Use of capital punishment has declined in the United States and around the world over the centuries. However, for the most serious of crimes, capital punishment is still an option in most states, and a majority of U. S. citizens support its continued use. From methods of execution to the legal principles behind Supreme Court decisions, this encyclopedia provides the background needed to understand this complex issue.

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Alan C. Cate - Founding Fighters, The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence (2006).jpg

American independence was won not just with ideas and words, but also through force of arms. A key element of that battlefield victory was the combat leadership provided by a fierce list of hard-fighting warriors at the regimental, brigade, and division echelons or their naval equivalents. Founding Fighters recounts the stories of fifteen of the American Revolution's most important and colorful battlefield commanders. Collectively, these men participated in virtually all of the war's significant battles and campaigns. They experienced the conflict in all its variants: conventional contest between opposing armies, brutal guerilla struggle between partisans and regulars, frontier and naval fighting, and civil war pitting neighbors, and even family members against each other. These "founding fighters" helped win stunning victories, knew ignominious defeats, and suffered physical and spiritual privation through times when ultimate victory and independence appeared impossibly remote. While the "Founding Fathers" remain eternally popular with the general American reading public, a number of important Revolutionary-era military figures remain much less known (and, in some cases, forgotten). Cate rectifies this. Richard Montgomery, Charles Lee, and Horatio Gates were former British officers who turned from redcoats to rebels, casting their lots with the patriot cause. Henry Knox and Nathanael Greene were self-taught amateurs who shared New England roots and an innate genius for war.

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Alan C. Cate - Founding Fighters, The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence (2006).pdf

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Anthony T. Kronman - History of the Yale Law Schoo l (2004).jpg

The entity that became the Yale Law School started life early in the nineteenth century as a proprietary school, operated as a sideline by a couple of New Haven lawyers. The New Haven school affiliated with Yale in the 1820s, but it remained so frail that in 1845 and again in 1869 the University seriously considered closing it down. From these humble origins, the Yale Law School went on to become the most influential of American law schools. In the later nineteenth century the School instigated the multidisciplinary approach to law that has subsequently won nearly universal acceptance. In the 1930s the Yale Law School became the center of the jurisprudential movement known as legal realism, which has ever since shaped American law. In the second half of the twentieth century Yale brought the study of constitutional and international law to prominence, overcoming the emphasis on private law that had dominated American law schools. By the end of the twentieth century, Yale was widely acknowledged as the nation's leading law school. The essays in this collection trace these notable developments. The essays originated as a lecture series convened to commemorate the tercentenary of Yale University. A distinguished group of scholars assembled to explore the history of the School, from the earliest days down to modern times. This volume preserves the highly readable format of the original lectures, supported with full scholarly citations. Contributors to this volume are Robert W. Gordon, Laura Kalman, John H. Langbein, Gaddis Smith, and Robert Stevens, with an introduction by Anthony T. Kronman.

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Anthony T. Kronman - History of the Yale Law Schoo l (2004).pdf

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Charles P. Kindleberger, Robert Aliber - Manias, P anics, and Crashes, A History of Financial Crises (2005).jpg

A scholarly and entertaining account of the way that mismanagement of money and credit has led to financial explosions over the centuries. Covering such topics as the history and anatomy of crises, speculative manias, and the lender of last resort, this book has been hailed as "a true classic...both timely and timeless." The updated fifth edition expands upon each chapter, and includes two new chapters covering significant crises of the last fifteen years around the world.

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Charles P. Kindleberger, Robert Aliber - Manias, P anics, and Crashes, A History of Financial Crises (2005).pdf

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Jessica Feldman, Robert Stilling - What Should I R ead Next, 70 University of Virginia Professors Rec ommend Readings in History, Politics, Literature, Math, Science, Technology, the Arts, and More (200.jpg

01 - USA - Jessica Feldman, Robert Stilling - What Should I Read ...ure, Math, Science, Technology, the Arts, and More 200.jpg

Even the most well-read among us feel gaps in our knowledge. Former English majors or art students want to understand the monetary system; mathematicians or doctors just want a great novel. Travel sections in bookstores are full of authors ready to tell you the hundred places to visit before you die, but what about the best book to read on global warming?"What Should I Read Next?" taps seventy University of Virginia professors in an array of fields for suggestions on how to satisfy this nagging intellectual curiosity. Each contributor recommends five titles that speak to their area of inquiry, providing both a general introduction and commentary on each selection. The results read like a series of personal tutorials: Larry Sabato considers how political power is acquired, used, and held onto; climatologist Robert E. Davis provides a timely navigation of global-warming literature; and Michael Levenson offers five ways to approach James Joyce's Ulysses. Other topics include how computing changes thinking, the life and afterlife of slavery, understanding cities, and ecstatic poetry. The entries convey the contributors' expertise but also, more importantly, the enthusiasm, the original kernels of curiosity, that drew these scholars to their life's work.Designed for the lifelong learner who wants to branch out from his or her own profession or discipline, these explorations - of art, science, history, technology, politics, and much more - offer an inspiring place to start.

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Jessica Feldman, Robert Stilling - What Should I R ead Next, 70 University of Virginia Professors Rec ommend Readings in History, Politics, Literature, Math, Science, Technology, the Arts, and More (200.djvu

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Julius H. Rubin - Religious Melancholy and Protest ant Experience in America (1994).jpg

This original examination of the spiritual narratives of conversion in the history of American Protestant evangelical religion reveals an interesting paradox. Fervent believers who devoted themselves completely to the challenges of making a Christian life, who longed to know God's rapturous love, all too often languished in despair, feeling forsaken by God. Ironically, those most devoted to fostering the soul's maturation neglected the well-being of the psyche. Drawing upon many sources, including unpublished diaries and case studies of patients treated in nineteenth-century asylums, Julius Rubin's fascinating study thoroughly explores religious melancholy--as a distinctive stance toward life, a grieving over the loss of God's love, and an obsession and psychopathology associated with the spiritual itinerary of conversion. The varieties of this spiritual sickness include sinners who would fast unto death ("evangelical anorexia nervosa"), religious suicides, and those obsessed with unpardonable sin. From colonial Puritans like Michael Wigglesworth to contemporary evangelicals like Billy Graham, among those who directed the course of evangelical religion and of their followers, Rubin shows that religious melancholy has shaped the experience of self and identity for those who sought rebirth as children of God.

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Julius H. Rubin - Religious Melancholy and Protest ant Experience in America (1994).pdf

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Matias Vernengo - Monetary Integration And Dollari zation, No Panacea (2006).jpg

This book deals with the economic consequences of monetary integration, which has long been dominated by the Optimal Currency Area (OCA) paradigm. In this model, money is perceived as having developed from a private sector cost minimization process to facilitate transactions. Not surprisingly, the book argues, the main advantage of monetary integration in the OCA context is the reduction of transaction costs, yet the validity of OCA to analyze processes of monetary integration seems to be limited at best.
The contributions in this volume try to go beyond the OCA model and understand the political economy of monetary integration by comparing the European Monetary Union with the dollarization (formal and informal) process in Latin America. The contributors, many of whom are leading lights, reflect the disagreements and the changing views on the proper monetary arrangements in a globalized world and suggest that monetary integration and dollarization are not the solution for the great majority of countries around the world.

Monetary Integration and Dollarization brings together mainstream and heterodox views of monetary integration and uses the European and North American experiences as a guide for the discussion of dollarization in developing countries. It will appeal to scholars, researchers and policy makers in the fields of financial and international economics.

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Matias Vernengo - Monetary Integration And Dollari zation, No Panacea (2006).pdf

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Warschip 28 - William H. Cracknell - USS Indianapo lis (CA 35) Heavy Cruiser 1932-1945 (1973).jpg

Black & white illustrations throughout, 2 page color center spread detailing camouflage and installations in side and overhead views with 2 additional profile illustrating additional camouflage schemes, 2 pages of line drawings and photos detailing.

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Warschip 28 - William H. Cracknell - USS Indianapo lis (CA 35) Heavy Cruiser 1932-1945 (1973).pdf

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Armin Krishnan - Killer Robots (2009).jpg

Military robots and other, potentially autonomous robotic systems such as unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) could soon be introduced to the battlefield. Look further into the future and we may see autonomous micro- and nanorobots armed and deployed in swarms of thousands or even millions. This growing automation of warfare may come to represent a major discontinuity in the history of warfare: humans will first be removed from the battlefield and may one day even be largely excluded from the decision cycle in future high-tech and high-speed robotic warfare. Although the current technological issues will no doubt be overcome, the greatest obstacles to automated weapons on the battlefield are likely to be legal and ethical concerns. Armin Krishnan explores the technological, legal and ethical issues connected to combat robotics, examining both the opportunities and limitations of autonomous weapons. He also proposes solutions to the future regulation of military robotics through international law.

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Mark Valeri - Law and Providence in Joseph Bellamy 's New England, The Origins of the New Divinity in Revolutionary America (1994).jpg

01 - USA - Mark Valeri - Law and Providence in Joseph Bellamys New...gins of the New Divinity in Revolutionary America 1994.jpg

This study of religious thought and social life in early America focuses on the career of Joseph Bellamy (1719-1790), a Connecticut Calvinist minister noted chiefly for his role in originating the New Divinity--the influential theological movement that evolved from the writings of Bellamy's teacher, Jonathan Edwards. Tracing Bellamy's contributions as a preacher, noted controversialist, and church leader from the Great Awakening to the American Revolution, Mark Valeri explores why the New Divinity was so immensely popular. Set in social contexts such as the emergent market economy, the war against France, and the politics of rebellion, Valeri shows, Bellamy's story reveals much about the relationship between religion and public issues in colonial New England.

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Mark Valeri - Law and Providence in Joseph Bellamy 's New England, The Origins of the New Divinity in Revolutionary America (1994).pdf

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Kathleen Flake - The Politics of American Religiou s Identity, The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mor mon Apostle (2003).jpg

01 - USA - Kathleen Flake - The Politics of American Religious Ide...The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle 2003.jpg

This outstanding historical study focuses on the national outrage a century ago when Reed Smoot, an apostle in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was elected to serve as a Senator from Utah. Millions of Americans signed petitions urging the Senate to unseat Smoot, who endured several years of hearings to determine his status. Although he was not a polygamist, his opponents claimed that his alliance with the Mormon hierarchy would prevent him from being a faithful and patriotic Senator. Flake, a lawyer and professor of American religious history at Vanderbilt Divinity School, draws upon her legal expertise to help readers understand the trial testimony.

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Kathleen Flake - The Politics of American Religiou s Identity, The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mor mon Apostle (2003).pdf

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John G. Neihardt - The River and I (2008).jpg

Autobiographical journey down the Missouri River in 1908.

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John G. Neihardt - The River and I (2008).pdf

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Kathleen Sprows Cummings - New Women of the Old Fa ith, Gender and American Catholicism in the Progre ssive Era (2009).jpg

01 - USA - Kathleen Sprows Cummings - New Women of the Old Faith, ...r and American Catholicism in the Progressive Era 2009.jpg

American Catholic women rarely surface as protagonists in histories of the United States. Offering a new perspective, Kathleen Sprows Cummings places Catholic women at the forefront of two defining developments of the Progressive Era: the emergence of the "New Woman" and Catholics' struggle to define their place in American culture.
Cummings highlights four women: Chicago-based journalist Margaret Buchanan Sullivan; Sister Julia McGroarty, SND, founder of Trinity College in Washington, D.C., one of the first Catholic women's colleges; Philadelphia educator Sister Assisium McEvoy, SSJ; and Katherine Eleanor Conway, a Boston editor, public figure, and antisuffragist.Cummings uses each woman's story to explore how debates over Catholic identity were intertwined with the renegotiation of American gender roles. By examining female power within Catholic religious communities and organizations, she challenges the widespread assumption that women who were faithful members of a patriarchal church were incapable of pathbreaking work on behalf of women.
Cummings emphasizes, though, that her subjects understood themselves to be far more marginalized as Catholics than they were as women. Whatever opportunities arose for American women in the early twentieth century, these Catholics pursued them not as "New Women" but as daughters of the "Old Faith."Cummings 's analysis makes a strong argument for the need to devote more attention to religious identity as a factor in interpreting women's lives

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Kathleen Sprows Cummings - New Women of the Old Fa ith, Gender and American Catholicism in the Progre ssive Era (2009).pdf

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John G. Neihardt - The Splendid Wayfaring, The Sto ry of the Exploits and Adventures of Jedediah Smit h and his Comrades (2008).jpg

01 - USA - John G. Neihardt - The Splendid Wayfaring, The Story o...and Adventures of Jedediah Smith and his Comrades 2008.jpg

The story of the famous mountain man Jedediah Smith.

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John G. Neihardt - The Splendid Wayfaring, The Sto ry of the Exploits and Adventures of Jedediah Smit h and his Comrades (2008).pdf

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Will Swift - The Kennedys Amidst the Gathering Sto rm (2008).jpg

Clinical psychologist and historian Swift (The Roosevelts and the Royals) capably documents Joseph P. Kennedy's troubled tenure as American minister to the Court of St. James's, and the experiences of his family during these years, aiming to present a fair and comprehensive portrait of a man he says has been caricatured by other historians. But Kennedy's flaws still appear to outweigh his virtues. He proved a problem to FDR almost immediately, casting his lot with such British appeasers as Neville Chamberlain, Nancy Astor and others of the so-called Cliveden set. This earned him the enmity of Winston Churchill and criticism from such administration figures as Henry Morgenthau Jr., Cordell Hull and FDR himself, who had to regularly remind Kennedy that his role was to implement, not define, United States policy. Kennedy lasted just over two years, during which his second eldest son, Jack, became a bestselling author with Why England Slept. Eldest son Joe Jr. toured war-torn Spain and wrote articles in support of Franco's Fascist forces. And daughter Kathleen (Kick) became immersed in aristocratic British nightlife, meeting Billy Cavendish—the marquess of Hartington and a Protestant—to whom she would eventually be married, to her Catholic mother's horror. All this Swift narrates with grace and style. Illus. and photos.

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Scott M. Beekman - Ringside, A History of Professi onal Wrestling in America (2006).jpg

Despite its status as one of the oldest and most enduringly popular sports in history, wrestling has been pushed to the background of the current American sports scene. Most people today would have a hard time even considering wrestling (with some of its modern theatrics) in the same terms as track and field or boxing. But until the 1920s, wrestling stood as a legitimate professional sport in this country, and a widely practiced amateur one as well. Its past respectability may not have endured, but the advent of cable television in the 1980s offered the sport a renewed opportunity to play a determining role in American popular culture. This opportunity was not wasted, and wrestlers now assume places in politics and film at the highest levels. Ringside, the first work to fully examine the history of professional wrestling in this country, provides an illuminating and colorful account of all of the various athletes, entertainers, businessmen, and national outlooks that have determined wrestling's erratic route through American history. This chronological work begins with a brief account of wrestling's global history, and then proceeds to investigate the sport's growth as a specifically American institution. Wrestling has continued to survive in the face of technological developments, scandals, public ridicule, and a lack of centralized control, and today this supremely adaptable entertainment form represents, in sum, an international industry capable of attracting enormous television and pay-per-view audiences, along with massive amounts of advertising and merchandizing revenue. Ringside focuses on the business of wrestling as well as on the performers and their in-ring antics, and offers readers a fully nuanced examination of the development of professional wrestling in America.

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Scott M. Beekman - Ringside, A History of Professi onal Wrestling in America (2006).pdf

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Richard H. Taylor - Homeward Bound, American Veter ans Return from War (2007).jpg

The story of veterans coming home from wars has not been concisely recorded to highlight the major problems they've faced. Having gone to war and survived, they have expectations, hopes, and dreams of a better life. In Homeward Bound, Taylor chronicles their struggles to realize all of those expectations by tracing the experiences of American veterans from the Revolutionary War through the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. In doing so, he connects pieces of a longer, larger story that has traditionally been told only in individual parts. Homeward Bound delves into personal memoirs, dusty diaries, and teary interviews to link veterans' hopes for the future with the ways in which their dreams were fulfilled-or died. It shows how war changed these men and women, how they lived with their experiences despite the odds, and how alone they can be. Unlike most histories of American veterans or veterans' organizations that focus on groups from a specific conflict or era, Taylor's work chronicles the struggles faced by American veterans throughout our history. Each chapter begins with a battlefield vignette designed to take the reader back to a given conflict. This is followed by an explanation of the situation and of the reception veterans faced when they returned home, as well as the evolving response of the federal government to veterans' needs and benefits. Among the issues Taylor explores are social readjustment/acceptance, training, placement, and hiring preferences; medical care and disability compensation; education; retirement and burial. The work also examines to what extent the treatment of women/minority veterans has differed, as well as how veterans' issues have affected women/minorities in society. The chapters are followed by appendices that list veterans programs and organizations. Accompanying photographs relate still other stories--those written on our veterans' gallant faces.

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Super chomik! Zapraszam do mnie po wiele świetnych materiałów.

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