Europe became a land of cities during the last millennium. The story told in this book begins with North Sea and Mediterranean traders sailing away from Dorestad and Amalfi, and with warrior kings building castles to fortify their conquests. It tells of the dynamism of textile towns in Flanders and Ireland. While London and Hamburg flourished by reaching out to the world and once vibrant Spanish cities slid into somnlence, a Russian urban network slowly grew to rival that of the West. Later as the tide of industrialization swept over Europe, the most intense urban striving and then settled back into the merchant cities and baroque capitals of an earlier era.
By tracing the large-scale precesses of social, economic, and political change within cities, as well as the evolving relationships between town and country and between city and city, the authors present an original synthsis of European urbanization within a global context. They divide their study into three time periods, making the early modern era much more than a mere transition from preindustrial to industrial economies. Through both general analyzes and incisive case studies, Hohenberg and Lees show how cities originated and what conditioned their early development and later growth. How did urban activity respond to demographic and techological changes? Did the social consequences of urban life begin degradation or inspire integration and cultural renewal? New analytical tools suggested by a systems view of urban relations yield a vivid dual picture of cities both as elements in a regional and national heirarchy of central places and also as junctions in a transnational network for the exchange of goods, information, and influence.
A lucid text is supplemented by numerous maps, illustrations, figures, and tables, and by substantial bibliography. Both a general and a scholarly audience will find this book engrossing reading.

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Paul Hohenberg, Lynn Lees - The Making of Urban Eu rope, 1000-1994 (1995).pdf

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Bashford Dean - Helmets and Body Armor in Modern W arfare (1920).jpg

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Bashford Dean - Helmets and Body Armor in Modern W arfare (1920).pdf

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Jeffrey Szuchman - Nomads, Tribes, and the State i n the Ancient Near East (2009).jpg

For decades, scholars have struggled to understand the complex relationship between pastoral nomadic tribes and sedentary peoples of the Near East. The Oriental Institute's fourth annual post-doc seminar (March 7-8, 2008), Nomads, Tribes, and the State in the Ancient Near East, brought together archaeologists, historians, and anthropologists to discuss new approaches to enduring questions in the study of nomadic peoples, tribes, and states of the past: What social or political bonds link tribes and states? Could nomadic tribes exhibit elements of urbanism or social hierarchies? How can the tools of historical, archaeological, and ethnographic research be integrated to build a dynamic picture of the social landscape of the Near East? This volume presents a range of data and theoretical perspectives from a variety of regions and periods, including prehistoric Iran, ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, seventh-century Arabia, and nineteenth-century Jordan.

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Jeffrey Szuchman - Nomads, Tribes, and the State i n the Ancient Near East (2009).pdf

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Margaret Schaus - Women and Gender in Medieval Eur ope, An Encyclopedia (2006).jpg

From women's medicine and the writings of Christine de Pizan to the lives of market and tradeswomen and the idealization of virginity, gender and social status dictated all aspects of women's lives during the middle ages.

A cross-disciplinary resource, Women and Gender in Medieval Europe examines the daily reality of medieval women from all walks of life in Europe between 450 CE and 1500 CE, i.e., from the fall of the Roman Empire to the discovery of the Americas. Moving beyond biographies of famous noble women of the middles ages, the scope of this important reference work is vast and provides a comprehensive understanding of medieval women's lives and experiences. Masculinity in the middle ages is also addressed to provide important context for understanding women's roles. Entries that range from 250 words to 4,500 words in length thoroughly explore topics in the following areas:

· · Art and Architecture
· Countries, Realms, and Regions
· Daily Life
· Documentary Sources
· Economics
· Education and Learning
· Gender and Sexuality
· Historiography
· Law
· Literature
· Medicine and Science
· Music and Dance
· Persons
· Philosophy
· Politics
· Political Figures
· Religion and Theology
· Religious Figures
· Social Organization and Status

Written by renowned international scholars, Women and Gender in Medieval Europe is the latest in the Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Easily accessible in an A-to-Z format, students, researchers, and scholars will find this outstanding reference work to be an invaluable resource on women in Medieval Europe.

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Michael Frassetto - Encyclopedia of Barbarian Euro pe, Society in Transformation (2003).jpg

In this encyclopedia, the phrase barbarian Europe is used in place of what was once designated the Dark Ages. Current research, reflected in abundance in this work, shows that the latter term was an erroneous euphemism--rather, the period of European history that roughly begins with the fall of the western Roman Empire and ends with the fall of the Carolingians should be seen as one of transition, when the seeds of the modern nation-state were sown.

In more than 200 entries, Frassetto, a medieval scholar, delves into the research that places barbarian Europe in this new context. From the standard references such as Charlemagne and the Battle of Poitiers to the less familiar (but no less important) Judith (mother of Charles the Bald) and Witenagemot (general council of the Anglo-Saxon kings), this work addresses the idea of transition in an informative, easy-to-read manner. There is a special focus on the roles played by women and on the social and cultural context of this period. For example, there are entries for Education and learning and Family.

The work opens with an essay on the historiography of the time period showing how current scholarship has encouraged the new perspective. This is followed by a historical overview of the years under consideration. A detailed chronology takes the reader from 305 C.E. (the retirement of Emperors Diocletian and Maximian) to 1,000 C.E. (the writing of Beowulf). Each entry is cross-referenced and has a list of further readings. A worthy bibliography also draws out some of the themes of the work.

This is an excellent addition to reference collections. Although some of the same topics are covered in reference sources on the Middle Ages, this is the only volume that focuses entirely on the barbarian period. It is recommended for public and academic libraries.

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Michael Frassetto - Encyclopedia of Barbarian Euro pe, Society in Transformation (2003).chm

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P. Crabtree - Medieval Archaeology, An Encyclopedi a (2000).jpg

This is the first reference work to cover the archaeology of medieval Europe. No other reference can claim such comprehensive coverage -- from Ireland to Russia and from Scandinavia to Italy, the archaeology of the entirety of medieval Europe is discussed.
With coverage ranging from the fall of the western Roman empire in the 5th century CE through the end of the high Middle Ages in 1500 CE, Medieval Archaeology: An Encyclopedia answers the needs of medieval scholars from a variety of backgrounds, including archaeologists, historians and classicists. Featuring over 150 entries by an international team of leading archaeologists, this unique reference is soundly based on the most important developments and scholarship in this rapidly growing field.
Entries include: boat-building * jewelry * Medieval London * Medieval Paris * Scotland in the Dark Ages * Trondheim, Norway * Bohemia: Early Medieval Villages * Dress Accessories * Early Slav Culture * Iron Age * Normandy: Castles and Fortified Residences * Scotland: Early Royal Sites * Shipbuilding * Trelleborg Fortress * Vikings * Visigoths * Wales: Medieval Settlement and many more.

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P. Crabtree - Medieval Archaeology, An Encyclopedi a (2000).pdf

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Paul Johnson - Intellectuals (1988).jpg

Conservative historian Paul Johnson wears his ideology proudly on his sleeve in this often ruthless dissection of the thinkers and artists who (in his view) have shaped modern Western culture, having replaced some 200 years ago "the old clerisy as the guides and mentors of mankind." Taking on the likes of Karl Marx, Bertrand Russell, Lillian Hellman, and Noam Chomsky in turn, Johnson examines one idol after another and finds them all to have feet of clay. In his account, for instance, Ernest Hemingway emerges as an artistic hero who labored endlessly to forge a literary style unmistakably his own, but also as a deeply flawed man whose concern for the perfect phrase did not carry over to a concern for the women who loved him. Gossipy and sharply opinionated, Johnson's essay in cultural history spares no one.

Does it really matter that Henrik Ibsen was vain and arrogant, that Jean-Paul Sartre was incontinent? In Johnson's view, it does: these all-too-human foibles disqualify them, and other thinkers, from presuming to criticize the shortcomings of society. "Beware intellectuals," he concludes (though, given the subjects of his book, it seems he means intellectuals only of the left). "Not only should they be kept well away from the levers of power, they should also be objects of particular suspicion when they seek to offer collective advice." Whether one agrees or not, Johnson's profiles are frequently amusing and illuminating, as when he suggests that the only proletarian Karl Marx ever knew in person was the poor maid who worked for him for decades and was never paid, except in room and board, for her labors.

Contents
1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: 'An Interesting Madman'
2 Shelley, or the Heartlessness of Ideas
3 Karl Marx: 'Howling Gigantic Curses'
4 Henrik Ibsen: 'On the Contrary!'
5 Tolstoy: God's Elder Brother
6 The Deep Waters of Ernest Hemingway
7 Bertolt Brecht: Heart of Ice
8 Bertrand Russell: A Case of Logical Fiddlesticks
9 Jean-Paul Sartre: 'A Little Ball of Fur and Ink'
10 Edmund Wilson: A Brand from the Burning
11 The Troubled Conscience of Victor Gollancz
12 Lies, Damned Lies and Lillian Hellman
13 The Flight of Reason
George Orwell
Evelyn Waugh
Cyril Connolly
Norman Mailer
Kenneth Peacock Tynan
Rainer Werner Fassbinder
James Baldwin
Noam Chomsky
Notes
Index

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Paul Johnson - Historia Anglików (1995).jpg

Historia Anglików to spojrzenie wstecz na dwa tysiące lat angielskiej historii, które umożliwiło Paulowi Johnsonowi przeprowadzenie nowej, radykalnej interpretacji dziejów Wyspiarzy. Emocjonalne podejście do opisywanych wydarzeń, potoczysty styl, celne, choć często kontrowersyjne sądy - wszystkie zalety pisarstwa Johnsona - sprawiły, że książka ta wzbudziła ogromne zainteresowanie czytelników, a przy tym wywołała wiele polemik.

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Anthony J. Spalinger - War in Ancient Egypt, The N ew Kingdom (2005).jpeg

This book is an introduction to the war machine of New Kingdom Egypt from c. 1575 bc–1100 bc.
Focuses on the period in which the Egyptians created a professional army and gained control of Syria, creating an “Empire of Asia”.
Written by a respected Egyptologist.
Highlights new technological developments, such as the use of chariots and siege technology.
Considers the socio-political aspects of warfare, particularly the rise to power of a new group of men.
Evaluates the military effectiveness of the Egyptian state, looking at the logistics of warfare during this period.
Incorporates maps and photographs, a chronological table, and a chart of dynasties and pharaohs

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Anthony J. Spalinger - War in Ancient Egypt, The N ew Kingdom (2005).pdf

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Liba Taub - Ancient Meteorology (2003).jpg

Ancient Meteorology discusses Greek and Roman approaches and attitudes to this broad discipline, which in classical antiquity included not only "weather", but occurrences such as earthquakes and comets that today would be regarded as geological, astronomical or seismological.
Given the predominance of farming in ancient society, it is not surprising that so much was written about the prediction and explanation of weather and how to respond to its cruelties and kindnesses. But the study of ancient meteorology was not only a practical matter. Poets, philosophers and physicians were also concerned with meteorology, posing important questions about the nature of the world and how we understand it, about the unity and character of the cosmos, and about the relationship between meteorology and the divine.
The author discusses the variety of ancient texts which communicate meteorological and scientific ideas, from Homeric epic and the didactic poetry of Hesiod, Aratus and Lucretius, to works such as Aristotle's Meteorology, the Hippocratic medical treatise on Airs, Waters, Places and Seneca's Natural Questions. The range and diversity of this literature highlights the question of scholarly authority in antiquity and illustrates how writers responded to the meteorological information presented by their literary predecessors.
The first book of its kind in English, Ancient Meteorology will be a valuable reference tool for classicists and those with an interest in the history of science.

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Liba Taub - Ancient Meteorology (2003).pdf

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S. Cuomo - Ancient Mathematics (2001).jpg

It covers the period between the fifth-century BCE to the sixth-century CE and such topics as mathematics and politics in classical Greece, the formation of mathematical traditions, and mathematics and Christianity.

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S. Cuomo - Ancient Mathematics (2001).pdf

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Donald Quataert - Ottoman Empire 1700-1922 (2005).jpg

This major new survey of the Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, strikes a balance among social, economic, and political history. The book examines the major trends during the latter years of the empire; it pays attention to gender issues and to hotly-debated topics such as the treatment of minorities. Donald Quataert, a distinguished Ottoman scholar, has written a lively, authoritative and accessible introduction, supported by maps, illustrations and a chronology, which will be of enormous value to students and nonspecialists alike.

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Donald Quataert - Ottoman Empire 1700-1922 (2005).pdf

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Norman Yoffee - Myths of the archaic state (2004).jpg

Classical archaeology promotes the view that a state's evolution reflects general, universal forces. Norman Yoffee challenges the model in this book by presenting more complex and multi-linear models for the evolution of civilizations. Yoffee questions the definition of the prehistoric state, particularly that which heralds "the chiefdom" as the forerunner of the ancient state and explores case studies on the role of women in ancient societies.

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Norman Yoffee - Myths of the archaic state (2004).pdf

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Robert Hannah - Time in Antiquity (2009).jpg

Time in Antiquity explores the different perceptions of time from Classical antiquity, principally through the technology designed to measure, mark or tell time. The material discussed ranges from the sixth century BC in archaic Greece to the 3rd century AD in the Roman Empire, and offers fascinating insights into ordinary people’s perceptions of time and time-keeping instruments.

Cosmic time is defined, as expressed through the movements of the sun, moon and stars in themselves or against the backdrop of the natural landscape. Robert Hannah subsequently discusses calendars, artificial schedules designed to mark time through the year, with particular attention being given to an analysis of the Antikythera Mechanism – the most complex, geared, astronomical instrument surviving from antiquity, and the object of exciting recent scientific studies.

At the core of the book is an analysis of the development of sundial technology, from elementary human shadow-casting to the well-known spherical, conical and plane sundials of antiquity. The science behind these sundials, as well as other means of measuring time, such as water clocks, is explained in simple and clear terms. The use of the built environment as a means of marking time is also examined through a case study of the Pantheon in Rome. The impact of these various instruments on ordinary human life is highlighted throughout, as are ordinary perceptions of time in everyday life.

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Osprey - Essential Histories 58 - Peter Gaunt - Th e English Civil Wars 1642-1651 (2003).jpg

The period 1642-1651, one of the most turbulent in the history of mainland Britian, saw the country torn by civil wars. Focusing on the English and Welsh wars this book examines the causes, course and consequences of the conflicts. While offering a concise military account that assesses the wars in their national, regional and local contexts, Dr Gaunt provides a full appraisal of the severity of the wars and the true extent of the impact on civilian life, highlighting areas of continued historical debate. The personal experiences and biographies of key players are also included in this comprehensive and fascinating account.

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Andrew Bevan - Stone Vessels and Values in the Bro nze Age Mediterranean (2008).jpg

The societies that developed in the eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age produced the most prolific and diverse range of stone vessel traditions known at any time or anywhere in the world. Stone vessels are therefore a key class of artifact in the early history of this region. In this book, Andrew Bevan considers individual stone vessel industries in great detail. He also offers a highly comparative and value-led perspective on production, consumption and exchange logics throughout the eastern Mediterranean over a period of two millennia during the Bronze Age (ca. 3000-1200 BC).

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Virginia Zimmerman - Excavating Victorians (2007).jpg

Excavating Victorians examines nineteenth-century Britain's reaction to the revelations about time and natural history provided by the new sciences of geology and archaeology. The Victorians faced one of the greatest paradigm shifts in history: the bottom dropped out of time, and they had to reinvent their relationship to the earth and to time and history. These new sciences took the Victorians by storm, inundating them with fossils, skeletal remains, and potsherds--artifacts, or traces, that served at once as relics from the past, objects in the present, and markers of time's passage. Virginia Zimmerman explores how the Victorians utilized a nexus of literature, excavation, and reflections on time to ease anxieties about the individual's fate in the face of time's overwhelming expanse. The function of artifacts is also considered through careful readings of Tennyson's The Princess and Dickens's Little Dorrit and Our Mutual Friend. Zimmerman shows how these literary works make use of the language, tropes, and even generic conventions of excavation, and how they participate in the effort to rescue the individual from temporal insignificance. "This book is a sheer pleasure to read. Zimmerman has crafted an important and genuinely intriguing interpretation of the relationship between literature, geology, and archaeology in the period when these new sciences came into their own as separate disciplines. Zimmerman brings to her interpretations an impressive knowledge of many now forgotten episodes in the history of science. She examines a wide range of works and finds elegant and convincing ways to make them speak to each other.

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Virginia Zimmerman - Excavating Victorians (2007).pdf

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D. M. Palliser - The Cambridge Urban History of Br itain, Volume 1, 600-1540 (2001).jpg

The first volume of The Cambridge Urban History surveys the history of British towns from their post-Roman origins in the seventh century down to the sixteenth century. It provides the first detailed overview of the course of medieval urban development, and draws on archaeological and architectural as well as historical sources. The volume combines thematic analysis with regional and national surveys, with full coverage of developments in England, Scotland and Wales, and the whole represents a major step forward in the understanding of the medieval British town.

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D. M. Palliser - The Cambridge Urban History of Br itain, Volume 1, 600-1540 (2001).rar

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