Broken Arrow (1950)

W II połowie XIX w. na Dzikim Zachodzie trwają krwawe konflikty pomiędzy Indianami a białymi osadnikami. Kapitan Tom Jeffords jest odpowiedzialny za szlak pocztowy biegnący przez Arizonę, który jest narażony na ataki Apaczów. Po śmierci kurierów od strzał Apaczów Jeffords decyduje się przeprowadzić rozmowy z Indianami na temat wstrzymania wzajemnych ataków. Udaje się w niedostępne tereny zamieszkane przez Apaczów, by spotkać się z ich wodzem, Cochisem. Pomimo wzajemnej nieufności mężczyznom udaje się rozpocząć rozmowy. W trakcie ich trwania Jeffords przekonuje się, że Indianie tylko bronią się przed okrucieństwem osadników. Ostatecznie zawarte zostaje porozumienie, jednak nie wszycy mają zamiar go przestrzegać...

Broken Arrow is a western Technicolor film released in 1950. It was directed by Delmer Daves and starred James Stewart and Jeff Chandler. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards, and won a Golden Globe award for Best Film Promoting International Understanding. It made history as the first major Western since the Second World War to portray the Indians sympathetically.

Plot

The main characters are Cochise (Jeff Chandler) and Tom Jeffords (James Stewart). The film is based on the actions of these historical figures, but tells their story in dramatized form. As the movie begins, Jeffords comes upon a wounded Indian, a 14-year-old Apache boy dying from buckshot wounds in his back. Jeffords gives the boy water, heals his wounds and in an astounding act of "fair play" is released unharmed after being captured briefly by the boy's tribesmen. In town, he describes his encounter to incredulous, suspicious men who question his loyalty in as demeaning a way as the Apache who called him "a woman" for not murdering the boy. Tired of being in the middle, and perhaps even more tired of all the killing, Jeffords capitalizes on his knowledge of Apache language by taking advanced lessons in Apache language and culture to prepare for a meeting with Cochise.

Jeffords meets a man responsible for mail delivery in the Arizona Territory in 1862. When Apache raiding parties shoot up some of the mail couriers, he rides alone to the camp of Cochise to parley for their safe passage. This act of bravery so impresses the chief that he becomes friend and blood brother to Jeffords. Their friendship is instrumental in ending the decade-long Apache war.

Apache chief Geronimo, a major figure in the historical events but a minor character in this film, was played by Jay Silverheels, an actual Native American best known for his television role as Tonto, "faithful Indian companion" to Clayton Moore's Lone Ranger. In the film, he refuses to make peace, so Cochise banishes him and the chiefs who follow him. Later, some of Cochise's warriors rescue Jeffords and a wagon from Geronimo's renegades, which strengthens the cause of peace.

General Oliver Howard (Basil Ruysdael) in the movie has a role like his real life one in signing the treaty. He is accurately played with his right arm missing, and as "the Christian General". This Howard character says that his troops call him "Bible-reading Howard". On questioning by Jeffords about the biblical implications for the Indians, Howard condemns racism, saying that the Bible "says nothing about pigmentation of the skin." Jeffords tells him to read the Bible for him, "because I like the way you read it."

A fictional character Sonseeahray (Debra Paget) (who was 16 years old at the time of filming) was added as a love interest for Jeffords. They marry for love, but she is killed when some whites who don't want peace treacherously try to ambush Cochise and Jeffords. Jeffords is wounded, but Cochise escapes, killing several of his attackers. Howard and the army pay their respects at the Apache camp, and assure Jeffords that Sonseeahray's death will not be in vain.

Cast

* James Stewart as Tom Jeffords
* Jeff Chandler as Cochise
* Debra Paget as Sonseeahray ('Morningstar')
* Basil Ruysdael as Gen. Oliver 'The Christian General' Howard
* Will Geer as Ben Slade, Rancher
* Joyce Mackenzie as Terry, Scatfly Proprietress (as Joyce MacKenzie)
* Arthur Hunnicutt as Milt Duffield, Mail Superintendent
* Jay Silverheels as Geronimo (uncredited)
* Argentina Brunetti as Nalikadeya, Cochise's Wife (uncredited)
* John Doucette as Mule driver (survivor of wagon train ambush) (uncredited)

Balanced portrayal of Indians

Most western films of the period portrayed American Indians as implacably hostile to the white settlers entering their domain, while the settlers were shown as peaceable people forced to defend themselves. Broken Arrow is noteworthy for being one of the first western films to portray Native Americans in a balanced, sympathetic way - although some (including the two main Native American characters) were played by white actors. Chronicle of the Cinema describes it thus: "Based on verifiable fact, it faithfully evokes the historical relationship between Cochise and Jefford (sic), marking an historical rehabilitation of Indians in the cinema."

In addition to the fictional Sonseeahray, the film does introduce distortions of the historical record. Nevertheless, its director Delmer Daves was justifiably praised for bucking a film-making convention of the time and showing Native Americans as something other than "bloodthirsty savages".

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