The story of the Roman military machine begins with the crisis that enveloped Rome in the late second century B.C., when soldiers became the Empire's worst enemy, pillaging citizens and creating social turmoil.In the closing years of the second century B.C., the ancient world watched as the Roman armies maintained clear superiority over all they surveyed. But, Rome also faced an internal situation that endangered the supremacy across the expanse of the Empire. Social turmoil prevailed at the heart of her territories, led by an increasing number of dispossessed farmers, too little manpower for the army, and an inevitable conflict with the allies who had fought side by side with the Romans to establish Roman dominion. Storming the Heavens looks at this dramatic history from a variety of angles. What changed most radically, Santosuosso argues, was the behavior of soldiers in the Roman armies. The troops became the enemies within, their pillage and slaughter of fellow citizens indiscriminate, their loyalty not to the Republic but to their leaders, as long as they were ample providers of booty. By opening the military ranks to all, the new army abandoned its role as depository of the values of the upper classes and the propertied. Instead, it became an institution of the poor and drain on the power of the Empire. Santosuosso also investigates other topics, such as the monopoly of military power in the hands of a few, the connection between the armed forces and the cherished values of the state, the manipulation of the lower classes so that they would accept the view of life, control, and power dictated by the oligarchy, and the subjugation and dehumanization of subject peoples, whether they be Gauls, Britons, Germans, Africans, or even the Romans themselves.

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16,2 MB
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Antonio Santosuosso - Storming the Heavens, Soldie rs, Emperors, and Civilians in the Roman Empire (2 001).pdf

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98 KB
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Michael H. Dodgeon - The Roman Eastern Frontier an d the Persian Wars, AD 226-363, A Documentary Hist ory (1994).jpg

While most studies of the internal and international conflicts of Rome's 3rd century crisis are recorded in a scattered and unsatisfactory manner, this documentary history of the period brings together the main sources, of which the better ones--those not in Latin-- are not easily accessible. The volume includes translations of such diverse sources as Zosimus, John Malalas, Al-Tabari and Moses of Chorene--documents which, when viewed in combination, provide a clearer picture of this complex, fraught period of Roman history. The editors also provide a selection of inscriptions, papyri and oriental sources, generous notes, a detailed bibliography and maps.

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11,2 MB
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Michael H. Dodgeon - The Roman Eastern Frontier an d the Persian Wars, AD 226-363, A Documentary Hist ory (1994).pdf

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104 KB
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Julian Bennett - Trajan, Optimus Princeps (1997).jpg

The emperor Trajan (A.D. 53-117) is one of the very few Roman emperors who, over the centuries, has always been seen in a good light. He is remembered for his expansion of the Empire, his monumental public-works projects, and his refusal to persecute the Empire's Christian minority. The very substance of his glorious reputation, however, is tested by Julian Bennett in this comprehensive biography - - the first since 1927 and the first ever in English. While the period as a whole is ill-served by the extant literary evidence, Bennett supplements this with a thorough examination of the contemporary archaeological and epigraphic evidence, covering every major aspect of Trajan's reign. Although some of his original suggestions may remain speculative, his central conclusion is that Trajan's contemporary reputation as Optimus Princeps seems to have been richly deserved.

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10,7 MB
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Julian Bennett - Trajan, Optimus Princeps (1997).pdf

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82 KB
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David Shotter - The Fall of the Roman Republic (19 94).jpg

The Fall of the Roman Republic shows how the Roman republic was destabilized by the consequences of the unplanned growth of the Roman empire. Drawing on a wealth of recent scholarship, David Shotter tackles in a straightforward way the many problems of the period and the prejudices to which they gave rise. He demonstrates how groups and individuals sought their own advantage from the opportunities offered by imperial expansion, and how this led to confusion and chaos to which the only perceived solution was the introduction of a form of permanent supervision for the Roman republic.

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10,5 MB
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David Shotter - The Fall of the Roman Republic (19 94).pdf

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164 KB
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David Johnston - Roman Law in Context (1999).jpg

This book explains the rules of Roman law in the light of the society and economy in which it operated. The main topics discussed are the family and inheritance, property and the use of land, commercial transactions and the management of businesses, litigation and how easily the Roman citizen could assert his or her legal rights in practice. The book involves a minimum of legal technicality and is intended to be accessible to students and teachers of Roman history.

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10,8 MB
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David Johnston - Roman Law in Context (1999).pdf

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62 KB
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Gordon P. Kelly - A History of Exile in the Roman Republic (2006).jpg

"Gordan Kelly has produced a very fine book that will prove an invaluable resource for researchers on exile and politics in the Roman Republic...Kelly provides some new insights that contribute to the growing discussion..."
Fred K. Drogula, Providence College, New England Classical Journal

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Lance Byron Richey - Roman Imperial Ideology and t he Gospel of John (2007).jpg

This book was originally the author’s dissertation directed by Dr. Julian Hills at Marquette University and completed in 2004. The introduction suggests the work’s thesis, that John’s Gospel is “a conscious effort on the part of John to address issues which would unavoidably have been raised for his community by the Roman Imperial Ideology, or, as it is more commonly called, Augustan Ideology” (xii). This “complex and considerably varied set of beliefs, practices and claims about the nature and source of temporal power in imperial Rome … presented the emperor or princeps as the central figure of the empire on whom [its] continued peace and prosperity … depended” (xiv). The pervasiveness of this ideology, more than the demands of the imperial cult, meant a “pressing need to distinguish the nature and role of the emperor within Roman society from that of Christ within the Johannine community” (xvi). The Gospel, at least in its final redaction, challenges the “fundamental way of conceiving the world” that imperial ideology offered (xix).

Chapter 1 (“Neither Jew nor Roman: Reconstructing the History of the Johannine Community,”) largely rehearses previous work on John that has emphasized the Gospel’s multilayered nature and has sought to reconstruct the history of the Johannine community (so Martyn and Brown). This history conventionally involves a developing Christology, separation from a synagogue precipitated by the Birkat Haminim, persecution and martyrdom, Gentile influx, further christological development, schism, and alienation. From this survey, Richey identifies three key features: Asia Minor as the Gospel’s location; increasing Gentile presence within the community; and persistence of Jewish hostility.

Chapter 2 (“Confronting the Many Faces of Power: Augustan Ideology and Johannine Christology”) reconstructs Augustan Ideology with its focus on “the person of the emperor at the center of the new order” (27). Richey highlights three dimensions: (Augustus’s supreme position and structures for maintaining his [and his successors’] power [auctoritas]; the imperial cult; the role of poets such as Virgil) that resulted not only in establishing the emperor’s position but in creating a worldview that located the empire’s inhabitants in relation to the emperor and the cosmos. This ideology threatened the Johannine community, who did not participate in it, faced persecution for not doing so, and could not claim the Jewish “legal exemption” from it because of excommunication from the synagogue.

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4,3 MB
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Lance Byron Richey - Roman Imperial Ideology and t he Gospel of John (2007).pdf

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50 KB
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Adam Winn - The Purpose of Mark's Gospel, An Early Christian Response to Roman Imperial Propaganda ( 2008).jpg

In this book, Adam Winn addresses the long-debated question of the purpose of Mark’s Gospel. After placing the composition of Mark in Rome at a time shortly after the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, he seeks to reconstruct the historical situation facing both the Markan evangelist and his community. This reconstruction focuses on the rise of the new Roman Emperor Vespasian and the aftermath of the Jewish Revolt in Rome. A significant feature of this reconstruction is the propaganda used to gain and secure Vespasian’s power-propaganda that included oracles and portents, divine healings, and grand triumphs. Of particular interest is the propagandistic claim that Vespasian was the true fulfillment of Jewish messianic prophecies. Winn argues that such a claim would have created a Christological crisis for the fledgling church in Rome-a crisis that called for a compelling Christian response. Winn seeks to demonstrate that Mark’s Gospel could be read as just such a response. He demonstrates how the major features of Mark’s Gospel--his incipit, Christology, teaching on discipleship, and eschatology--can be read as a counter résumé to the impressive résumé of Vespasian. In the end, this project concludes that Mark was composed for the purpose of countering Roman imperial propaganda that had created a crisis for its author and community.

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3,8 MB
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Adam Winn - The Purpose of Mark's Gospel, An Early Christian Response to Roman Imperial Propaganda ( 2008).pdf

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Paul MacKendrick - The Roman Mind at Work (1958).jpg

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18,1 MB
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Paul MacKendrick - The Roman Mind at Work (1958).pdf

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A. D. Lee - Information and Frontiers, Roman Forei gn Relations in Late Antiquity (1993).jpg

During late antiquity the Roman empire faced serious threats from the peoples to the east and to the north. This book is concerned with the role played by information and intelligence in the empire's relations with these peoples, how well-informed about them the empire was, and how such information was acquired. It deals with an important facet of late Roman history which has not previously received systematic treatment, and does so in a wide-ranging manner which relates the military/diplomatic history to its broader social/cultural and economic context.

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95 KB
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Richard Alston - Aspects Of Roman History AD 14 - 117 (1998).jpg

Aspects of Roman History charts the history of the Roman Imperial period, from the establishment of the Augustan principate to the reign of Trajan, providing a basic chronological framework of the main events and introductory outlines of the major issues of the period. The book details the development of the Roman Imperial rule, emperor by emperor, and discusses the important themes in the period, including the political, military, religious, economic and social functioning of the Roman Empire.

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10,5 MB
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Richard Alston - Aspects Of Roman History AD 14 - 117 (1998).pdf

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172 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

J. E. Lendon - Empire of Honour, The Art of Govern ment in the Roman World (1997).jpg

Jon Lendon offers a bold new analysis of how Roman government worked in the first four centuries AD. He contends that a despotism rooted in force and fear enjoyed widespread support among the ruling classes of the provinces on the basis of an aristocratic culture of honor shared by rulers and ruled.

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David Matz - Daily Life of the Ancient Romans (200 1).jpg

Use this fascinating reference resource to find out what it meant to be a typical Ancient Roman. Using plenty of anecdotal material written by Romans themselves, this volume explores the ins and outs of daily living for ordinary people, from their homes, to the foods they ate, to the sports and games they enjoyed. The ancient civilization is brought to life, and students can easily make comparisons between the people of that culture and the people of our own.

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12,6 MB
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David Matz - Daily Life of the Ancient Romans (200 1).pdf

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S. R. F. Price - Rituals and Power, The Roman Impe rial Cult in Asia Minor (1984).jpg

In his study of the Greek cults of the Roman emperor in Asia minor, Simon Price attempts to discover why the Roman Emperor was treated like a god. He contends that ever since the emergence of Christianity within the Roman Empire the problem has been misinterpreted; a Christianizing distinction between religion and politics has led to the cult being considered simply as a form of political honors. Drawing on anthropology as well as numismatics and archaeology, literary sources and inscriptions, Dr Price offers a fundamentally different perspective. He examines how the Greek cults of the Roman Emperor located the Emperor with their subjection to the external power of Rome. The book falls into two major parts. The first analyzes the historical, social and cultural contexts of the Imperial cult, showing that the cult was deeply rooted in the Greek cities. The second focuses on the evocations of the rituals of temples, images and sacrifices. It casts light on the architectural development of Greek Cities, on cult statues in the ancient world and on the vitality and flexibility of the Greek religious system. In his concluding chapter the author draws out some of the general implications of the book; comparative material from Africa and Cambodia help our understanding of the relationship between religious ritual and political power. This book, which assumes no knowledge of Latin or Greek, will appeal to students and teachers of ancient history and archaeology. It will also attract anthropologists, historians and others interested in the interpretation of rituals and in the history of early Christianity.

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40,8 MB
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S. R. F. Price - Rituals and Power, The Roman Impe rial Cult in Asia Minor (1984).pdf

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Edward Adams - Christianity at Corinth (2004).jpg

First Corinthians provides a unique glimpse info the life of a young Christian community in a Gracco-Roman environment during the early decades of emerging Christianity. It supplies a range and richness of information about the early church that is unparalleled by any other New Testament document. Much effort has gone into reconstructing Christianity at Corinth; more recently, attention has focused on the Corinthian community itself. The scholarly picture of the Corinthian Christians throughout the period of modern interpretation has been far from constant, and their profile has altered as interpretive fashions have shifted. This collection of classic and new essays charts the history of the scholarly quest for the Corinthian church from F.C. Baur to the present day, and offers the reflections of leading scholars on where the quest has taken us and on its future direction. Includes essays by Walter Schmithals, C.K. Barrett, Nils A. Dahl, Gerd Theissen, Richard A. Horsley, Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza, James D.G. Dunn, and many more.

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19,2 MB
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Edward Adams - Christianity at Corinth (2004).pdf

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D. C.A. Hillman Ph.D. - The Chemical Muse, Drug Us e and the Roots of Western Civilization (2008).jpg

The Chemical Muse uncovers decades of misdirection and obfuscation to reveal the history of widespread drug use in Ancient Rome and Greece. In the city-states that gave birth to Western civilization, drugs were an everyday element of a free society. Often they were not just available, but vitally necessary for use in medicine, religious ceremonies, and war campaigns. Their proponents and users existed in all classes, from the common soldier to the emperor himself.
Citing examples in myths, medicine, and literature, D. C. A. Hillman shows how drugs have influenced and inspired the artists, philosophers, and even politicians whose ideas have formed the basis for civilization as we know it. Many of these ancient texts may seem well-known, but Hillman shows how timid, prudish translations have left scholars and readers in the dark about the reality of drug use in the Classical world.
Hillman’s argument is not simply “pro-drug.” Instead, he appeals for an intellectual honesty that acknowledges the use of drugs in ancient societies despite today’s conflicting social mores. In the modern world, where academia and university life are often politically charged, The Chemical Muse offers a unique and long overdue perspective on the contentious topic of drug use and the freedom of thought.
D. C. A. Hillman earned an M.S. in bacteriology and an M.A. and Ph.D in classics from the University of Wisconsin. His research has been published in the academic journal Pharmacy in History. He lives in Madison, Wisconsin, with his wife and children.
The Chemical Muse uncovers decades of misdirection and obfuscation to reveal the history of widespread drug use in Ancient Rome and Greece. In the city-states that gave birth to Western civilization, drugs were an everyday element of a free society. Often they were not just available, but vitally necessary for use in medicine, religious ceremonies, and war campaigns. Their proponents and users existed in all classes, from the common soldier to the emperor himself.

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1,1 MB
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D. C.A. Hillman Ph.D. - The Chemical Muse, Drug Us e and the Roots of Western Civilization (2008).pdf

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Jérôme Carcopino - Daily Life in Ancient Rome, The People and the City at the Height of the Empire ( 2003).jpg

Rome2 - Jrme Carcopino - Daily Life in Ancient Rome, The People and the City at the Height of the Empire 2003.jpg

This classic book brings to life imperial Rome as it was during the second century A.D., the time of Trajan and Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Commodus. It was a period marked by lavish displays of wealth, a dazzling cultural mix, and the advent of Christianity. The splendor and squalor of the city, the spectacles, and the day's routines are reconstructed from an immense fund of archaeological evidence and from vivid descriptions by ancient poets, satirists, letter-writers, and novelists-from Petronius to Pliny the Younger. In a new Introduction, the eminent classicist Mary Beard appraises the book's enduring-and sometimes surprising-influence and its value for general readers and students. She also provides an up-to-date bibliographic essay.

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