MFGZubr

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MFGZubr

	Byzantium
	Carthage - Phoenicia (Kartagina - Fenicja)
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	Greece - Sparta
	Greece (Grecja)
	Hittites (Hetyci - Pierwsza indo-europejska cywilizacja, Centralna Anatolia)
	Huns ( Hunowie po 375 AD zniszczyli potężne państwo Sarmatia )
	Hurrians ( Huryci z królestw Mitanni i Urartu - Przodkowie Czeczenów)
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	Troy
	Visigoths (Wizygoci - razem z Alanami stworzyli na Połwyspie Iberyjskim swoje państwo)
	Wikingowie-Warego wie-Normanowie
	World War II
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8,1 MB
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13 - Sparta Triumphant—From The Peace Of Nicias To Aegospotami.mp3

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14 - Triumph And Nemisis—From The Destruction Of T he Long Walls At Athens To Leuctra And Beyond.mp3

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Valerio Massimo Manfredi - Spartanin (1990).jpg

Autor trylogii o Aleksandrze Wielkim, opowiada porywającą historię dwóch braci, Spartan, rozdzielonych we wczesnym dzieciństwie. Brytos, zdrowy i silny, ma zostać wojownikiem, zaś kulawego Klejdemosa, zgodnie z surowym spartańskim prawem, porzucono w górach wilkom na pożarcie. Tam znajduje go helota, nadaje mu imię Talos i wychowuje jak syna. Talos uczy się pasterstwa, poznaje legendy i wprawia się do walki. Bracia dorastają nie wiedząc nawzajem o swoim istnieniu, lecz wkrótce los splata na dobre ich drogi. Choć jeden jest wojownikiem, a drugi sługą, ramię w ramię walczą z Persami w wąwozie Termopile. Talos dowiaduje się ostatecznie o swoim spartańskim pochodzeniu i jego lojalność wobec helotów jest wystawiona na próbę.

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Audioksiążka -Valerio Massimo Manfredi - Spartanin (1990) czyta Marek Lelek (720m2s).mp3

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Nino Luraghi - The Ancient Messenians, Constructio ns of Ethnicity and Memory (2008).jpg

Early in the archaic period of Greek history, Messenia was annexed and partially settled by its powerful neighbour, Sparta. Achieving independence in the fourth century BC, the inhabitants of Messenia set about trying to forge an identity for themselves separate from their previous identity as Spartan subjects, refunctionalising or simply erasing their Spartan heritage. Professor Luraghi provides a thorough examination of the history of Messenian identity and consequently addresses a range of questions and issues whose interest and importance have only been widely recognised by ancient historians during the last decade. By a detailed scrutiny of the ancient written sources and the archaeological evidence, the book reconstructs how the Messenians perceived and constructed their own ethnicity at different points in time, by applying to Messenian ethnicity insights developed by anthropologists and early medieval historians.

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Nino Luraghi - The Ancient Messenians, Constructio ns of Ethnicity and Memory (2008).pdf

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Sarah B. Pomeroy - Spartan Women (2002).jpg

Sparta, which existed from 800 B.C. until A.D. 200, was renowned in the ancient world as a stoic and martial city-state, and most of what we know about Sparta concerns its military history and male-dominated social structure. Yet Spartan women were in many ways among the most liberated of the ancient world, receiving formal instruction in poetry, music, dance, and physical education. And the most famous of mythic Greek women, Helen of Troy, was originally a Spartan. Written by one of the leading authorities on women in antiquity, Spartan Women seeks to reconstruct the lives and the world of Sparta's women, including how their legal status changed over time and how they held on to their surprising autonomy. In this book, Sarah Pomeroy covers over a thousand years in the lives of Sparta's women from both the elite and lower classes. This is the first book-length examination of Spartan women, and Pomeroy comprehensively analyzes ancient texts and archaeological evidence to construct the history of these elusive though much noticed women. Spartan Women is an authoritative and fresh account that will appeal to all readers interested in ancient history and women's studies.

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Sara Reinke - Son of Sparta (2005).jpg

Echelas was born in fifth-century Sparta, with the golden hair said to herald favor from the gods. However, if his life has been divinely blessed, Echelas would not have believed it. From his brutal childhood in the wilds to an adolescence spent mastering the art of war, Echelas has constantly struggled to prove himself a true son of Sparta. Framed for murder and awaiting the inevitable moment of his execution, Echelas is left dependent on the word of a mad, deposed king to see him vindicated.
From his prison cell, Echelas recounts his life and those who have graced it, including Elara, a young woman heis forbidden to love but who he is helpless to resist. Even as he tells his tale, a new threat is rising in the east. The massive armies of the Persian empire are advancing and they mean to conquer not only Sparta, but the entire Greek world with it. Echelas soon finds himself faced with an even greater challenge as he must join the Greek forces in their valiant, defiant stand against the Persian invasion, taking his place along the front lines and shield walls of one of the most heroic and bloody battles in history.

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Sara Reinke - Son of Sparta (2005).pdf

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Anton Powell, Stephen Hodkinson - The Shadow of Sp arta (1994).jpg

In the past 20 years, the study of Sparta has come of age. Images prevalent earlier in the 20th century, of Spartans as hearty good fellows or scarlet-cloaked automata, have been superseded by more complex scholarly reactions. As interest has grown in the self-images projected by this most secretive of Greek cities, increasing attention has focused on how individual Greek writers from other states reacted to information, or disinformation about Sparta.
The studies in this 6olume provide insights into the traditional historians question, "What actually happened at Sparta?" The implications of the work go far beyond Laconia. They concern preoccupations of some of the most studied of Greek writers, and help toward an understanding of how Athenians defined the achievement, or the failure, of their own city.

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Anton Powell, Stephen Hodkinson - The Shadow of Sp arta (1994).pdf

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Anton Powell - Athens and Sparta, Constructing Gre ek Political and Social History from 478 BC (2001).jpg

Athens and Sparta is a thorough and enjoyable text that makes the complexities of fifth-century Greek history and society clear. It encourages the reader to engage critically with the evidence, presenting a large selection of ancient source material along with clear analysis and narrative.
This fully revised and updated edition contains much that is new, including an appendix on Thucydides and further material on the portrayal of Athenian women.

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Osprey - Essential Histories 027 - Philip de Souza - Peloponnesian War 421-404 BC (2006).jpg

It is a testament to the fascination of the subject that even today the events of the Peloponnesian War are studied for what they can teach about diplomacy, strategy and tactics. This book reveals the darker side of Classical Greek civilization. From the horrific effects of overcrowding and the plague on the population of Athens, to the vicious civil strife that often erupted in cities allied with Athens or Sparta, this volume offers vivid and at times disturbing insights into the impact of warfare on the people who are celebrated as the founders of Western civilization.

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Ryszard Kulesza - Spartańskie wychowanie (Mówią Wi eki 3-2003).pdf

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The 300 Spartans (1962) dir.Rudolph Maté (64m9s) p art.1.avi

Greece - Sparta - The 300 Spartans 1962 dir.Rudolph Mat 64m9s part.1.avi

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Paul Cartledge - Hellenistic and Roman Sparta (200 1).jpg

This original and compelling account of later Spartan history challenges the conventional misperception of Spartan "decline" after the loss of her status as a great power on the battlefield in 371 BC. In this thorougly revised and updated edition, Paul Cartledge and Antony Spawforth have used recent scholarship to enhance their authoritative overview of later Spartan history and society. The book focuses on a frequently overlooked period and will be a must-have for anyone interested in Sparta and for all those concerned with Hellenistic Greece.

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Paul Cartledge - Hellenistic and Roman Sparta (200 1).pdf

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Lawrence A. Tritle - A New History of the Peloponn esian War (2009).jpg

This stimulating new study pres a narrative of the monumental conflict of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, and examines the realities of the war and its effects on the average Athenian.
A penetrating new study of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta by an established scholar
Offers an original interpretation of how and why the war began
Weaves in the contemporary evidence of Aristophanes in order to give readers a new sense of how the war affected the individual
Discusses the practicalities and realities of the war
Examines the blossoming of culture and intellectual achievement in Athens despite the war
Challenges the approach of Thucydides in his account of the war
From the Back Cover

This new study by a respected historian pres a unique narrative of the Peloponnesian War, a monumental conflict between Athens and Sparta that raged for 27 years across the Greek world. The conflict’s resulting destruction of cities, mass enslavements, and loss of human life – in short, the horrors of war – bears strong resemblance to the violence of modern war from the Western front to Vietnam. Despite these common factors, little attention has been paid to the contemporary nature of the Peloponnesian War, and its impact on the society and culture of the time. Incorporating an original interpretation of how and why the war developed, and a perceptive analysis of its conduct, Tritle weaves in the contemporary evidence of Aristophanes and other dramatists to illustrate how war affected the average Athenian. He discusses the effect of the violence on both the individual and society, in the light of modern understanding of the impact of the brutality of war. He also describes how, despite the conflict, Athens witnessed a blossoming of culture and intellectual achievement, including the plays of Sophocles and Euripides, and the philosophical questioning of Socrates.

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Lawrence A. Tritle - A New History of the Peloponn esian War (2009).pdf

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Paul Cartledge - Sparta and Lakonia, A regional hi story 1300–362 BC (2001).jpg

The basis of this book was laid in an unpublished doctoral thesis ‘Early Sparta c. 950–650 BC: an Archaeological and Historical Study’ (Oxford 1975). To my former supervisor, Professor J.Boardman, and my examiners, Professors C.M.Robertson and W.G.Forrest, I am principally indebted for its conception and fruition. It could not, however, have been completed without the unstinting assistance of many archaeologists, historians and geog-raphers, the staffs of museums and libraries in Greece, Ireland and England, and grants from research funds in the Universities of Dublin and Oxford. The following scholars and friends are owed especial thanks: R.Beckinsale, D.Bell, J.N.Coldstream, K.Demakopoulou-Papantoniou, the late V. Desborough, L.Marangou, G.E.M.de Ste. Croix, G.Steinhauer (Acting Ephor of Lakonia), E.Touloupa, P.M.Warren, J.G.Younger.

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Osprey - Elite 66 - Nick Sekunda - The Spartan Arm y (1998).jpg

Sparta was a city in the ancient Greek state of Lakedaimon, the only state in Greece to have a full-time army. The institutions of the state and the system of education were organised with a view to creating superbly trained soldiers. Isocrates compared the Lakedaimonian political community to a military camp and Aristotyle criticised the Lakedaimonian constitution because it was organised entirely to promote military virtue. Nick Sekunda examines this ancient military machine, describing the organisational system of the Spartan army, the battles they fought and the society that produced them.

About the Author
Nick Sekunda is a well known scholar of this period having studies Ancient History and Archaeology for his degree and PhD. He has written several titles including MAA 291 Republican Roman Army 200-104 BC. Richard Hook is one of most experienced and popular artists having contributed to over thirty titles in the past twenty-five years. He has produced twelve superb plates, perfectly recreating Sparta's legendary warriors.

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