I wojna w Zatoce Perskiej – konflikt wojenny rozpoczęty zbrojnym najazdem Iraku na Kuwejt 2 sierpnia 1990 roku i zakończony pokonaniem Iraku przez międzynarodową koalicję wiosną 1991 roku. Określana w mediach jako "Pustynna Burza" (Desert Storm), choć był to kryptonim tylko jednej z kilku operacji przeprowadzonych podczas tej wojny.

Po wojnie z Iranem (1980-1988) gospodarka Iraku poważnie ucierpiała. Ponad 80 miliardowe długi były nie do zwrócenia. Prezydent Iraku Saddam Husajn powoływał się jednak przede wszystkim na historyczne zaszłości między Kuwejtem a Irakiem. Faktem jest, iż terytorium Kuwejtu było pod władzą osmańską z dowództwem w Basrze, jednak faktyczną władzę sprawowali w Kuwejcie Brytyjczycy. Kuwejt bowiem, od 1899, pozostając formalnie w granicach Imperium Osmańskiego, stał się protektoratem brytyjskim, a od 1918 roku terytorium mandatowym Wielkiej Brytanii. Jednym z głównych powodów agresji Iraku na Kuwejt była również kwestia dostępu do kuwejckich złóż ropy naftowej, które są po Arabii Saudyjskiej największymi złożami tego surowca na świecie. Husajn wykorzystał fakt, że na arenie międzynarodowej nastąpiły znaczące zmiany (upadek ZSRR, zjednoczenie Niemiec). Nie liczył się on z możliwością zdecydowanej międzynarodowej kontrakcji w odpowiedzi na podbój Kuwejtu. Jednak świat zareagował negatywnie niemal jednomyślnie. 6 sierpnia Rada Bezpieczeństwa ONZ nałożyła rezolucję nr 661, która zakazywała handlu z Irakiem, a także zawieszono połączenia lotnicze i zamrożono aktywa irackiego rządu za granicą. Powołano też specjalną komisję nadzorująca sankcję.

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Największe bitwy XX wieku 13 - Jerzy Biziewski - P ustynna Burza cz.2 (1994).jpg

Główną rolę w likwidacji skutków agresji miały odegrać Stany Zjednoczone, których zaangażowanie było zgodne z doktryną Cartera. Całość operacji miała odbyć się pod sztandarem ONZ. Przeprowadzono dwie akcje: pierwsza miała kryptonim "Pustynna Tarcza" (od 7 sierpnia 1990 – miała to być ochrona zagrożonej przez Saddama Husajna Arabii Saudyjskiej). ONZ po licznych ostrzeżeniach wobec Iraku postawiła ultimatum wycofania się wojsk irackich z Kuwejtu do 15 stycznia 1991.

Po upływie terminu ultimatum rozpoczęła się operacja wojskowa – "Pustynna Burza" (od 17 stycznia 1991) oraz jej dalsza część "Pustynny Miecz". Były także inne akcje, jak np. Instant Thunder ("Nagły Grom") – akcja nalotów amerykańskich na Irak. 25 lutego generał Norman Schwarzkopf poprowadził ofensywę lądową, która trwała trzy dni. 28 lutego 1991 roku prezydent George H. W. Bush ogłosił zwycięskie zakończenie wojny i wyzwolenie Kuwejtu, w którym jednak nie wprowadzono demokratycznych reform. 3 marca Saddam Husajn przyjął warunki rozejmu[2].

Irak po przegranej spotkał się z wieloma sankcjami nałożonymi przez ONZ, boleśnie odczuwanymi przez Irakijczyków przez długi czas. Wprowadzono drastyczne obniżenie sprzedaży irackiej ropy naftowej. Irak zobowiązany był do wypłacenia olbrzymich odszkodowań za zniszczenia spowodowane w Kuwejcie. Nałożono również embargo na handel i wprowadzono nadzór międzynarodowy z ramienia ONZ. Ponadto zmuszono Irak do zniszczenia broni masowego rażenia i powołano na północy i południu kraju strefy wyłączone dla lotnictwa irackiego dla ochrony odpowiednio Kurdów i Szyitów.

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Noeleen Mcilvenna - A very Mutinous People. The St ruggle for North Carolina 1660-1713 (2009).jpg

Historians have often glorified eighteenth-century Virginia planters' philosophical debates about the meaning of American liberty. But according to Noeleen McIlvenna, the true exemplars of egalitarian political values had fled Virginia's plantation society late in the seventeenth century to create the first successful European colony in the Albemarle, in present-day North Carolina.

Making their way through the Great Dismal Swamp, runaway servants from Virginia joined other renegades to establish a free society along the most inaccessible Atlantic coastline of North America. They created a new community on the banks of Albemarle Sound, maintaining peace with neighboring Native Americans, upholding the egalitarian values of the English Revolution, and ignoring the laws of the mother country.

Tapping into previously unused documents, McIlvenna explains how North Carolina's first planters struggled to impose a plantation society upon the settlers and how those early small farmers, defending a wide franchise and religious toleration, steadfastly resisted. She contends that the story of the Albemarle colony is a microcosm of the greater process by which a conglomeration of loosely settled, politically autonomous communities eventually succumbed to hierarchical social structures and elite rule. Highlighting the relationship between settlers and Native Americans, this study leads to a surprising new interpretation of the Tuscarora War.

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Noeleen Mcilvenna - A very Mutinous People. The St ruggle for North Carolina 1660-1713 (2009).pdf

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Ohio Historical Society - American Indian tribes o f Ohio 1654-1843.jpg

Did you know the name "Ohio" is an Iroquoian Indian word? It came from the Seneca name for the Ohio River, Ohiyo, which means "it is beautiful." The Senecas were not the original inhabitants of Ohio, however. The Indian tribes of the Ohio Valley were decimated by smallpox and other European diseases before the Europeans had even met them, and Algonquian and Iroquoian tribes from neighboring regions moved into Ohio as European colonization forced them from their original homes. Only a few of the tribes who were living in Ohio before 1492 still survive today.

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Ohio Historical Society - American Indian tribes o f Ohio 1654-1843.pdf

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Pablo Mitchell - Coyote Nation, Sexuality, Race, a nd Conquest in Modernizing New Mexico, 1880-1920 ( 2005).jpg

With the arrival of the transcontinental railroad in the 1880s came the emergence of a modern and profoundly multicultural New Mexico. Native Americans, working-class Mexicans, elite Hispanos, and black and white newcomers all commingled and interacted in the territory in ways that had not been previously possible. But what did it mean to be white in this multiethnic milieu? And how did ideas of sexuality and racial supremacy shape ideas of citizenry and determine who would govern the region?

Coyote Nation considers these questions as it explores how New Mexicans evaluated and categorized racial identities through bodily practices. Where ethnic groups were numerous and—in the wake of miscegenation—often difficult to discern, the ways one dressed, bathed, spoke, gestured, or even stood were largely instrumental in conveying one's race. Even such practices as cutting one's hair, shopping, drinking alcohol, or embalming a deceased loved one could inextricably link a person to a very specific racial identity.

A fascinating history of an extraordinarily plural and polyglot region, Coyote Nation will be of value to historians of race and ethnicity in American culture.

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Robert Goodwin - Crossing the Continent 1527 - 154 0, The Story of the First African-American Explore r of the American South (2008).jpg

01 - USA1 - Robert Goodwin - Crossing the Continent 1527 - 1540, T... African-American Explorer of the American South 2008.jpg

*Starred Review* In the book prepared from his Bampton Lectures in America, Riley-Smith devotes two chapters each to conceptions of crusading in two periods, that of the original Crusades, 1095–1300, and that of imperialism and nationalism in Africa and the Middle East, 1800–2007. In the earlier period, a crusade was, Riley-Smith unequivocally asserts and demonstrates from the theological and historical records, a “penitential war pilgrimage”; that is, it was a military action waged on behalf of God by soldiers who journeyed to the Holy Land and fought to free it from non-Christian rule in penitence for their sins. In the latter period came nineteenth-century attempts to revive the military religious orders of the Crusades, most notably by a French Catholic archbishop for the defense of missionaries and the abolition of slavery in north central Africa. Overlapping that brief, unsuccessful venture and continuing to this day, interpretations of the Crusades by novelist Walter Scott and historian Joseph-Francois Michaud have been employed to facilitate Western rapprochement with Islam and, contrarily, to formulate the historical-economic interpretation of Western-Islamic relations with which Muslim militants justify violent jihad (the Islamic form of crusade, Riley-Smith says). Full of major revelations for most readers, this richly informed little book should be considered essential for understanding crusading, then and now.

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Suzanne J. Crawford, Dennis F. Kelley - American I ndian Religious Traditions (2005).jpg

- 700 + entries, including 150 long entries which address complex key ideas and movements which exist pan-tribally and place them within their historical and/or contemporary contexts
- Appendices of the full texts of key legislation dealing with Native American religious practices
- Maps detailing original and present homelands
- A reference index by tribe

How is peyote used in Native American religious ceremonies? How do various tribes conduct the rites of birth, adolescence, marriage, and death? What is potlatch and why was its practice forbidden? Readers will see how religious tradition influences Native American social, political and material culture--and vice versa. This extensive work goes beyond similar surveys that focus only on anthropology and history and explores the religious practices, movements, institutions, key figures, ceremonial systems, and religious accoutrements indigenous to North America, from the precontact era to the present. Taking a deep and informed look specifically at the religious and spiritual nature of Native Americans, the encyclopedia places traditions within their historical and theoretical context, examining their relevance within Indian religious life and practice, as well as within the academic study of religion. Topics covered include key ideas and issues, religious and political leaders, primary ceremonies, mythic figures, and related cultural subjects, such as basketry, whaling, farming, and bison hunting, which have religious significance for native peoples. Contributors include key thinkers in American Indian religious culture, including many who come from tribal traditions and can offer valuable insights and observations from their personal experience.

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Suzanne J. Crawford, Dennis F. Kelley - American I ndian Religious Traditions (2005).pdf

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William C. Kashatus - Money Pitcher, Chief Bender And the Tragedy of Indian Assimilation (2006).jpg

Charles Albert Bender was one of baseball’s most talented pitchers. By the end of his major league career in 1925, he had accrued 212 wins and more than 1,700 strikeouts, and in 1953, he became the first American Indian elected to baseball’s Hall of Fame. But as a high-profile Chippewa Indian in a bigoted society, Bender knew firsthand the trauma of racism. In Money Pitcher: Chief Bender and the Tragedy of Indian Assimilation, William C. Kashatus offers the first biography of this compelling and complex figure.

Bender’s career in baseball began on the sandlots of Pennsylvania’s Carlisle Indian Industrial School, where he distinguished himself as a hard-throwing pitcher. Soon, in 1903, Philadelphia Athletics manager Connie Mack signed Bender to his pitching staff, where he was a mainstay for more than a decade. Mack regarded Bender as his “money pitcher”—the hurler he relied on whenever he needed a critical victory. But with success came suffering. Spectators jeered Bender on the field and taunted him with war whoops. Newspapers ridiculed him in their sports pages. His own teammates derisively referred to him as “Chief,” and Mack paid him less than half the salary of other star pitchers.

This constant disrespect became a major factor in one of the most controversial episodes in the history of baseball: the alleged corruption of the 1914 World Series. Despite being heavily favored going into the Series against the Boston Braves, the A’s lost four straight games. Kashatus offers compelling evidence that Bender intentionally compromised his performance in the Series as retribution for the poor treatment he suffered.

Money Pitcher is not just another baseball book. It is a book about social justice and Native Americans’ tragic pursuit of the white American Dream at the expense of their own identity. Having arrived in the major leagues only thirteen years after the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890, Bender experienced the disastrous effects of governmental assimilation policies designed to quash indigenous Indian culture. Yet his remarkable athleticism and dignified behavior disproved popular notions of Native American inferiority and opened the door to the majors for more than 120 Indians who played baseball during the first half of the twentieth century.

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William C. Kashatus - Money Pitcher, Chief Bender And the Tragedy of Indian Assimilation (2006).pdf

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Micah Locilento - Shaggy, Dogamuffin Style (2002).jpg

This is what the book could be titled. It is a historical look to where he came from musically. The book is filled with quotes and a plethora of knowledge for ALL reggae fans. Micah delves way back to bring you to date, a must have for any reggae music lovers. It does not give depth on SHAGGY personally but it gives you enough if interested in his MUSIC. The pics are ok, needed more but they are a nice touch. Definitely one to own, a work of reggae art.

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Micah Locilento - Shaggy, Dogamuffin Style (2002).pdf

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Nir Rosen - Aftermath, Following the Bloodshed of America's Wars in the Muslim World (2010).jpg

This could not be a more timely or trenchant examination of the repercussions of the U.S. involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan. Journalist Rosen has written for The New Yorker, the New York Times Magazine, and Harper’s, among other publications, and authored In the Belly of the Green Bird: The Triumph of the Martyrs in Iraq (2006). His on-the-ground experience in the Middle East has given him the extensive contact network and deep knowledge—advantages that have evaded many, stymied by the great dangers and logistical nightmares of reporting from Iraq and Afghanistan. This work is based on seven years of reporting focused on how U.S. involvement in Iraq set off a continuing chain of unintended consequences, especially the spread of radicalism and violence in the Middle East. Rosen offers a balanced answer to the abiding question of whether our involvement was worth it. Many of his points have been made by others, but Rosen’s accounts of his own reactions to what he’s witnessed and how he tracked down his stories are absolutely spellbinding.

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Nir Rosen - Aftermath, Following the Bloodshed of America's Wars in the Muslim World (2010).pdf

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R. Alton Lee - From Snake Oil to Medicine, Pioneer ing Public Health (2007).jpg

Without Samuel J. Crumbine and his Kansas Department of Health, diseases festering in water sources, food and the common towel would have caused thousands of deaths in the United States. Crumbine and his associates paved the way to better treatment of tuberculosis. This well-written account leads the reader down a path of crucial medical advancements.Samuel J. Crumbine was a medical educator without peer, who used his department of health to disseminate the latest developments he and others throughout the world were achieving in public health. He found it necessary to propagandize a skeptical and sometimes hostile public to accept the germ theory, the idea that invisible microbes were making them ill and that they should clean up their environment and their food and water sources. He had to convince the public to rely on modern medicine, not snake oil and other miracle cures for a healthy living. R. Alton Lee's historical account might offer insight in today's threat of Bird Flu and other recent medical threats for any reader.

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R. Alton Lee - From Snake Oil to Medicine, Pioneer ing Public Health (2007).pdf

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First Men, America's Presidents - Richard G. Frede rick - William H. Taft (2010).jpg

William Howard Taft (15 September 1857-8 March 1930) was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. He is the only person to have served in both offices. Riding a wave of popular support of President (and fellow Republican) Theodore Roosevelt, Taft won an easy victory in his 1908 bid for the presidency. In his first and only term, President Taft's domestic agenda emphasized trust-busting, civil service reform, strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission, improving the performance of the postal service, and passage of the Sixteenth Amendment. This book will take you through the voyage of Taft's Presidency and life in view of that prestigious appointment.

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First Men, America's Presidents - Richard G. Frede rick - William H. Taft (2010).pdf

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Brian Kellow - The Bennetts, An Acting Family (200 4).jpg

The Bennetts: An Acting Family is a chronicle of one of the royal families of stage and screen. The saga begins with Richard Bennett, a small-town Indiana roughneck who grew up to be one of the bright lights of the New York stage during the early twentieth century. In time, however, Richard’s fame was eclipsed by that of his daughters, Constance and Joan, who went to Hollywood in the 1920s and found major success there.

Constance became the highest-paid actress of the early 1930s, earning as much as $30,000 a week in melodramas. Later she reinvented herself as a comedienne in the classic comedy Topper, with Cary Grant.. After a slow start as a blonde ingenue, Joan dyed her hair black and became one of the screen’s great temptresses in films such as Scarlet Street. She also starred in such lighter fare as Father of the Bride. In the 1960s, Joan gained a new generation of fans when she appeared in the gothic daytime television serial Dark Shadows.

The Bennetts is also the story of another Bennett sister, Barbara, whose promising beginnings as a dancer gave way to a turbulent marriage to singer Morton Downey and a steady decline into alcoholism.

Constance and Joan were among Hollywood’s biggest stars, but their personal lives were anything but serene. In 1943, Constance became entangled in a highly publicized court battle with the family of her millionaire ex-husband, and in 1951, Joan’s husband, producer Walter Wanger, shot her lover in broad daylight, sparking one of the biggest Hollywood scandals of the 1950s.

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Brian Kellow - The Bennetts, An Acting Family (200 4).pdf

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Tony Russell - Country Music Records, A Discograph y, 1921-1942 (2004).jpg

More than twenty years in the making, Country Music Records: A Discography, 1921-1942 documents all country music recording sessions from 1921 through 1942. With primary research based on files and session logs from record companies as well as the recording archives of the Country Music Foundation, this notable work will be the first compendium to accurately document every commercial country music recording, including unreleased sides. The discography includes alphabetical indexes to all song titles and musicians listed.

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Tony Russell - Country Music Records, A Discograph y, 1921-1942 (2004).pdf

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The History and Culture of Native Americans - Andr ew K. Frank - The Seminole (2010).jpg

The Florida Seminole are widely known as the only unconquered tribe in the United States. They began as an offshoot of Creek and other Indians who survived the diseases and warfare that took so many lives in the 16th century. In later years, they fought three wars with the United States and then faced a series of other crises. They saw their homelands taken from them and were forced to migrate hundreds of miles south to the Everglades.

After decades of struggling to survive and efforts at assimilation taking a toll the path to success, the Seminole have recently undergone a dramatic transformation. The tribe now runs a billion dollar business and leads the national fight for tribal sovereignty and gaming rights. The rise of the politically and economically savvy Seminole has coincided with a renaissance in Seminole culture. The Seminole explores this unique transformation.

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The History and Culture of Native Americans - Andr ew K. Frank - The Seminole (2010).pdf

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The History and Culture of Native Americans - Nanc y Bonvillain - The Nez Perce (2010).jpg

Aboriginal inhabitants in parts of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon, the Nez Perce faced dramatic changes to their peaceful and secure way of life after they welcomed members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 and 1806. In the middle of the 19th century, the U.S. government pressured Nez Perce leaders to sign away a vast majority of their original 13-million-acre territory. But one of their leaders, Chief Joseph, made a valiant attempt to remain free, leading followers toward Canada and engaging the U.S. Calvary in battle until they were overtaken just 40 miles south of the Canadian border.

Today, the Nez Perce manage their own government, operate local businesses, and control their own schools, health services, and courts. They are important contributors to Native organizations in the Northwest, fighting to secure rights to their lands and resources. Read about these dynamic people of North America, how they shaped life in the Northwest, and how their legacy continues in the 21st century.

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The History and Culture of Native Americans - Nanc y Bonvillain - The Nez Perce (2010).pdf

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The History and Culture of Native Americans - T. J ensen Lacey - The Comanche (2010).jpg

The Comanche are a fascinating people with an intriguing history. Settling on the South Plains of the United States on what would become known as the Comancheria, the Comanche trace their tribal origins to a Bering Strait migration and a union with the Shoshone. Earning a reputation as the fiercest of fighters, the greatest of horse riders, and the "Lords of the Plains," these people ruled the Comancheria for a 150-year period, striking fear into white settlers, U.S. soldiers, and other Native Americans alike. Before turning themselves in to the reservation, their lives were nomadic and free, moving with the great buffalo herds. The Comanche brings readers a wealth of history, tradition, and myths of these vibrant people and culminates with information about the Comanche people in present-day society.

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krzysiek83831 napisano 16.08.2015 22:58

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U Mnie same najlepsze screenmaty 2000-2005 roku I Deskmaty!!!!

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Życzę miłego wieczoru i wspaniałych snów...Halina

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