The elaborate and inventive slaughter of humans and animals in the arena fed an insatiable desire for violent spectacle among the Roman people. Donald G. Kyle combines the words of ancient authors with current scholarly research and cross-cultural perspectives, as he explores
* the origins and historical development of the games
* who the victims were and why they were chosen
* how the Romans disposed of the thousands of resulting corpses
* the complex religious and ritual aspects of institutionalised violence
* the particularly savage treatment given to defiant Christians.
This lively and original work provides compelling, sometimes controversial perspectives on the bloody entertainments of ancient Rome, which continue to fascinate us to this day.

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Alan Cameron - Barbarians and Politics at the Cour t of Arcadius (1993).jpg

The chaotic events of A.D. 395-400 marked a momentous turning point for the Roman Empire and its relationship to the barbarian peoples under and beyond its command. In this masterly study, Alan Cameron proposes a complete rewriting of received wisdom concerning the social and political history of these years. Our knowledge of the period comes to us in part through Synesius of Cyrene, who recorded his view of events in his De regno and De providentia. By redating these works, Cameron offers a vital, new interpretation of the interactions of pagans and Christians, Goths and Romans. In 394/95, during the last four months of his life, the emperor Theodosius I ruled as sole Augustus over a united Roman empire that had been divided between at least two emperors for most of the preceding one hundred years. Not only did the death of Theodosius set off a struggle between Roman officeholders of the two empires, but it also set off renewed efforts by the barbarian Goths to sieze both territory and office. Theodosius had encouraged high-ranking Goths to enter Roman military service; thus well placed, their efforts would lead to Alaric's sack of Rome in 410. Though Cameron's interest is in the particularities of events, the book conveys a wonderful sense of the general time and place. Cameron's rebuttal of modern scholarship, which pervades the narrative, enhances the reader's engagement with the complexities of interpretation. The result is a sophisticated recounting of a period of crucial change in the Roman Empire's relationship to the non-Roman world.

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0,9 MB
28 lis 11 10:21

Alan Cameron - Barbarians and Politics at the Cour t of Arcadius (1993).rar

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75 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

Noel Lenski - Failure of Empire, Valens and the Ro man State in the Fourth Century A.D. (2003).jpg

Failure of Empire is the first comprehensive biography of the Roman emperor Valens and his troubled reign (a.d. 364-78). Valens will always be remembered for his spectacular defeat and death at the hands of the Goths in the Battle of Adrianople. This singular misfortune won him a front-row seat among history's great losers. By the time he was killed, his empire had been coming unglued for several years: the Goths had overrun the Balkans; Persians, Isaurians, and Saracens were threatening the east; the economy was in disarray; and pagans and Christians alike had been exiled, tortured, and executed in his religious persecutions. Valens had not, however, entirely failed in his job as emperor. He was an admirable administrator, a committed defender of the frontiers, and a ruler who showed remarkable sympathy for the needs of his subjects.
In lively style and rich detail, Lenski incorporates a broad range of new material, from archaeology to Gothic and Armenian sources, in a study that illuminates the social, cultural, religious, economic, administrative, and military complexities of Valens's realm. Failure of Empire offers a nuanced reconsideration of Valens the man and shows both how he applied his strengths to meet the expectations of his world and how he ultimately failed in his efforts to match limited capacities to limitless demands.

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3,0 MB
28 lis 11 10:21

Noel Lenski - Failure of Empire, Valens and the Ro man State in the Fourth Century A.D. (2003).pdf

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53 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

John Rich - War and Society in the Roman World (19 93).jpg

The essays in War and Society in the Roman World collectively offer an innovative investigation into this area of classical studies, a field which has long been in need of different critical perspectives. This collection avoids rehashing the minutiae of warfare, viewing it instead as a species of social action, affected by social conditions and ideologies, and having social, economic and cultural consequences. The central theme of this volume is the shifting relationship between warfare and the Roman citizen body. The dominant role of war in Roman life under the Republic is examined, together with the related themes of Roman expansion and its consequences both for the Romans and for those they conquered. Under the principate, expansion largely ended, and the inhabitants of the empire enjoyed the Roman peace, protected by a professional army. A number of chapters focus on these changes, explaining how they came about, analyzing their effect on attitudes to war and probing the extent to which peace was a reality. The final chapters study the Late Empire in terms of the rise of warlords and, in the West, the final disappearance of the Roman army.

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10,2 MB
28 lis 11 10:21

John Rich - War and Society in the Roman World (19 93).pdf

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29 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

Louise Revell - Roman Imperialism and Local Identi ties (2008).jpg

In this book, Louise Revell examines questions of Roman imperialism and Roman ethnic identity and explores Roman imperialism as a lived experience based around the paradox of similarity and difference. Her case studies of public architecture in several urban settings provides an understanding of the ways in which urbanism, the emperor and religion were part of the daily encounters of the peoples in these communities. Revell applies the ideas of agency and practice in her examination of the structures that held the empire together and how they were implicated within repeated daily activities. Rather than offering a homogenized "ideal type" description of Roman cultural identity, she uses these structures as a way to understand how these encounters differed between communities and within communities, thus producing a more nuanced interpretation of what it was to be Roman. Bringing an innovative approach to the problem of Romanization, Revell breaks from traditional models and cuts across a number of entrenched debates such as arguments about the imposition of Roman culture or resistance to Roman rule.

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11,1 MB
28 lis 11 10:21

Louise Revell - Roman Imperialism and Local Identi ties (2008).pdf

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125 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

Raymond Van Dam - The Roman Revolution of Constant ine (2007).jpg

The reign of the emperor Constantine (306-337) was as revolutionary for the transformation of Rome's Mediterranean empire as that of Augustus, the first emperor three centuries earlier. The abandonment of Rome signaled the increasing importance of frontier zones in northern and central Europe and the Middle East. The foundation of Constantinople as a new imperial residence and the rise of Greek as the language of administration previewed the establishment of a separate eastern Roman empire.

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10,4 MB
28 lis 11 10:21

Raymond Van Dam - The Roman Revolution of Constant ine (2007).pdf

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171 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

R. Ross Holloway - Constantine and Rome (2004).jpg

Constantine the Great (285–337) played a crucial role in mediating between the pagan, imperial past of the city of Rome, which he conquered in 312, and its future as a Christian capital. In this learned and highly readable book, R. Ross Holloway examines Constantine’s remarkable building program in Rome. Holloway begins by examining the Christian Church in the period before the Peace of 313, when Constantine and his co-emperor Licinius ended the persecution of the Christians. He then focuses on the structure, style, and significance of important monuments: the Arch of Constantine and the two great Christian basilicas, St. John’s in the Lateran and St. Peter’s, as well as the imperial mausoleum at Tor Pignatara. In a final chapter Holloway advances a new interpretation of the archaeology of the Tomb of St. Peter beneath the high altar of St. Peter’s Basilica. The tomb, he concludes, was not the original resting place of the remains venerated as those of the Apostle but was created only in 251 by Pope Cornelius. Drawing on the most up-to-date archaeological evidence, he describes a cityscape that was at once Christian and pagan, mirroring the personality of its ruler.

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10,4 MB
28 lis 11 10:21

R. Ross Holloway - Constantine and Rome (2004).pdf

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159 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

Judy E. Gaughan - Murder Was Not a Crime, Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic (2009).jpg

Embarking on a unique study of Roman criminal law, Judy Gaughan has developed a novel understanding of the nature of social and political power dynamics in republican government. Revealing the significant relationship between political power and attitudes toward homicide in the Roman republic, Murder Was Not a Crime describes a legal system through which families (rather than the government) were given the power to mete out punishment for murder. With implications that could modify the most fundamental beliefs about the Roman republic, Gaughan's research maintains that Roman criminal law did not contain a specific enactment against murder, although it had done so prior to the overthrow of the monarchy. While kings felt an imperative to hold monopoly over the power to kill, Gaughan argues, the republic phase ushered in a form of decentralized government that did not see itself as vulnerable to challenge by an act of murder. And the power possessed by individual families ensured that the government would not attain the responsibility for punishing homicidal violence. Drawing on surviving Roman laws and literary sources, Murder Was Not a Crime also explores the dictator Sulla's "murder law," arguing that it lacked any government concept of murder and was instead simply a collection of earlier statutes repressing poisoning, arson, and the carrying of weapons. Reinterpreting a spectrum of scenarios, Gaughan makes new distinctions between the paternal head of household and his power over life and death, versus the power of consuls and praetors to command and kill.

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11,7 MB
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Judy E. Gaughan - Murder Was Not a Crime, Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic (2009).pdf

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14 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

Sexto Julio Frontino - Frontinus, the stratagems a nd the aqueducts of Rome.jpg

Frontinus, Sextus Iulius, ca. 35–103 CE, was a capable Roman civil officer and military commander. Praetor of the city in 70 and consul in 73 or 74, 98 and 100, he was, about the year 76, sent to Britain as governor. He quelled the Silures of Wales, and began to build a road through their territory; his place was taken by Agricola in 78. In 97 he was given the highly esteemed office of Manager of Aqueducts at Rome. He is known to have been an augur, being succeeded by his friend Pliny the younger.
The two sides of Frontinus's public career are reflected in his two surviving works. 'Strategemata', Stratagems, written after 84, gives examples of military stratagems from Greek and Roman history, for the instruction of Roman officers, in three books; the fourth book is concerned largely with military discipline. 'De Aquis urbis Romae', The Aqueducts of Rome, written in 97–98, gives some historical details and a description of the aqueducts for the water supply of the city, with laws relating to them. Frontinus aimed at being useful and writes in a rather popular style which is both simple and clear.

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18,5 MB
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Sexto Julio Frontino - Frontinus, the stratagems a nd the aqueducts of Rome.pdf

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55 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

Paul Erdkamp - The Grain Market in the Roman Empir e, A Social, Political and Economic Study (2005).jpg

Paul Erdkamp illustrates how entitlement to food in Roman society was dependent on relations with the emperor, his representatives and the landowning aristocracy, and local rulers controlling the towns and hinterlands. He assesses the response of the Roman authorities to weaknesses in the grain market and looks at the implications of the failure of local harvests. By examining the subject from a contemporary perspective, this book will appeal not only to historians of ancient economies, but to all concerned with the economy of grain markets, a subject which still resonates today.

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10,6 MB
28 lis 11 10:21

Paul Erdkamp - The Grain Market in the Roman Empir e, A Social, Political and Economic Study (2005).pdf

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166 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

Paul Zanker - The Power of Images in the Age of Au gustus (1990).jpg

Examines the imperial mythology that was reflected by Roman art and architecture during the rule of Augustus Caesar

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29,8 MB
28 lis 11 10:21

Paul Zanker - The Power of Images in the Age of Au gustus (1990).pdf

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97 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

J. Grafton Milne - A History of Egypt under Roman Rule (1913).jpg

A History Of Egypt Under Roman Rule published in 1913 by J. Grafton Milne covers the following topics; the organization of Egypt under the Romans, Roman rule beginning in 30 B C, a century of prosperity beginning in 68 A D, the decay of the provincial system, the struggle between the state and the church, the establishment of the supremacy of the Christian church, the union of temporal and religious powers, revenues and taxation in Egypt, life in the towns and villages, Roman garrisons, prefects of Egypt, and inscriptions in the Ghizeh museum.

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26,4 MB
28 lis 11 10:21

J. Grafton Milne - A History of Egypt under Roman Rule (1913).pdf

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166 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price - Religions of Rome, Volume 1, A History (1998).jpg

This book offers a radical new survey of more than a thousand years of religious life in Rome, from the foundation of the city to its rise to world empire and its conversion to Christianity. It sets religion in its full cultural context, between the primitive hamlet of the eighth century BC and the cosmopolitan, multicultural society of the first centuries of the Christian era.

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145 KB
28 lis 11 10:21

Graham Webster - The Roman Invasion of Britain (19 99).jpg

Gives the background of Britain before the Roman invasion of 43 AD and goes on to describe the Roman forces, the personalities involved, the actual invasion - including the crucial battle on the Medway - and Claudius' triumphal entrance into Camulodunum, the British capital.

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12,0 MB
28 lis 11 10:21

Graham Webster - The Roman Invasion of Britain (19 99).pdf

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