For the last 150 years the historiography of the Crusades has been dominated by nationalist and colonialist discourses in Europe and the Levant. These modern histories have interpreted the Crusades in terms of dichotomous camps, Frankish and Muslim. In this revisionist study, Ronnie Ellenblum presents an interpretation of Crusader historiography that instead defines military and architectural relations between the Franks, local Christians, Muslims and Turks in terms of continuous dialogue and mutual influence. Through close analysis of siege tactics, defensive strategies and the structure and distribution of Crusader castles, Ellenblum relates patterns of crusader settlement to their environment and demonstrates the influence of opposing cultures on tactics and fortifications. He argues that fortifications were often built according to economic and geographic considerations rather than for strategic reasons or to protect illusory 'frontiers', and that Crusader castles are the most evident expression of a cultural dialogue between east and west.

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Beverly Mayne Kienzle - Cistercians, Heresy and Cr usade in Occitania, 1145-1229, Preaching in the Lo rd's Vineyard (2001).jpg

Crusaders Krzyżowcy2 - Beverly Mayne Kienzle - Cistercians, Heresy and ... 1145-1229, Preaching in the Lords Vineyard 2001.jpg

Led by the example of Bernard of Clairvaux, Cistercian monks turned their attention to the world outside the monastery walls in response to the threat posed by heretical Christians, in particular the Cathars. The white monks, with other intellectuals, turned to pen, pulpit and popular preaching to counteract heresy, some accepting posts as bishops and papal legates, helping and even directing the Albigensian crusade, and contributing to the formulation of procedures for inquisition. Kienzle examines this important but little-studied aspect of Cistercian history to discover how and why the Order undertook endeavours that drew the monks outside their monastic vocation. The analysis of texts about the preaching campaigns and their contexts illuminate the ways in which medieval monastic authors perceived heresy, preached, and wrote against it.Professor BEVERLY MAYNE KIENZLE teaches at Harvard Divinity School.

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Beverly Mayne Kienzle - Cistercians, Heresy and Cr usade in Occitania, 1145-1229, Preaching in the Lo rd's Vineyard (2001).pdf

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Erdődy János - Keresztes lobogók alatt - Under cru sader flags (1986).jpg

Crusaders Krzyżowcy2 - Erddy Jnos - Keresztes lobogók alatt - Under crusader flags 1986.jpg

History of crusades and crusader kingdoms. The book contains many illustrations.

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Erdődy János - Keresztes lobogók alatt - Under cru sader flags (1986).pdf

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Matthew Gabriele, Jace Stuckey - The Legend of Cha rlemagne in the Middle Ages, Power, Faith, and Cru sade (2008).jpg

Crusaders Krzyżowcy2 - Matthew Gabriele, Jace Stuckey - The Legend of C... the Middle Ages, Power, Faith, and Crusade 2008.jpg

These essays take advantage of a new, exciting trend towards interdisciplinary research on the Charlemagne legend. Written by historians, art historians, and literary scholars, these essays focus on the multifaceted ways the Charlemagne legend functioned in the Middle Ages and how central the shared (if nonetheless fictional) memory of the great Frankish ruler was to the medieval West. A gateway to new research on memory, crusading, apocalyptic expectation, Carolingian historiography, and medieval kingship, the contributors demonstrate the fuzzy line separating “fact” and “fiction” in the Middle Ages.

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Matthew Gabriele, Jace Stuckey - The Legend of Cha rlemagne in the Middle Ages, Power, Faith, and Cru sade (2008).pdf

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Osprey - Men-at-Arms 75 -Terence Wise - Armies of the Crusades (2006).jpg

In the early crusades men of all ranks from all over Europe took the cross and went to fight Islam as volunteers. Some went out of religious fervour, others to escape the plagues and famine which were rife at the time, still others in search of land or a fortune in loot. Fighting alongside all of these were the armies raised in Outremer, the Holy Land itself. Together they waged a bloody religious war, the participants of which included such forces as the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Knights, and the Byzantine Army.

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Wielkie bitwy historii 3 - David Nicolle - Pierwsz a Krucjata 1096-99 (2009).jpg

W roku 1094 cesarz bizantyjski Aleksy I doszedł do wniosku, że działania wojskowe i zabiegi dyplomatyczne Bizancjum, mające na celu odzyskanie utraconych ziem w Anatolii, nie przynoszą spodziewanych rezultatów. Zdecydował się prosić o pomoc chrześcijańskie kraje Europy Zachodniej i zrobił to w następnym roku. Można doszukiwać się w tym genezy pierwszej krucjaty. Nie miała ona naczelnego dowódcy. Podobnie jej muzułmańscy przeciwnicy. Tylko cesarstwo bizantyjskie posiadało podlegający cesarzowi ujednolicony system dowodzenia.

Seria "Wielkie Bitwy Historii" to polska wersja słynnego cyklu "Campaign" oraz "Essential Histories" wydawnictwa Osprey Publishing. W ramach serii opublikowane zostaną omówienia wszystkich znaczących starć w konfliktach na przestrzeni dziejów.

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Wielkie bitwy historii 23 - David Nicolle - Druga krucjata 1148 (2010).jpg

Bezpośrednią przyczyną drugiej krucjaty było zdobycie przez muzułmanów miasta Edessy. Państwa założone przez krzyżowców nie miały ściśle wytyczonych granic, które by oddzielały je od muzułmańskich sąsiadów. Było to szczególnie widoczne na ziemiach leżących na styku Królestwa Jerozolimskiego i niezależnego emiratu Damaszku. Tereny nad górnym Jordanem, we wschodniej Galilei, na wzgórzach Golan i w regionie Hawran nad rzeką Jarmuk były właściwie ziemiami niczyimi, na których obie strony miały swoje twierdze, rywalizujące o kontrolę nad okolicznymi wsiami i plemionami arabskimi. Jednocześnie wewnętrzne napięcia polityczne w Królestwie Jerozolimskim sprawiły, że druga krucjata musiała zakończyć się niepowodzeniem, a samo królestwo upaść.

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Wielkie bitwy historii 28 - David Nicolle -Trzecia krucjata 1191 (2010).jpg

Trzecia krucjata była jednym z tych wydarzeń, które przeczą twierdzeniu, że świat średniowieczny był sztywno podzielony na cywilizację chrześcijańskiej Europy i cywilizację muzułmańską i że obie miały na siebie niewielki wpływ. Nie była też trzecia krucjata "zderzeniem cywilizacji", jak twierdzą niektórzy. Była wydarzeniem znacznie bardziej złożonym, a wzięły w niej udzieł różne grupy polityczne i kulturowe, których działania wcale nie prowadziły do powstania dwóch jednolitych bloków cywilizacyjnych: wschodniego i zachodniego. Charakterystyczne dla trzeciej krucjaty są liczne spory wewnątrz tak zwanego obozu chrześcijańskiego i tak zwanego obozu muzułmańskiego, co prowadziło do nieoczekiwanych zmian sojuszy.

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Historyczne Bitwy - Sławomir Leśniewski - Jerozoli ma 1099 (2007).jpg

"Ostatnie kilometry dzielące od Świętego Miasta krzyżowcy przebyli w szczególnie podniosłym nastroju. Uczucie wielkiej radości mieszało się z dumą i satysfakcją. Czuli się prawdziwymi wybrańcami Boga. Oto oni - ciągle jeszcze liczni, ale w jakże pomniejszonej liczbie, niż chociażby pod Antiochią, nie mówiąc już o chwili, gdy wstępowali na azjatycki brzeg - dotarli wreszcie do celu podróży. Czyż to nie wyroki boskie pozwoliły im dokonać tylu nadzwyczajnych czynów i zachować życie w obliczu ostatniego już wysiłku: zdobycia Jerozolimy i …

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Alan V. Murray - The Crusades, An Encyclopedia (20 06).jpg

This four-volume set surveys all aspects of the crsuading movement from its origins in the 11th century to its decline in the 16th century. Unlike other works, which focus on the eastern Mediterranean region, this expansive encyclopedia also includes the struggle of Christendom against its enemies in Iberia, eastern Europe, and the Baltic region, and also covers the military orders, crusades against fellow Christians, heretics and more. There are more than 1,000 entries on individual crusades, people, places, institutions, literary and historiographical sources, and thematic aspects. It also includes a chronology of crusading expeditions, including assaults and sieges in Egypt and Constantinople, and a series of maps of major crusades and settlements in the Holy Land, Greece, Iberia in the Baltic lands.

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Alan V. Murray - The Crusades, An Encyclopedia (20 06).pdf

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Judith Bronstein - The Hospitallers and the Holy L and , Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274 (2005).jpg

The Order of the Hospital of St John was among the most creative and important institutions of the Middle Ages, its history provoking much debate and controversy. However, there has been very little study of the way in which it operated as an organisation contributing to the survival of the Christian settlement in the East, a gap which this book addresses. It focuses on the impact of the various crises in the East upon the Order, looking at how it reacted to events, the contributions that western priories played in the rehabilitation of the East, and the various efforts made to restore its economic and military strength. In particular, the author shows the key role played by the papacy, both in the Order's recovery, and in determining the fate of the crusader states. Overall, it offers a whole new perspective on the connections between East and West.

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Judith Bronstein - The Hospitallers and the Holy L and , Financing the Latin East, 1187-1274 (2005).pdf

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Elaine Graham-Leigh - The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade (2005).jpg

The Albigensian Crusade was called by Pope Innocent III in 1208 against the Count of Toulouse in response to the murder of the papal legate Pierre des Castelnau. The Pope's aim was to force the Count and other nobles in Languedoc to take action against the Cathar heretics in their lands, but in the end, the defeat of Catharism in the south of France was achieved through the establishment of the Inquisition and the extension of French authority to the area. While some Occitan noble families survived the crusade, others were destroyed and the behaviour of the crusaders towards the local nobility has often been regarded as rather arbitrary, unconnected to how these families related to each other before 1209. This study takes the case of the Trencavel Viscounts of Béziers and Carcassonne, who were the only members of the higher nobility to lose their lands to the crusade, and argues that an understanding of how the Occitan nobility fared in the crusade years must be based in the context of the politics of the noble society of Languedoc, not only in the thirteenth century but also in the twelfth. ELAINE GRAHAM-LEIGH gained her Ph.D. from the University of London.

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Elaine Graham-Leigh - The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade (2005).pdf

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Hugh Kennedy - Crusader Castles (1994).jpg

This is a general account of the history and architecture of Crusader castles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch between 1099 and 1291, the years during which the Crusaders had a permanent presence on the Levantine coast. Extensive use is made of contemporary chronicles to show the reasons why castles were built and how they were used in peace and war. The book is fully illustrated by photographs, drawings and plans, and contains a comprehensive bibliography.
1. Prologue to the study of crusader castles; 2. Fortification in the east and west before the First Crusade; 3. Castles in the twelfth-century Kingdom of Jerusalem; 4. Twelfth-century castles in the northern states (County of Tripoli, Principality of Antioch and County of Edessa); 5. Siege warfare in the crusader lands; 6. Nobles, Templars and Teutonic knights in the thirteenth century; 7. The Hospitallers in Tripoli and Antioch; 8. Muslim castles of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; Postscript: crusader castles and the west.

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Hugh Kennedy - Crusader Castles (1994).pdf

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Osprey - Fortress 55 - Marcus Cowper - Cathar Cast les, Fortresses of the Albigensian Crusade 1209-13 00 (2006).jpg

Crusaders Krzyżowcy2 - Osprey - Fortress 55 - Marcus Cowper - Cathar Ca...resses of the Albigensian Crusade 1209-1300 2006.jpg

In the early 12th century AD, a large part of what we now think of as France was not under the direct control of the French King who's authority stretched little further than Paris. One region of Southern France, the Languedoc, became the centre of Catharism - heresy in the eyes of the Pope - who ordered a crusade against the region. The crusading army of French knights seized the opportunity to gain land and riches and the crusade was a viciously waged. The inhabitants of the Languedoc had always relied for their safety upon as series of strongly fortified walled cities - Albi, Carcassonne, Beziers, Toulouse - as well as a large number of fortified hill-top villages and castles, 'castra', which dotted the countryside. This book will describe the so-called 'Cathar castles', why they were positioned where they were, how they were built, how well those they withstood the realities of the Albigensian Crusade.

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David Nicolle - Nicopolis 1396 (2001).jpg

By the second half of the 14th century, the once mighty Byzantine Empire had been reduced to little more than the city of Constantinople. In 1391 the Ottoman ruler Sultan Bayazid I 'The Lightning' besieged the city. Pope Boniface IX preached a crusade and a French-led army of 10,000 marched east. At Nicopolis they met the Ottoman army in battle. Ignoring the advice of their Hungarian and Transylvanian allies the Crusaders charged the Turks and were in turn smashed by the Ottoman heavy cavalry. This book details how the last Crusade ended on the banks of the Danube as the Crusaders desperately sought to escape from the pursuing Turks.

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David Lowenthal - The Heritage Crusade and the Spo ils of History (1998).jpg

Heritage, while it often constitutes and defines the most positive aspects of culture, is a malleable body of historical text subject to interpretation and easily twisted into myth. When it is appealed to on a national or ethnic level in reactions against racial, religious, or economic oppression, the result is often highly-charged political contention or conflict. The extraordinary theme of this unique book is how the rise of a manifold, crusade-like obsession with tradition and inheritance--both physical and cultural--can lead to either good or evil. In a balanced account of the pros and cons of the rhetoric and spoils of heritage--on the one hand cultural identity and unity, on the other, potential holy war--David Lowenthal discusses the myriad uses and abuses of historical appropriation and offers a rare and accessible account of a concept at once familiar and fraught with complexity. David Lowenthal is Emeritus Professor of Geography at University College London, and the author of the bestselling The Past is a Foreign Country (Cambridge, 1985)

- A brilliant, wide-ranging and entertaining general study of the ‘heritage industry’
- Written by David Lowenthal, the very successful and acclaimed author of the well-known book The Past is a Foreign Country (1985)
- First published by Penguin Group (in their Viking imprint, 1997) and now available for the first time in paperback

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David Lowenthal - The Heritage Crusade and the Spo ils of History (1998).pdf

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Corliss Slack - Historical Dictionary of the Crusa des (2003).jpg

At least seven traditional crusades, aimed at wresting control of Jerusalem from Islam, were fought in the Middle Ages. This historical dictionary covers major events in these and related conflicts, with supporting bibliography, maps, and chronology.

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Corliss Slack - Historical Dictionary of the Crusa des (2003).pdf

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The Modern Scholar - Thomas F. Madden - ''God Wil ls It!'', Understanding the Crusades (2005).jpg

For over 400 years, Crusaders , out of Christian zeal, a declared love for their fellow man, and, in many cases, a simple desire for fortune, glory, and heavenly reward, marched to the Holy Land to battle both a real and perceived threat to their way of life and their religious beliefs. The story of the many crusades are filled with an unremitting passion to keep or return the home of Christianity to Christians. It is also filled with death, destruction, disorder, greed, avarice, and self-interest on all sides. Much of what occurred during the Crusades has come down to us today in the form of continued suspicion among religious ideologies—not only between Christians and Muslims, but also internally among Christian sects and, to some degree, among Muslim sects. There is certainly much to learn about our own history from a better understanding of the Crusades and what led so many to crusade.

01 - The Medieval Background of the Crusades
02 - Islam: Faith, Culture, Empire
03 - Pope Urban II and the Calling of the First Crusade
04 - The First Crusade
05 - What Were the Crusades? Who Were the Crusaders?
06 - The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
07 - The Second Crusade
08 - The Third Crusade
09 - The Fourth Crusade
10 - Crusades in Europe
11 - The Fifth Crusade
12 - The Crusades of St. Louis
13 - The Fall of the Crusader States
14 - Later Crusades and the Legacy of the Crusades

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The Modern Scholar - Thomas F. Madden - ''God Wil ls It!'', Understanding the Crusades, Guidebook (2 005).pdf

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Audiobook - The Modern Scholar - Thomas F. Madden - ''God Wills It!'', Understanding the Crusades (2 005) Read by Thomas F. Madden (494m19s).mp3

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Osprey - Fortress 76 - David Nicolle - Saracen Str ongholds AD 630-1050, The Middle East and Central Asia (2008).jpg

Crusaders Krzyżowcy2 - Osprey - Fortress 76 - David Nicolle - Saracen S... 630-1050, The Middle East and Central Asia 2008.jpg

David Nicolle was born in 1944 and worked for the BBC, including the overseas broadcasting service, before returning to university, obtaining his PhD in Edinburgh. He subsequently taught at Yarmouk University in Jordan. He now devotes himself to writing, and is a specialist in medieval arms and armor. He is also a frequent contributor to numerous specialist journals and international conferences. The author lives in Leicestershire, UK.

Adam Hook studied graphic design, and began his work as an illustrator in 1983. He specializes in detailed historical reconstructions, and has illustrated Osprey titles on the Aztecs, the Greeks, several 19th century American subjects, and a number of books in the Fortress series. His work features in exhibitions and publications throughout the world.Adam Hook lives in East Sussex, UK.

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PowerWislak123 napisano 19.09.2014 16:06

Zapraszam do mnie.

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zapraszam do siebie naprawdę warto wystarczy zajrzeć zapraszam miłego wieczoru życzę

Wiara_Zaufanie napisano 14.03.2019 19:39

28 kwietnia 2019 r. Możesz otrzymać NOWE ŻYCIE !!!

”…Nim Przyjdę jako Sędzia Sprawiedliwy, otwieram wpierw na oścież drzwi Miłosierdzia Mojego. Kto nie chce przejść przez drzwi miłosierdzia, ten musi przejść przez drzwi Sprawiedliwości Mojej. ” (Dz. 1146)

”Córko Moja, mów światu całemu o niepojętym Miłosierdziu Moim. Pragnę, aby

Święto Miłosierdzia Bożego

było ucieczką i schronieniem dla wszystkich dusz, a szczególnie dla biednych grzeszników. W dniu tym otwarte są wnętrzności Miłosierdzia Mego, wylewam całe morze łask na dusze, które się zbliżą do Źródła Miłosierdzia Mojego. Która dusza przystąpi do spowiedzi i Komunii świętej, dostąpi zupełnego odpuszczenia win i kar. W dniu tym, otwarte są wszystkie upusty Boże, przez które płyną łaski; niech się nie lęka zbliżyć do Mnie żadna dusza, chociażby grzechy jej były jako szkarłat. Miłosierdzie Moje jest tak wielkie, że przez całą wieczność nie zgłębi go żaden umysł, ani ludzki, ani anielski. Wszystko, co istnieje, wyszło z wnętrzności Miłosierdzia Mego. Każda dusza w stosunku do Mnie rozważać będzie przez wieczność całą Miłość i Miłosierdzie Moje. Święto Miłosierdzia wyszło z wnętrzności Moich, pragnę, aby uroczyście obchodzone było w pierwszą niedzielę po Wielkanocy. Nie zazna ludzkość spokoju, dopóki nie zwróci się do Źródła Miłosierdzia Mojego.” (Dz. 699)