saxon Shore Forts are among the most impressive surviving monuments of Roman Britain. This book addresses a number ofthe fascinating questions they provoke - Who built these Forts? When and for what purposes? How were they built? How did they operate? Who garrisoned them, and for how long?

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Osprey - Fortress 71 - Nic Fields - The Walls of R ome (2008).jpg

This book provides a detailed examination of the design, development and construction of the defences of ancient Rome, with a particular focus on the Aurelian Wall – arguably the best preserved of all city walls in the Roman empire.

Contents
Introduction • Chronology • Rome’s early defences • The age of Aurelian • The Aurelian Wall • The Maxentian improvements • From Honorius to Belisarius • Aurelian’s legacy • The sites today • Glossary and abbreviations • Bibliography • Index

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Barbara Levick - Vespasian (1999).jpg

In AD 69 the Roman Empire seem endangered by civil war and rebellion. The plebeian and uncharasmatic Emperor Vespasian restored peace and confidence and ensured a smooth succession. His reputation in antiquity gained momentum in the medieval and modern era to present a universally acknowledged picture of an emperor who instigated economic advances and improved government which led to the "Golden Age" of the Empire in the second century.
Barbara Levick outlines how this able individual gained the necessary military experience and political skills that enabled him to stage his successful bid for empire in AD 69 and go on to consolidate his supremacy and that of his dynasty in the decade that followed. She explores how Vespasian managed to cope with the military, political and economic problems of his reign as well as the solutions to those problems. Finally, she examines Vespasian's posthumous reputation.
Vespasian presents a comprehensive, engaging and lavishly illustrated biography of an emperor who was credited with unsurpassed achievement and lauded as the bestower of peace and confidence within the empire.

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4,3 MB
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Barbara Levick - Vespasian (1999).pdf

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David S. Potter - The Roman Empire at Bay AD180–39 5 (2004).jpg

A striking achievement of historical synthesis combined with a compelling interpretative line, The Roman Empire at Bay enables students of all periods to understand the dynamics of great imperial powers. David Potter's comprehensive survey of two critical and eventful centuries traces the course of imperial decline, skillfully weaving together cultural, intellectual and political history.
Particular attention is paid throughout to the structures of government, the rise of Persia as a rival, and the diverse intellectual movements in the empire. There is also a strong focus on Christianity, transformed in this period from a fringe sect to the leading religion.
Against this detailed background, Professor Potter argues that the loss of power can mainly be attributed to the failure in the imperial elite to respond to changes inside and outside the empire, and to internal struggles for control between different elements in the government, resulting in an inefficient centralization of power at court.

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4,3 MB
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David S. Potter - The Roman Empire at Bay AD180–39 5 (2004).pdf

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David Shotter - Tiberius Caesar (2004).jpeg

David Shotter presents an up-to-date study of the character and life of Tiberius Caesar, heir of Augustus and Emperor of Rome from AD 14 to 37. Contemporary and near-contemporary accounts of his life provide new perspectives on the major issues of Tiberius' reign: his relations with the senate, with Germanicus (his heir), with Sejanus (the prefect of the praetorian guard), as well as the reasons for his final retirement from Rome. The biography focuses mainly on Tiberius' continuous struggle to meet the demands of his role. David Shotter presents a concise and accessible study of this capable man who was, ultimately, an ineffectual ruler.

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1,3 MB
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David Shotter - Tiberius Caesar (2004).pdf

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John Rich, Graham Shipley - War and Society in the Roman World (2002).jpg

War and Society in the Roman World focuses mainly on the shifting relationship between warfare and the Roman citizen body. The dominant role of war in the Republic is first examined, together with the related issues of Roman expansion and the consequences both for the Romans and for those they conquered. Under the Principate, expansions largely came to a halt, and the inhabitants of the empire enjoyed life in peacetime, all the while protected by a professional army. A number of chapters focus on these changes, explaining how they came about, analyzing their effect on attitudes toward war, and probing the extent to which the peace was a reality. The final chapters discuss the Late Roman Empire, documenting the rise of warlords and, in the west, the final disappearance of the Roman army.

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1,1 MB
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John Rich, Graham Shipley - War and Society in the Roman World (2002).pdf

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Miriam T. Griffin - Nero. The End of a Dynasty (19 87).jpg

A vain, suspicious, vindictive man, the Roman Emperor Nero admitted by the end of his reign that he had failed completely. PW concluded: "Griffin's excellent biographical history is both perceptive and evenhanded."

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Miriam T. Griffin - Nero. The End of a Dynasty (19 87).pdf

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Noel Lenski - Failure of Empire, Valens and the Ro man State in the Fourth Century A.D.(2003).jpg

Failure of Empire is the first comprehensive biography of the Roman emperor Valens and his troubled reign (a.d. 364-78). Valens will always be remembered for his spectacular defeat and death at the hands of the Goths in the Battle of Adrianople. This singular misfortune won him a front-row seat among history's great losers. By the time he was killed, his empire had been coming unglued for several years: the Goths had overrun the Balkans; Persians, Isaurians, and Saracens were threatening the east; the economy was in disarray; and pagans and Christians alike had been exiled, tortured, and executed in his religious persecutions. Valens had not, however, entirely failed in his job as emperor. He was an admirable administrator, a committed defender of the frontiers, and a ruler who showed remarkable sympathy for the needs of his subjects.

In lively style and rich detail, Lenski incorporates a broad range of new material, from archaeology to Gothic and Armenian sources, in a study that illuminates the social, cultural, religious, economic, administrative, and military complexities of Valens's realm. Failure of Empire offers a nuanced reconsideration of Valens the man and shows both how he applied his strengths to meet the expectations of his world and how he ultimately failed in his efforts to match limited capacities to limitless demands.

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3,0 MB
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Noel Lenski - Failure of Empire, Valens and the Ro man State in the Fourth Century A.D.(2003).pdf

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Ramsay MacMullen - Enemies of the Roman Order, Tre ason, Unrest and Alienation in the Empire (1966).jpg

In order to achieve its various successes, the Roman Empire required a consensus from its subjects regarding social norms, ethics and even aesthetics. At the same time, there were any number of people whose acts and attitudes were rejections of the norm. This comprehensive treatment of patterns of deviation examines a cross-section of subjects within the empire--from the urban masses to the educated elites.

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Ramsay MacMullen - Enemies of the Roman Order, Tre ason, Unrest and Alienation in the Empire (1966).pdf

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Richard A. Billows - Julius Caesar, The Colossus o f Rome (2009).jpg

Julius Caesar offers a lively, engaging, and thoroughly up-to-date account of Caesar’s life and times. Richard Billows’ dynamic and fast paced narrative offers an imaginative recounting of actions and events, providing the ideal introduction to Julius Caesar for general readers and students of classics and ancient history.

The book is not just a biography of Caesar, but an historical account and explanation of the decline and fall of the Roman Republican governing system, in which Caesar played a crucial part. To understand Caesar’s life and role, it is necessary to grasp the political, social and economic problems Rome was grappling with, and the deep divisions within Roman society that came from them. Caesar has been seen variously as a mere opportunist, a power-hungry autocrat, an arrogant aristocrat disdaining rivals, a traditional Roman noble politician who stumbled into civil war and autocracy thanks to being misunderstood by his rivals, and even as the ideal man and pattern of all virtues. Richard A. Billows argues that such portrayals fail to consider the universal testimony of our ancient sources that Roman political life was divided in Caesar’s time into two great political tendencies, called "optimates" and "populares" in the sources, of which Caesar came to be the leader of one: the "popularis" faction.

Billows suggests that it is only when we see Caesar as the leader of a great political and social movement, that had been struggling with its rival movement for decades and had been several times violently repressed in the course of that struggle, that we can understand how and why Caesar came to fight and win a civil war, and bring the traditional governing system of Rome to an end.

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Richard D.Weigel - Lepidus, The Tarnished Triumvir (1992).jpg

The unglamorous contemporary of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus was, nevertheless, a member of the Second Triumvirate who played a significant role in the political, religious and military affairs of the late Republic. Through a careful examination of Lepidus's career, Richard D. Weigel suggests that Lepidus was a competent ruler who was consistent in serving the Republic's needs as he understood them. Lepidus is an ideal source for anyone interested in gaining a greater understanding of the late Roman Empire.

About the Author
Richard D. Weigel is Professor of History at Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green.

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Richard D.Weigel - Lepidus, The Tarnished Triumvir (1992).pdf

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Stephen Williams, Gerard Friell - Theodosius, The Empire at Bay (1994).jpg

Emperor Theodosius (379-95) was the last Roman emperor to rule a unified empire of East and West and his reign represents a turning point in the policies and fortunes of the Late Roman Empire. In this imperial biography, Stephen Williams and Gerry Friell bring together literary, archaeological and numismatic evidence concerning this Roman emperor, studying his military and political struggles, which he fought heroically but ultimately in vain.
Summoned from retirement to the throne after the disastrous Roman defeat by the Goths at Adrianople, Theodosius was called on to rebuild the armies and put the shattered state back together. He instituted a new policy towards the barbarians, in which diplomacy played a larger role than military might, at a time of increasing frontier dangers and acute manpower shortage. He was also the founder of the established Apostolic Catholic Church. Unlike other Christian emperors, he suppressed both heresy and paganism and enforced orthodoxy by law.
The path was a diffucult one, but Theodosius (and his successor, Stilicho) had little choice. This new study convincingly demonstrates how a series of political misfortunes led to the separation of the Eastern and Western empires which meant that the overlordship of Rome in Europe dwindled into mere ceremonial. The authors examine the emperor and his character and the state of the Roman empire, putting his reign in the context of the troubled times.

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Stephen Williams, Gerard Friell - Theodosius, The Empire at Bay (1994).pdf

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Steven H. Rutledge - Imperial Inquisitions (2001).jpg

An examination of political informants and prosecutors in early imperial Rome to determine whether or not they deserved their reputation as cruel and heartless mercenaries who enforced the 'tyranny' of the likes of Nero and Caligula.

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Steven H. Rutledge - Imperial Inquisitions (2001).pdf

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William V. Harris - War and Imperialism in Republi can Rome 327-70BC (1985).jpeg

Between 327 and 70 B.C. the Romans expanded their empire throughout the Mediterranean world. This highly original study looks at Roman attitudes and behavior that lay behind their quest for power. How did Romans respond to warfare, year after year? How important were the material gains of military success--land, slaves, and other riches--commonly supposed to have been merely an incidental result? What value is there in the claim of the contemporary historian Polybius that the Romans were driven by a greater and greater ambition to expand their empire? The author answers these questions within an analytic framework, and comes to an interpretation of Roman imperialism that differs sharply from the conventional ones.

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12,9 MB
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William V. Harris - War and Imperialism in Republi can Rome 327-70BC (1985).pdf

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Brian W. Jones - The Emperor Domitian (2002).jpg

Domitian, emperor of Rome AD 81-96, has traditionally been portrayed as a bloodthirsty tyrant, responsible for bringing a ``reign of terror'' to the throne. Yet The Emperor Domitian challenges these beliefs, showing him to be an able, meticulous administrator, a reformer of the economy, and an architectural genius, whose massive building program ensured that Rome would be the capitol of the world in appearance as well as fact.

About the Author
Brian W. Jones is Reader in Classics and Ancient History at the University of Queensland, Australia.

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Martin Goodman - Judaism in the Roman World (2007).jpg

These collected studies, previously published in diverse places between 199 and 26, discuss important and controversial issues in the study of the development of Judaism in the Roman world from the first century C.E. to the fifth.

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Martin Goodman - Judaism in the Roman World (2007).pdf

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John Riches, David C. Sim - The Gospel Of Matthew In Its Roman Imperial Context (2005).jpg

In what sense does Matthew's Gospel reflect the colonial situation in which the community found itself after the fall of Jerusalem, and the subsequent humiliation of Jews across the Roman Empire? To what extent was Matthew seeking to oppose Rome's claims to authority and sovereignty over the whole world, to set up alternative systems of power and society, to forge new senses of identity? If Matthew's community felt itself to be living on the margins of society, where did it see the centre as lying? In Judaism or in Rome? And how did Matthew's approach to such problems compare with that of Jews who were not followers of Jesus Christ, and with that of others -, Jews and Gentiles -, who were followers?

About the Author
John Riches was formerly Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow. David Sim is Professor of New Testament Studies, Australian Catholic University, and author of The Gospel of Matthew and Judaism.

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John Riches, David C. Sim - The Gospel Of Matthew In Its Roman Imperial Context (2005).pdf

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