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Abdul Rahman Azzam - Saladin (2009).pdf

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obrazek

This is the first serious biography of Saladin in over 20 years and the first ever by a non Western scholar.

This is the first major biography of Saladin, arguably the greatest figure in Islamic history, for 20 years. As famous today as he was when he drove the Crusaders out of Jerusalem, the real Saladin has dissolved into legend with each retelling of his story. This book seeks to redress the balance.

A unique non-Western perspective on the life of a heroic leader who united Sunni and Shi'ite against the infidel, this is the first biography of Saladin by a Muslim historian in English

Offers a context for today's struggles in the Middle East

Contains dispatches and letters of his most trusted adviser and secretary of state, al-Qadi al-Fadil, which reflect Saladin's motives and ideals.

"absorbing" - FT Weekend 17 January 2009 (circulation 500,000) "timely and well-written" - Irish News, 10 January 2009 (readership 180,000) "His book is a comprehensive survey not just of the man, but of the age in which he lived" - Edinburgh Evening News, 10 January 2009 (readership 272,000)

"The strength of Azzam's study lies in illuminating Saladin's many connections with Sunni theologians, jurists and teachers, and their mutually reinforcing activities, such as his foundation of numerous madrassas that embedded Sunni orthodoxy among the Egyptian population, but also turned out trained administrators for his growing empire".
Times Higher Education

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obrazek In 1204 the army of the Fourth Crusade sacked the great city of Constantinople. In earlier historiography the view prevailed that these Western barons and knights temporarily destroyed the Byzantine state and replaced it with a series of feudal states of their own making. Through a comprehensive rereading of better and lesser-known sources this book offers an alternative perspective arguing that the Latin rulers did not abolish, but very consciously wanted to continue the Eastern Empire. In this, the new imperial dynasty coming from Flanders-Hainaut played a pivotal role. Despite religious and other differences many Byzantines sided with the new regime and administrative practices at the different governmental levels were to a larger or lesser degree maintained.
obrazek Modern study of the Hospitallers, of other military-religious orders, and of their activities both in the Mediterranean and in Europe has been deeply influenced by the work of Anthony Luttrell. To mark his 75th birthday in October 2007 twenty-three colleagues from ten different countries have contributed to this volume.The first section focuses on the crusading period in the Holy Land, considering the Hospital in Jerusalem, relations with the Assassins, finances, indulgences, transportation and the careers of the brothers and knights. The second and third sections move to the later Middle Ages, when the Hospitallers had their centre on Rhodes, and military and charitable activities in the East had to be supported with men and money from the West. The papers in the second section consider the Hospitallers on Rhodes, relations between Rhodes and the West and plans for crusades, while the third section includes papers on the Hospitallers in the Iberian Peninsula and in Hungary, the territorial administration of the Order of Montesa in Valencia, a plan to transfer the headquarters of the Teutonic Order from Prussia to Frisia, and a Hospitaller reconsideration of warfare and learning on the eve of the council of Trent. The final paper proposes new definitions and guidelines for future work on the military-religious orders.The authors include both well-known experts and younger scholars who promise to follow in the footsteps of Anthony Luttrell and to continue research into the Hospitallers and their fellow orders, these peculiar European communities avant la lettre.
obrazek The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World is the result of scholarly reassessments of the Crusades on the 900th anniversary of the appearance of crusading armies outside Nicaea. The views expressed here complement the considerable number of other examinations that focused on the internal, Western, aspects of the movement on the 900th anniversary of the Council of Clermont. The volume opens with an introduction to the historiography of the Crusades, followed by wide-ranging discussions covering four topics: holy war in Byzantium and Islam; the approaches and attitudes of the various peoples affected by and involved in the Crusades; the movement's effect on the economies of the eastern Mediterranean; and the influence of the Crusades on the art and architecture of the East. The essays in this volume demonstrate that there were, on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, rich, variegated, and important phenomena associated with the Crusades, and that a full understanding of the significance of the movement and its impact on both the East and West must take these phenomena into account. Angeliki E. Laiou is Dumbarton Oaks Professor of Byzantine History at Harvard University and a member of the Academy of Athens. Roy Parviz Mottahedeh is Gurney Professor of History at Harvard University. Illustration: St. Sergios, monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai (courtesy of the Michigan-Princeton-Alexandria Expedition to Mount Sinai)
obrazek In the wake of Jerusalem's fall in 1099, the crusading armies of western Christians known as the Franks found themselves governing not only Muslims and Jews but also local Christians, whose culture and traditions were a world apart from their own. The crusader-occupied swaths of Syria and Palestine were home to many separate Christian communities: Greek and Syrian Orthodox, Armenians, and other sects with sharp doctrinal differences. How did these disparate groups live together under Frankish rule? In The Crusades and the Christian World of the East, Christopher MacEvitt marshals an impressive array of literary, legal, artistic, and archeological evidence to demonstrate how crusader ideology and religious difference gave rise to a mode of coexistence he calls "rough tolerance." The twelfth-century Frankish rulers of the Levant and their Christian subjects were separated by language, religious practices, and beliefs. Yet western Christians showed little interest in such differences. Franks intermarried with local Christians and shared shrines and churches, but they did not hesitate to use military force against Christian communities. Rough tolerance was unlike other medieval modes of dealing with religious difference, and MacEvitt illuminates the factors that led to this striking divergence. "It is commonplace to discuss the diversity of the Middle East in terms of Muslims, Jews, and Christians," MacEvitt writes, "yet even this simplifies its religious complexity." While most crusade history has focused on Christian-Muslim encounters, MacEvitt offers an often surprising account by examining the intersection of the Middle Eastern and Frankish Christian worlds during the century of the First Crusade.
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obrazek I Faris, Nabih Amin. "Arab Culture in the Twelfth Century." 3-32 II Hitti, Philip Khuri. "The Impact of the Crusades on Moslem Lands." 33-58 III Prawer, Joshua. "Social Classes in the Crusader States: the 'Minorities.'" 59-116 IV Prawer, Joshua. "Social Classes in the Latin Kingdom: the Franks." 117-92 V Richard, Jean. "The Political and Ecclesiastical Organization of the Crusader States." 193-250 VI Richard, Jean. "Agricultural Conditions in the Crusader States." 251-95 VII Russell, Josiah C. "The Population of the Crusader States." 295-315 VIII Sterns, Indrikis. "The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States." 315-79 IX Robbert, Louise Buenger. "Venice and the Crusades." 379-451 X Baldwin, Marshall W. "Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries." 452-518
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obrazek I Wiruszowski, Helene. "The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades." 3-44 II Painter, Sidney. "The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus." 45-87 III Johnson, Edgar N. "The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI." 87-122 IV Hussey, Joan M. "Byzantium and the Crusades, 1081-1204." 123-54 V McNeal, Edgar H. and Robert Lee Wolf. "The Fourth Crusade." 153-87 VI Wolf, Robert Lee. "The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204-l261." 187-234 VII Longnon, Jean. "The Frankish States in Greece, 1204-1311." 235-76 VIII Evans, Austin P. "The Albigensian Crusade." 277-324 IX Zacour, Norman P. "The Children's Crusade." 325-43 X Strayer, Joseph R. "The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century." 343-77 XI Van Cleve, Thomas C. "The Fifth Crusade." 377-428 XII Van Cleve, Thomas C. "The Crusade of Frederick II." 429-63 XIII Painter, Sydney. "The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241." 463-87 XIV Strayer, Joseph R. "The Crusades of Louis IX." 487-521 XV Hardwicke, Mary Nickerson. "The Crusader States, 1192-1243." 522-56 XVI Runciman, Steven. "The Crusader States, 1243-1291." 557-99 XVII Furber, Elizabeth Chapin. "The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191-1291." 599-629 XVIII Der Nersessian, Sirarpie. "The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia." 630-60 XIX Cahen, Claude. "The Turks in Iran and Anatolia before the Mongol Invasions." 661-92 XX Gibb, Hamilton A. R.. "The Aiyubids." 693-714 XXI Cahen, Claude. "The Mongols and the Near East." 715-34 XXII Ziada, Mustafa M. "The Mamluk Sultans to 1293." 735-58
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