Walter Laqueur as been hailed as "one of our most distinguished scholars of modern European history" in the New York Times Book Review. Robert Byrnes, writing in the Journal of Modern History, called him "one of the most remarkable men in the Western world working in the field." Over a span of three decades, in books ranging from Russia and Germany to the recent Black Hundred, he has won a reputation as a major writer and a provocative thinker. Now he turns his attention to the greatest enigma of our time: the rise and fall of the Soviet Union.
In The Dream that Failed, Laqueur offers an authoritative assessment of the Soviet era--from the triumph of Lenin to the fall of Gorbachev. In the last three years, decades of conventional wisdom about the U.S.S.R. have been swept away, while a flood of evidence from Russian archives demands new thinking about old assumptions. Laqueur rises to the challenge with a critical inquiry conducted on a grand scale. He shows why the Bolsheviks won the struggle for power in 1917; how they captured the commitment of a young generation of Russians; why the idealism faded as Soviet power grew; how the system ultimately collapsed; and why Western experts have been so wrong about the Communist state. Always thoughtful and incisive, Laqueur reflects on the early enthusiasm of foreign observers and Bolshevik revolutionaries--then takes a piercing look at the totalitarian nature of the Soviet Union. We see how Communist society stagnated during the 1960s and '70s, as the economy wobbled to the brink; we also see how Western observers, from academic experts to CIA analysts, made wildly optimistic estimates of Moscow's economic and political strength. Just weeks before the U.S.S.R. disappeared from the earth, scholars were confidently predicting the survival of the Soviet Union. But in underscoring the rot and repression, he also notes that the Communist state did not necessarily have to fall when it did, and he examines the many factors behind the collapse (the pressure from Reagan's Star Wars arms program, for instance, and ethnic nationalism). Some of these same problems, he finds, continue to shape the future of Russia and the other successor states.
Only now, in the rubble of this lost empire, are we coming to grips with just how wrong our assumptions about the U.S.S.R. had been. In The Dream That Failed, an internationally renowned historian provides a new understanding of the Soviet experience, from the rise of Communism to its sudden fall. The result of years of research and reflection, it sheds fresh light on a central episode in our turbulent century.

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Walter Laqueur - The Dream that Failed, Reflection s on the Soviet Union (1996)(1).pdf

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Douglas Comish - A Long Way to Freedom (2004).jpg

A Long Way to Freedom is the story of one refugee family’s harrowing journey to safety, from a daring escape out of their own country, North Korea, to years of surviving their way over half a continent. This is a tale of bravery, great fortune, and also terrible failures and defeat. It is an epic adventure of love, violence, danger, true friendship, and betrayal. But it ultimately ends in success, and a hard earned victory over unbelievable odds.

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Douglas Comish - A Long Way to Freedom (2004).pdf

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Susan L. Carruthers - Cold War Captives, Imprisonm ent, Escape, and Brainwashing (2009).jpg

This provocative history of early cold war America recreates a time when World War III seemed imminent. Headlines were dominated by stories of Soviet slave laborers, brainwashed prisoners in Korea, and courageous escapees like Oksana Kasenkina who made a "leap for freedom" from the Soviet Consulate in New York. Full of fascinating and forgotten stories, Cold War Captives explores a central dimension of American culture and politics--the postwar preoccupation with captivity. "Menticide," the calculated destruction of individual autonomy, struck many Americans as a more immediate danger than nuclear annihilation. Drawing upon a rich array of declassified documents, movies, and reportage--from national security directives to films like The Manchurian Candidate--his book explores the ways in which east-west disputes over prisoners, repatriation, and defection shaped popular culture. Captivity became a way to understand everything from the anomie of suburban housewives to the "slave world" of drug addiction. Sixty years later, this era may seem distant. Yet, with interrogation techniques derived from America's communist enemies now being used in the "war on terror," the past remains powerfully present.

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Susan L. Carruthers - Cold War Captives, Imprisonm ent, Escape, and Brainwashing (2009).pdf

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James T. Andrews - Science for the Masses, The Bol shevik State, Public Science, and the Popular Imag ination in Soviet Russia, 1917-1934 (2003).jpg

Communism - James T. Andrews - Science for the Masses, The Bolshev... Popular Imagination in Soviet Russia, 1917-1934 2003.jpg

After the Bolshevik Revolution, Russia's new leaders recognized the tantamount importance of teaching science to the masses in order to spread enlightenment and reinforce the basic tenets of Marxism. However, it was not until the first Five Year Plan and the cultural revolution of 1928-32 that a radical break from Russia's tsarist past was marked. Here, James T. Andrews presents a comprehensive history of the early Bolshevik popularization of science in Russia and the former Soviet Union. Andrews Initially focuses on the growth of scientific societies in late Imperial Russia. Pre-Revolutionary science popularizers and associations continued to operate until 1928, their efforts appealing to the "popular Imagination" and resonating with the interests of average Russians. Sadly, after Stalin seized power, scientists were reduced to serving industry and the propagandistic ends of Stalinism. Andrews has mined materials from previously untouched Russian archives, newspapers, scientific journals of the era, and questionnaires to show how Soviet citizens shaped the programs of science popularizers and even the agendas of communists. Underscoring the need to take care when analyzing historical and political phenomena. Andrews concludes that nothing was simple or absolute in Soviet Russia.

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James T. Andrews - Science for the Masses, The Bol shevik State, Public Science, and the Popular Imag ination in Soviet Russia, 1917-1934 (2003).pdf

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Robert V. Daniels - The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia (2007).jpg

Distinguished historian of the Soviet period Robert V. Daniels offers a penetrating survey of the evolution of the Soviet system and its ideology. In a tightly woven series of analyses written during his career-long inquiry into the Soviet Union, Daniels explores the Soviet experience from Karl Marx to Boris Yeltsin and shows how key ideological notions were altered as Soviet history unfolded.
The book exposes a long history of American misunderstanding of the Soviet Union, leading up to the "grand surprise" of its collapse in 1991. Daniels's perspective is always original, and his assessments, some worked out years ago, are strikingly prescient in the light of post-1991 archival revelations. Soviet Communism evolved and decayed over the decades, Daniels argues, through a prolonged revolutionary process, combined with the challenges of modernization and the personal struggles between ideologues and power-grabbers.

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Robert V. Daniels - The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia (2007).pdf

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Mark Landsman - Dictatorship and Demand, The Polit ics of Consumerism in East Germany (2005).jpg

An investigation into the politics of consumerism in East Germany during the years between the Berlin Blockade of 1948-49 and the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, Dictatorship and Demand shows how the issue of consumption constituted a crucial battleground in the larger Cold War struggle.
Based on research in recently opened East German state and party archives, this book depicts a regime caught between competing pressures. While East Germany's leaders followed a Soviet model, which fetishized productivity in heavy industry and prioritized the production of capital goods over consumer goods, they nevertheless had to contend with the growing allure of consumer abundance in West Germany. The usual difficulties associated with satisfying consumer demand in a socialist economy acquired a uniquely heightened political urgency, as millions of East Germans fled across the open border.
A new vision of the East-West conflict emerges, one fought as much with washing machines, televisions, and high fashion as with political propaganda, espionage, and nuclear weapons. Dictatorship and Demand deepens our understanding of the Cold War.

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Mark Landsman - Dictatorship and Demand, The Polit ics of Consumerism in East Germany (2005).pdf

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Jeffrey J. Rossman - Worker Resistance under Stali n, Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor (2005).jpg

Challenging the claim that workers supported Stalin's revolution "from above" as well as the assumption that working-class opposition to a workers' state was impossible, Jeffrey Rossman shows how a crucial segment of the Soviet population opposed the authorities during the critical industrializing period of the First Five-Year Plan.
Marshaling an impressive range of archival evidence, Rossman recounts in vivid detail myriad individual and collective acts of protest, including mass demonstrations, food riots, strikes, slowdowns, violent attacks against officials, and subversive letters to the authorities. Male and female workers in one of Russia's oldest, largest, and "reddest" manufacturing centers--the textile plants of the Ivanovo Industrial Region--actively resisted Stalinist policies that consigned them to poverty, illness, and hunger.
In April 1932, 20,000 mill workers across the region participated in a wave of strikes. Seeing the event as a rebuke to his leadership, Stalin dispatched Lazar Kaganovich to quash the rebellion, resulting in bloodshed and repression. Moscow was forced to respond to the crisis on the nation's shop floors with a series of important reforms.
Rossman uncovers a new dimension to the relationship between the Soviet leadership and working class and makes an important contribution to the debate about the nature of resistance to the Stalinist regime.

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Jeffrey J. Rossman - Worker Resistance under Stali n, Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor (2005).pdf

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Robert Weinberg, Bradley Berman - Stalin's Forgott en Zion, Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Je wish Homeland, An Illustrated History, 1928-1996 (1998).jpg

Communism - Robert Weinberg, Bradley Berman - Stalins Forgotten Zi...wish Homeland, An Illustrated History, 1928-1996 1998.jpg

Robert Weinberg and Bradley Berman's carefully documented and extensively illustrated book explores the Soviet government's failed experiment to create a socialist Jewish homeland. In 1934 an area popularly known as Birobidzhan, a sparsely populated region along the Sino-Soviet border some five thousand miles east of Moscow, was designated the national homeland of Soviet Jewry. Establishing the Jewish Autonomous Region was part of the Kremlin's plan to create an enclave where secular Jewish culture rooted in Yiddish and socialism could serve as an alternative to Palestine. The Kremlin also considered the region a solution to various perceived problems besetting Soviet Jews. Birobidzhan still exists today, but despite its continued official status Jews are a small minority of the inhabitants of the region. Drawing upon documents from archives in Moscow and Birobidzhan, as well as photograph collections never seen outside Birobidzhan, Weinberg's story of the Soviet Zion sheds new light on a host of important historical and contemporary issues regarding Jewish identity, community, and culture. Given the persistence of the "Jewish question" in Russia, the history of Birobidzhan provides an unusual point of entry into examining the fate of Soviet Jewry under communist rule.

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Robert Weinberg, Bradley Berman - Stalin's Forgott en Zion, Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Je wish Homeland, An Illustrated History, 1928-1996 (1998).rar

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Zhores Medvedev, Roy Medvedev - The Unknown Stalin , His Life, Death, and Legacy (2003).jpg

Except for Hitler, perhaps no 20th-century historical figure has more speculation swirling about him than Stalin. But this work by two former Soviet dissidents only partially clears the mist. The work is no chronological biography; instead, it is organized thematically, making it difficult for those unfamiliar with the issues. Another of the book's weaknesses is that some of the legends the authors debunk, such as the charge that Stalin was poisoned, are not widely believed in the West. Despite these flaws, there's a lot of fascinating material. Not surprisingly, since Zhores Medvedev (The Legacy of Chernobyl) is a former Soviet scientist, much of it has to do with Stalin's attitude toward science. The authors (Roy wrote Let History Judge) show how Stalin was at heart a scientific totalitarian-he was willing to modify his view of science if it served his purposes, but unwilling to open up science to outside forces. Instead, as he did in other aspects of Soviet life, Stalin changed his views on science to purge political opponents who might threaten his power base. The authors also detail a little-known nuclear accident in 1951, arguing convincingly that the toll from the accident at Chelyabinsk-40 (the actual number of whose victims is still unknown) was made worse because the officials chose a "course of action that would demand considerable human sacrifice." As others have emphasized, human sacrifice was the norm during the Stalinist era. But there's not enough new here to attract those who are not scholars or those already intrigued by Stalin's life.

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Zhores Medvedev, Roy Medvedev - The Unknown Stalin , His Life, Death, and Legacy (2003).pdf

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Alexei B. Kojevnikov - Stalin's Great Science, The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists (2004).jpg

World-class science and technology developed in the Soviet Union during Stalin's dictatorial rule under conditions of political violence, lack of international contacts, and severe restrictions on the freedom of information. Stalin's Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists is an invaluable book that investigates this paradoxical success by following the lives and work of Soviet scientists - including Nobel Prize-winning physicists Kapitza, Landau, and others - throughout the turmoil of wars, revolutions, and repression that characterized the first half of Russia's twentieth century. The book examines how scientists operated within the Soviet political order, communicated with Stalinist politicians, built a new system of research institutions, and conducted groundbreaking research under extraordinary circumstances. Some of their novel scientific ideas and theories reflected the influence of Soviet ideology and worldview and have since become accepted universally as fundamental concepts of contemporary science. In the process of making sense of the achievements of Soviet science, the book dismantles standard assumptions about the interaction between science, politics, and ideology, as well as many dominant stereotypes - mostly inherited from the Cold War - about Soviet history in general. Science and technology were not only granted unprecedented importance in Soviet society, but they also exerted a crucial formative influence on the Soviet political system itself. Unlike most previous studies, Stalin's Great Science recognizes the status of science as an essential element of the Soviet polity and explores the nature of a special relationship between experts (scientists and engineers) and communist politicians that enabled the initial rise of the Soviet state and its mature accomplishments, until the pact eroded in later years, undermining the communist regime from within.

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Alexei B. Kojevnikov - Stalin's Great Science, The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists (2004).pdf

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Bart Hendrickx, Bert Vis - Energiya-Buran, The Sov iet Space Shuttle (2007).jpg

In Energiya-Buran: the Soviet Space Shuttle, the authors describe the long development path of the Soviet space shuttle system, consisting of the Energiya rocket and the Buran orbiter. The program eventually saw just one unmanned flight in November 1988 before the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union sealed its fate.
After a Foreword provided by lead Buran test pilot Igor Volk, the authors look at the experience gradually accumulated in high-speed aeronautics with the development of various Soviet rocket planes and intercontinental cruise missiles between the 1930s to 1950s and the study of several small spaceplanes in the 1960s. Next the authors explain how the perceived military threat of the US Space Shuttle led to the decision in February 1976 to build a Soviet equivalent, and explore the evolution of the design until it was frozen in 1979. Following this is a detailed technical description of both Energiya and Buran and a look at nominal flight scenarios and emergency situations, highlighting similarities and differences with the US Space Shuttle.
The authors then expand on the managerial aspects of the Energiya-Buran program, sum up the main design bureaus and production facilities involved in the project and describe the infrastructure needed to transport the hardware and prepare it for launch at the Baikonur cosmodrome. They go on to detail the selection and training of teams of civilian and military test pilots for Buran, crew assignments for the first manned missions and preparatory flights aboard Soyuz spacecraft.
Next the focus turns to the extensive test program that preceded the first flight of Buran, notably the often trouble-plagued test firings of rocket engines, the first flight of Energiya with the enigmatic Polyus payload, test flights of subscale models and atmospheric approach and landing tests. After an analysis of Western speculation on the Soviet space shuttle effort in the pre-glasnost era, a detailed account is given of final preparations for the maiden flight of Buran and the mission itself.
In the final chapters the authors look at the gradual demise of the project in the early 1990s, the fate of the Soviet orbiters and their cosmodrome infrastructure, cancelled missions, and the many planned derivatives of the Energiya rocket. Attention is also paid to technological spin-offs such as the Zenit and Sea Launch projects and the RD-180 and RD-191 rocket engines. Finally, an overview is given of alternative spaceplane proposals during and after the Buran era, including the MAKS air-launched spaceplane, the Kliper spacecraft and various single-stage-to-orbit systems.
The book closes off with key specifications of the Energiya-Buran system, short biographies of the Buran pilots, an extensive list of Russian acronyms, a short bibliographical essay and a detailed index. Based largely on Russian sources, it is richly illustrated with some 250 pictures and diagrams.
Although Energiya-Buran was primarily a program of unfulfilled promises and shattered dreams, it represented a major technological breakthrough for the Soviet Union and its story deserves to be told.

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Bart Hendrickx, Bert Vis - Energiya-Buran, The Sov iet Space Shuttle (2007).pdf

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Brian Harvey - Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploratio n (2007).jpg

When, in July 1969, the Americans decisively beat the Soviet Union in the race to put an astronaut on the moon, this event had profound historical, scientific and political implications. This book tells the story of the Soviet and Russian lunar programme, from its origins to the reconsideration of a lunar programme in the present-day federal Russian space programme. Following Sputnik, the first Soviet lunar flights achieved the key goals of hitting, circling and photographing the moon in 1959. The Soviet Union planned to achieve the biggest prize of them all –the first person to land on the moon – and built all the key spaceships required to do so, such as a lunar orbiter and lander. Brian Harvey describes the techniques devised by the USSR for lunar landing, from the LK lunar module to the LOK lunar orbiter and tested versions in Earth orbit. He asks whether these systems would have worked and, examining how well they were tested, concludes that they would have: the Soviet Union lost the moon race for political, not technical reasons. Designs for moon bases were even drawn up. In the end, the Soviet Union ran an impressive series of robotic missions from 1968 to 1976 to circle the moon, map the far side, conduct scientific observations from orbit, recover samples and rove over the surface. The scientific haul from these missions is surveyed: what was actually learned about the moon, its rocks and the lunar environment, that will be useful for the present plans by the United States to return to the moon and for other countries, such as India and China, to conduct their own lunar exploration.

The book opens in Surgut, Siberia, in August 1976, with a largely forgotten event: the return to Earth after a three-day journey from the moon, under a single parachute, of the tiny Luna 24 cabin, with a core sample drilled deep into the Sea of Crises, a remarkable scientific and engineering achievement. It ends with an examination of projected missions, from plans to explore the far side and set up lunar observatories to the Luna Glob explorer of the 1990s. There is also discussion of lunar tourism, using a modernized version of the Zond spacecraft which flew around the moon from1968 to 1970.

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Brian Harvey - Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploratio n (2007).pdf

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Bulent Gokay - Soviet Eastern Policy and Turkey, 1 920-1991 (2006).jpg

Gokay provides an enlightening book that traces the relationship between the Soviet Union and Turkey on the one hand, and the Soviet Union and the Turkish Communist Party on the other, from the consolidation of the communist regime in Moscow until its fall. The book considers how 'Soviet Eastern Policy' was formed, how it changed over time, what the Soviet leaders hoped to gain in Turkey, and what impact Soviet policy had on the development of the Turkish communist movement. It is a valuable resource for students and scholars with an interest in Russian and Soviet politics and international relations.

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Bulent Gokay - Soviet Eastern Policy and Turkey, 1 920-1991 (2006).pdf

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Dick Combs - Inside the Soviet Alternate Universe, The Cold War's End and the Soviet Union's Fall Re appraised (2008).jpg

Communism - Dick Combs - Inside the Soviet Alternate Universe, The... Wars End and the Soviet Unions Fall Reappraised 2008.jpg

"Richard Combs was by training and experience a leading analyst of Soviet doctrine and behavior within the U.S. from the early 1960s until the late 1990s. His book combines scholarly exegesis with historical narrative. It will interest anyone seeking to make sense of the sudden collapse of the Soviet state. Its account of decision-making and advocacy within the Department of State and the National Security Council is equally compelling. In short, Mr. Combs has made a significant contribution to the international history of the twentieth century."—Richard H. Ullman, David K.E. Bruce Professor of International Affairs, Emeritus, Princeton University
“Synthesizing memoir, history, and policy analysis, Dick Combs’s book combines an instructive inside account of a high-ranking American diplomat’s years in the Soviet Union with a critical analysis of the evolution of Soviet thinking about world affairs. It also analyzes American thinking about the USSR and applies the lessons of all this to understand post-Soviet Russian politics and foreign policy, and American misperceptions thereof.”
—William Taubman, Amherst College
Much ink has been spilled by scholars, journalists, and former government officials from both the United States and the Soviet Union in efforts to explain how the Cold War came to an end and the Soviet system collapsed. Yet little consensus has emerged regarding these historic events. In this unique contribution to the debate, Dick Combs brings his many years of experience as academic researcher, policy analyst, and government insider to bear on these questions and finds the answer primarily in the destabilizing impact of Mikhail Gorbachev’s effort to modernize the Kremlin’s Stalinist mind-set.
Part I of the book sets the stage by affording the reader an “existential feel for the reality, including the psychological atmosphere, of Soviet communism” in everyday life as the author himself experienced it while serving as a young diplomat in the U.S. legation in Sofia, Bulgaria, in the late 1960s and later during eight years of diplomatic service at the U.S. embassy in Moscow. Part II then builds on this direct exposure to the Soviet mind-set to develop an analytical perspective on the causes for the Cold War’s end and the USSR’s disintegration as arising “essentially from Gorbachev’s attempt to reform the regime’s official conception of governance” once the Stalinist fixation on international class struggle had proven no longer viable as a basic rationale for policy making. Part III, finally, deploys this perspective to explain the unfolding of events that led to the ending of the Cold War and the demise of the Soviet system, to reveal the relationship between the two, to point out the relevance of this explanation to current U.S. foreign policy, and to show how it can help us better understand what is happening in today’s Russia.

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Dick Combs - Inside the Soviet Alternate Universe, The Cold War's End and the Soviet Union's Fall Re appraised (2008).pdf

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Pier Horensma - The Soviet Arctic (1991).jpg

As the Antarctic Treaty comes up for renewal and global warming increasingly becomes a reality, the polar regions have become the focus of renewed interest. Western policy in the Arctic regions has been well documented, but little is known of traditional Soviet policy in this area. The Soviet Arctic is the first book to consider Soviet policy in this region from a historical point of view. Pier Horensma analyzes the relationship between historic legacies and current Soviet Arctic policy, with particular emphasis on the Stalin period. The book also considers the international implications of Soviet policy and the effects of technological advance.

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Pier Horensma - The Soviet Arctic (1991).pdf

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jacek_040 napisano 7.07.2023 12:53

JEŻELI ZNALAZŁEŚ U MNIE PLIK KTÓRY NIE SPEŁNIA OCZEKIWAŃ, NIE JEST ZGODNY Z OPISEM, DAJ KOMENTARZ, OCEŃ NEGATYWNIE I NAJLEPIEJ OPISZ GO W CHOMIKOWYCH ROZMOWACH. Może się tak zdarzyć, gdyż większość plików jest zachomikowana z innych chomików i nie była sprawdzona. Jeżeli tylko znajdę plik "fake", to go kasuję.

KevinPL6839 napisano 22.12.2024 05:04

Zapraszam

djsebabmw napisano 16.03.2025 05:42

dziala jak najardziej na Mio P560 mozna ze zwyklym Patcher 3.4.2 na Laptopie dziala rowniez Wystarczy podmienic plik mapy na ten z Katalogu EU (wczytaj mape) Prawdziwa mapa Dziala Dziekuje KOLEZKO

drozda123 napisano 5.04.2025 17:18

hasło

tedy1969 napisano 12.06.2025 19:13

nie działa

Stanmeyer napisano 13.08.2025 18:51

Działa. Należy postępować dokładnie wg. instrukcji.

d_mark napisano 15.08.2025 23:45

Nie pobierać. Nie działa GPS. Nie wgrywają się mapy. Cały czas wyświetla błąd nr 9. I nic nie pomaga. Musiałem wrócić do starego programu 6.11. Transfer poszedł się yebac

sumowo napisano 31.10.2025 09:57

to są puste foldery

tomaszch71 napisano 30.11.2025 08:45

jakie chaslo

Musisz się zalogować by móc dodawać nowe wiadomości do tego Chomika.