Dzieje dawnych turków - Lew Gumilow.doc

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Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Medieval World.pdf

The new four-volume "Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Medieval World" provides readers with comprehensive coverage of the medieval world, from the fall of Rome to the European Renaissance, including Western and non-Western cultures and civilizations.Following an introduction that outlines the history of the major centers of civilization, this authoritative set features 71 alphabetical entries that explore specific topics - such as architecture, economy, art, and the military - followed by subsections on Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and the Islamic World. These insightful entries - including 12 on "major" topics with more in-depth coverage - allow readers to compare and contrast events in different areas of the world with ease. Key articles are supported by primary source documents, and a list of further reading complements each entry. More than 200 black-and-white photographs, maps, and sidebars accompany the text, and a glossary, chronology, general bibliography, and comprehensive index round out this accessible set.Entries include: Agriculture; Alchemy and magic; Cities; Climate and geography; Clothing and footwear; Drama and theater; Empires and dynasties; Family; Foreigners and barbarians; Gender structures and roles; Health and disease; Inventions; Literature; Mining, quarrying, and salt making; Money and coinage; Music and musical instruments; Natural disasters; Occupations; Religion and cosmology; Resistance and dissent; Roads and bridges; Sacred sites; Scandals and corruption; Seafaring and navigation; Ships and shipbuilding; Slaves and slavery; Towns and villages; Trade and exchange; War and conquest; and, Weights and measures

Franks,Northmen and Slavs.pdf

In recent decades, historians attempting to understand the transition from the world of late antiquity with its unitary imperial system to the medieval Europe of separate kingdoms have become increasingly concerned with the role of early medieval gentes, or peoples, in the end of the former and the constitution of the latter. Eleven specialists examine here the role of ethnic identity in the formation of medieval polities on the periphery of the Frankish world in the eighth through eleventh centuries. In particular, they explore the intertwined issues of ethnic identity and state formation in Scandinavia and in the western and southern Slavic regions, areas in which the new approaches to the history of ethnicity have but little penetrated traditional scholarship. They ask to what extent common identities assisted in the consolidation and creation of early medieval kingdoms and to what extent the formation of these kingdoms created a discourse of common identity as a means to centralization and control. The authors contend that the developments in Scandinavia and in Slavic areas cannot be understood except in dynamic relationship with the process of state formation and group identity within the Frankish kingdoms. This powerful, expansionist society not only interacted and influenced the development of state structures on its northern and eastern borders, but it also provided models of discourse about the relationship between centralizing power and group solidarity. Not that these discourses were simply adopted by the Franks' neighbours, but rather they became part of the range of possible options selectively adapted to local circumstances.

Germanization Of Early Medieval Christianity.pdf

While historians of Christianity have generally acknowledged some degree of Germanic influence in the development of early medieval Christianity, Russell goes further, arguing for a fundamental Germanic reinterpretation of Christianity. This first full-scale treatment of the subject follows a truly interdisciplinary approach, applying to the early medieval period a sociohistorical method similar to that which has already proven fruitful in explicating the history of Early Christianity and Late Antiquity. The encounter of the Germanic peoples with Christianity is studied from within the larger context of the encounter of a predominantly "world-accepting" Indo-European folk-religiosity with predominantly "world-rejecting" religious movements. While the first part of the book develops a general model of religious transformation for such encounters, the second part applies this model to the Germano-Christian scenario. Russell shows how a Christian missionary policy of temporary accommodation inadvertently contributed to a reciprocal Germanization of Christianity.

Regna et Gentes.pdf

Late Antiquity, no doubt, was a “time of transition or rather transitions”.In spite of extensive research on the “Germanic” (or, from the Roman point of view, “barbarian”) invasions and the successor states of the Roman Empire, comparatively little attention has been paid to the “transition of peoples”, or their “developing” into kingdoms. This volume is deliberately not just confined to the “Germanic” peoples (Anglo-Saxons, Bavarians, Burgundians, Franks, Langobards, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Visigoths), but compares these with the West and East Roman tradition (Byzantium and Late Antique Spain) and also with non-Germanic peoples (such as Celts, Huns and Avars), and even with the Islamic kingdoms in early medieval Spain. It also seemed advisable to include a comparative survey of the different Germanic laws.

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