Historia Żydów liczy ponad cztery tysiące lat ? od Abrahama do czasów współczesnych. Stworzyli oni odrębną i swoistą kulturę wcześniej niż wszystkie bez mała narody, które przetrwały do chwili obecnej. I pomimo tragicznego losu i ogromnych przeciwności zachowali swą tożsamość do dziś. Skąd ta niesłychana żywotność? Dzięki czemu utrzymali wewnętrzną jednorodność i odmienność od otaczającego świata? Przeniknęli w głąb wielu społeczeństw i wszędzie pozostawili swoje piętno. A więc ich historia to niemal historia całego świata, ponieważ w każdym zakątku pozostawili jakąś cząstkę. Autor oprowadza po niej z ogromną erudycją, lecz przystępnie i interesująco. Snując opowieść poszukuje ponadto odpowiedzi na pytania o sens istnienie, o rolę Żydów w kształtowaniu naszej współczesnej cywilizacji.

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Osprey - Field of Glory 9 - Richard Bodley-Scott - Swifter Than Eagles, The Biblical Middle East at War (2009).jpg

Historia3 - Osprey - Field of Glory 9 - Richard Bodley-Scott - Sw...fter Than Eagles, The Biblical Middle East at War 2009.jpg

This book covers the better known armies of the Near East in the Bronze and Iron Ages up until die creation of the Achaemenid Persian Empire in the mid-6th century BC.
Metallurgy developed first in the mountains of the Anatolian highlands (in modern Turkey), where diere were rich deposits of metal ores. The Early Bronze Age (3500-2000 BC) saw the rise of urbanisation with the creation of city states throughout the "Fertile Crescent" from Egypt to Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and the development of larger kingdoms such as those of Egypt and Akkad.The Middle Bronze Age (2000-1600) saw major movements of peoples, such as the Amorites, Hittites, Hurrians and Hyksos, changing the political map. The development of true chariots towards the end of this period revolutionised warfare. The Late Bronze Age (1600-1200) saw the great kingdoms - Egypt, the Hittites, Mitamii, Assyria and Babylon -competing for power on a grand scale.
In the late 13th and early 12th centuries, however, there appears to have been a major crisis throughout the Near East, resulting in the complete collapse of the Aegean (Mycenaean) and Anatolian (Hittite) palace cultures and the retreat of the Egyptian Kingdom to its core territory. The causes of this collapse are disputed, but there is no doubt that the period saw major migrations of militant peoples throughout the Mediterranean region, particularly the enigmatic "Sea Peoples".

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Jochen Hellbeck - Revolution on My Mind, Writing a Diary Under Stalin (2009).pdf

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Jochen Hellbeck - Revolution on My Mind, Writing a Diary Under Stalin (2009).jpg

Revolution on My Mind is a stunning revelation of the inner world of Stalin's Russia. We see into the minds and hearts of Soviet citizens who recorded their lives during an extraordinary period of revolutionary fervor and state terror. Writing a diary, like other creative expression, seems nearly impossible amid the fear and distrust of totalitarian rule; but as Jochen Hellbeck shows, diary-keeping was widespread, as individuals struggled to adjust to Stalin's regime. Rather than protect themselves against totalitarianism, many men and women bent their will to its demands, by striving to merge their individual identities with the collective and by battling vestiges of the old self within. We see how Stalin's subjects, from artists to intellectuals and from students to housewives, absorbed directives while endeavoring to fulfill the mandate of the Soviet revolution--re-creation of the self as a builder of the socialist society. Thanks to a newly discovered trove of diaries, we are brought face to face withindividual life stories--gripping and unforgettably poignant.The diarists' efforts defy our liberal imaginations and our ideals of autonomy and private fulfillment. These Soviet citizens dreamed differently. They coveted a morally and aesthetically superior form of life, and were eager to inscribe themselves into the unfolding revolution. Revolution on My Mind is a brilliant exploration of the forging of the revolutionary self, a study without precedent that speaks to the evolution of theindividual in mass movements of our own time.

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Joseph C. Jastrzembski - The Apache Wars, The Fina l Resistance (2007).pdf

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Joseph C. Jastrzembski - The Apache Wars, The Fina l Resistance (2007).jpg

This book covers the final decades of the Apache wars and resistance in the 19th century; it follows a pretty chronological order. The first chapter has a brief look at Apache history and social customs including an explanation of tribal governing. The second has history on the beginning of the conflict, followed by the third chapter, which focuses on the American Government’s efforts to bring the Apaches to a reservation life. Successive chapters dedicate parts to known Apache leaders: Mangas, Coloradas, and Geronimo along with some lesser known leaders: Lozen, Juh, and Naiche. There is a chapter on the forced movement of the Apaches to Florida and Alabama. The book, then, comes full circle with Apaches allowed to return to land near their homes after being prisoners of war and marking the 100th anniversary of the surrender of Geronimo. This book would be excellent for social studies classes or young adult readers with an interest in US or American Indian history, as it is a very even handed portrayal of the conflict of the Apaches and the United States. The focus on the Apache government style of each tribe and group of Apaches being autonomous in their rule helps for a greater understanding of the problems with achieving peace between the two nations. Reviewer: Patrick Hunter

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Osprey - Men-at-arms 373 - Richard Brzezinski, Mar iusz Mielczarek - The Sarmatians 600 BC - AD 450 ( 2002).jpg

For a thousand years the Sarmatian tribes had contacts with the major military powers of the ancient world - Darian Persia, the Crimean and Pontic kingdoms, the Celts, Thracians and finally the Romans. These armoured horsemen of the southern Russian steppes migrated into the Roman world at first as invaders and later as heavy cavalry auxiliaries. In this book, an Eastern European archaeologist describes the history, armour, weapons and tactics of a colourful warrior people who even reached Britain, whom some believe are the origin of the myths of the knights of King Arthur.

About the Author
Professor Mariusz Mielczarek of Torun University, Poland, is an archaeologist and numismatist who has taken part in many digs, and over the past few years has conducted expeditions to the northern Black Sea coast of the Ukraine. His previous publications include 'Cataphracti and Clibanaril: Studies on the Heavy Armoured Cavalry of the Ancient World' (Lodz, 1993). Richard Brzezinski is a young historian and a leading expert on the military history of central and Eastern Europe, greatly admired for his primary research and painstaking work in archives in Sweden, Germany and Poland. He has previously written titles on Polish Armies 1569-1696 and the army of Gustavus Adolphus in Men-at Arms series.

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Philip Marchand - L'Empire fantôme, De ces Françai s qui ont failli conquérir l'Amérique du Nord (200 9).rar

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Philip Marchand - L'Empire fantôme, De ces Françai s qui ont failli conquérir l'Amérique du Nord (200 9).jpg

Historia3 - Philip Marchand - LEmpire fantme, De ces Franais qui ont failli conqurir lAmrique du Nord 2009.jpg

« Face aux immensités boisées de l’Amérique du Nord, un Européen avait deux possibilités. Il pouvait les regarder comme une horrible contrée désertique, remplie d’humains dangereux (plus tôt on en serait débarrassés, mieux ce serait) – à la manière des gens de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Ou il pouvait les voir comme le royaume de la liberté, belle, dure, impitoyable, à la manière de La Salle ». Après avoir exploré les Grands Lacs et le Mississippi en son entier, La Salle fut assassiné par ses propres hommes au cours d’une mission désastreuse au Texas. Mais l’immense pays qu’il avait revendiqué en 1682 au nom de la France aurait pu devenir – si l’histoire avait pris un autre tour – une Amérique du Nord alternative : un empire francophone, s’étendant à plusieurs milliers de kilomètres au-delà du Québec, qui aurait été de religion catholique et dans lequel les peuples autochtones auraient pu jouer un rôle différent

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Historia alternatywna, oparta na francuskich próbach opanowania całego kontynentu Ameryki Północnej - Co by było, gdyby Francuzom udało się podbić całą Amerykę Północną, i tam stworzyliby katolickie imperium frankofońskie w którym tubylcy byliby inaczej traktowani.

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Osprey - Duel 15 - Robert Forczyk, Howard Gerrar d, Ian Palmer - Russian Battleship vs Japanese Bat tleship, Yellow Sea 1904-05 (2009).jpg

Historia3 - Osprey - Duel 15 - Robert Forczyk, Howard Gerrard, I...eship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904-05 2009.jpg

The first major clash between a European and Asian state in the modern era signalled the beginning of Japan's rise as a major power on the world stage. What began as differing expansionist interests in Manchuria and Korea developed into a full-blown war in 1904, with an unexpected outcome. Watched by the rest of the world's superpowers, this incredibly violent war was disastrous for the Russians who, despite their superior numbers, were defeated by the Japanese underdogs in a spectacular fashion. Japan won major victories against the Russians including the critical naval battle of Tsushima in May 1905 which saw almost the entire Russian fleet sunk, captured or interned. This was the first and last encounter of pre-dreadnought battleships and it was a huge success for Japanese tactics, skill and planning. This book discusses the design and development of the pre-dreadnoughts that would ultimately lead to a new wave of battleships. The key technical elements of firepower, protection, maneuverability and communications for each side are covered in detail and accompanied by first-hand accounts and specially commissioned artwork to explain and illustrate this historically significant duel.

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Osprey - Men-at-Arms 85 -Terence Wise - Saxon, Vik ing and Norman (1979).jpg

If there is one thing we can be sure of concerning the Saxons, Vikings and Normans who inhabited the medieval world, it is that they were a good deal more advanced than some writings would have us believe. This fascinating book by Terence Wise explores the history, organisation, clothing, equipment and weapons of Saxon, Viking and Norman peoples, covering wide-ranging topics such as Anglo-Saxon shields, Viking raiding ships and the organisation of Norman armies.The absorbing and readable text is enriched by numerous illustrations and museum photographs with commentaries, plus eight superbly drawn full page colour plates by renowned military artist Gerry Embleton.

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Osprey - Fortress 18 - Christopher Gravett - Norm an Stone Castles (2), Europe 950-1204 (2004).pdf

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Osprey - Fortress 18 - Christopher Gravett - Norm an Stone Castles (2), Europe 950-1204 (2004).jpg

Following their settlement in the north of France, the Normans sought to consolidate their territorial gains in what was to become known as Normandy. They did this by building a series of castles and fortifications. Duke William's desire to hold down his lords, and his efforts to crush opposition to his minority also led to a number of famous sieges at castles such as Brionne, Arques and Alencon. This book discusses the Norman castles in Normandy, as well as in the Mediterranean, where at Melfi and Ademo in Italy and Sicily, Sahyun and Bagras in the Principality of Antioch they also left their mark.

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Osprey - Essential Histories 12 - Matthew Bennett - Campaigns of the Norman Conquest (2001).jpg

An introduction to the Norman Conquest, an event which would link the English kingdom with Europe, especially France, for 500 years. It completely changed the nation's aristocracy, church and administration, bringing in a new language and cultural influences. This was reflected in art and architecture too, especially military architecture and the castle. The Conquest has since been of enduring political significance: in the 17th century radicals spoke of the "Norman Yoke" on traditional English liberties, while 19th-century scholars debated whether it was "good" or "bad" for the nation's development. Today, the Conquest is still a hotly-debated issue, popularly regarded as the last time England was successfully invaded.

About the Author
Matthew Bennett is a Senior Lecturer at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst and a specialist in medieval military history.

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Osprey - Fortress 13 - Christopher Gravett - Norma n Stone Castles (1), The British Isles 1066 - 1216 (2003).pdf

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Osprey - Fortress 13 - Christopher Gravett - Norma n Stone Castles (1), The British Isles 1066 - 1216 (2003).jpg

It has been argued that the English castle began with the Anglo-Saxons (who by 1066 should perhaps be more properly termed the Anglo-Danes), pointing out that they sometimes occupied defensive structures. However, an opposing viewpoint holds that the English castle began with the Normans. Since a castle is a home as well as a stronghold, the communal burhs seen in England before the Norman Conquest, and designed to protect a number of people, do not qualify. Only a thegn's private dwelling, with ditch and palisades, suggests possible continuities with the castles of the Normans. Contemporaries of the Normans, such as Orderic Vitalis, certainly thought of castles as a novelty and the lack of them in pre-conquest England as a contributing factor to defeat; yet it may be only their use as centres of seigneurial administration by the Normans that truly sets them apart from the defended houses of the English thegns. The use of a tower to display the lord to his subjects, evident in some early Norman stone gateways, certainly seems to echo the Anglo-Saxon burhgeat with an opening in its upper storey.

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Judith Jesch - Ships and Men in the Late Viking Ag e, The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldi c Verse (2008).pdf

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Judith Jesch - Ships and Men in the Late Viking Ag e, The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldi c Verse (2008).jpg

Historia3 - Judith Jesch - Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age, T...cabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse 2008.jpg

ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW: A timely and impressive work, which will be indispensable to all students of Viking Age history and literature. - E. Christiansen The Vikings were the master mariners and ship-builders of the middle ages: their success depended on these skills. Spectacular archaeological finds of whole or partial ships, from burial mounds or dredged from harbours, continue to give new and exciting evidence of their practical craftsmanship and urge to seek new shores. The nautical vocabulary of the Viking Age, however, has been surprisingly neglected - the last comprehensive study was published in 1912 and was heavily dependent on post-Viking Age sources. Far better contemporary sources from the later Viking Age are available to document the activities of men and their uses of ships from c.950-1100, and Judith Jesch undertakes in this book the first systematic and comparative study of such evidence. The core is a critical survey of the vocabulary of ships and their crews, of fleets and sailing and battles at sea, based on runic inscriptions and skaldic evidence from c.950-1100. This nautical vocabulary is studied within the larger context of 'viking' activity in this period: what that activity was and where it took place, its social and military aspects, and its impact on developments in the nature of kingship in Scandinavia.JUDITH JESCH is Reader in Viking Studies at the University of Nottingham, and author of Women in the Viking Age.

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Osprey - Warrior Series 3 - Mark Harrison - Viking Hersir 793-1066 AD (1993).jpg

When Norwegian Vikings first raided the European coast in the 8th century AD, their leaders were from the middle ranks of warriors known as hersirs. At this time the hersir was typically an independent landowner or local chieftain with equipment superior to that of his followers.
By the end of the 10th century, the independence of the hersir was gone, and he was now a regional servant of the Norwegian king. This book investigates these brutal, mobile warriors, and examines their tactics and psychology in war, dispelling the idea of the Viking raider as simply a killing machine.

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Osprey - General Military - Christopher Gravett - The Normans, Warrior Knights and Their Castles (20 06).jpg

The Norman Knight was the most feared warrior during the 11th and 12th centuries in Western Europe. Tales of their conquests spread throughout the known world as their military prowess resulted in the capture Sicily in 1060 and England in 1066. The Normans adopted Carolingian feudalism, cavalry warfare and castles, and they built archetypal feudal states on both sides of the English Channel. Their strongholds included the Tower of London and other fortifications along the coast and borders of England, and many of these structures survive today testimony to the military might of the Norman conqueror. This beautifully illustrated book explores the world of the Normans and the life of a typical Norman knight, and authors Chris Gravett and David Nicolle discuss the spectacular castles that they erected to protect their lands.

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Mark Harrison - The Vikings, Voyagers of Discovery and Plunder (2006).jpg

The history of the Vikings is bloody and eventful, and Viking warriors capture the popular imagination to this day. Viking raids reached from Norway to North Africa, they established the dukedom of Normandy, provided the Byzantine Emperor's bodyguard and landed on the shores of America 500 years before Columbus. The authors provide a detailed examination of the Viking Hersir, the raiding warrior of the Viking world, and the famed Viking longship that transported the Vikings through treacherous waters to their bloody raids. This beautifully illustrated book includes new material about the Vikings in North America and the lives the Viking led at home.

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Elisabeth Van Houts - The Normans in Europe (2000).pdf

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Elisabeth Van Houts - The Normans in Europe (2000).jpg

This book provides a selection from the abundant source material generated by the Normans and the peoples they conquered. It takes a wide European perspective on the Normans, assessing and explaining Norman expansion, their political and social organization and their eventual decline. The Normans in Europe explores: the process of assimilation between Scandinavians and Franks and the emergence of Normandy; the internal organization of the principality with a variety of source materials from chronicles, miracle stories and chapters; the role of women and children in Norman society; and a variety of other areas.

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P.H. Sawyer - Kings and Vikings, Scandinavia and E urope A.D. 700-1100 (1984).jpg

Professor Sawyer offers some new interpretations of the development of Scandinavian society and the history of the Christian conversion.

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Osprey - Field of Glory 8 - Richard Bodley-Scott - Wolves from the Sea, The Dark Ages (2009).jpg

This book covers the Early Medieval period in western and northern Europe, commonly known as the "Dark Ages", from 496 AD until 1070 AD.
Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire at the end of the 5th century, the post-Roman world was divided into a number of kingdoms, each ruled by the "barbarian" grouping that had come to control it during the last days of die Empire. After the initial round of wars, the Franks held most of modern France and also controlled a substantial area of Germany, the Visigoths held Spain, the Ostrogoths held Italy and the Vandals held North Africa.
Continuity with the Roman Empire, however, was at first considerable. Many of the "barbarian" armies, though of Germanic tribal origin, were in fact originally Late Roman field armies, and continued to use Late Roman methods of supporting the soldiers. Each soldier was assigned to share a portion of the land of a Roman landowner, from which he drew his pay.
In the mid 6th century the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire launched a counter-offensive, reconquering Africa from the Vandals, Italy from the Ostrogoths and part of southern Spain from the Visigoths. Soon after, however, diey lost the north of Italy to the invading Lombards.

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