A great civilization that grew up around the Nile River, ancient Egypt had sophisticated irrigation systems that held back the desert, writing and recordkeeping that tracked every event in the region, and some of the greatest architects and engineers the world has ever seen. This revised edition of Empire of Ancient Egypt sorts through the myths of popular culture and contradictory historical evidence to give a clear, detailed picture of the life and history of the ancient Egyptians. It explains why religion played such an important part in Egyptian politics, who stood atop the Egyptian social pyramid, what games Egyptian children played, and why Egypt eventually succumbed to the Roman Empire. Connections to our modern world include everything from licorice, cosmetics, and the domesticated cat to architecture, farming practices, and baseball.

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Great Empires of the Past - Wendy Christensen - Em pire of Ancient Egypt (2005).pdf

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Arthur Goldschmit Jr. - A Brief History of Egypt ( 2008).jpg

Egypt ranks high among the countries of the world in its longevity as a civilization, the role it has played in history, and its strategic location. It is known, in part, for its historic influence over other civilizations and countries. This includes that of pharaonic Egypt on the ancient Hebrews, Mesopotamians, and Syrians and on classical Greece and Rome. Egypt has also figured prominently in the history of Islam. Modern Egypt is the most populous Arab state, and it has led the Arabs in education, literature, music, architecture, cinema, radio, and television. Its capital, Cairo, is the largest city in Africa and in the Arab world, and it hosts the headquarters of the Arab League. There are few, if any, Middle Eastern political issues - from the War on Terrorism to the Arab-Israeli conflict - that can be addressed without considering Egypt.

While most readers are familiar with at least some aspects of ancient Egyptian history, contemporary Egypt and its connections to its ancient roots are not always well understood. A Brief History of Egypt explores Egypt's broad political, economic, social, and cultural developments, from the mighty civilization of the past to the diverse cultural and political landscape of today, covering almost 6,000 years of history in a clear and concise manner.

About the Author:
Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. is professor emeritus of Middle East history at Penn State University

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Arthur Goldschmit Jr. - A Brief History of Egypt ( 2008).pdf

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John C. H. Laughlin - Fifty Major Cities of the Bi ble (2006).jpg

From the ruins of the ancient seaside city of Acco, to the small but archaeologically important town of Yokneam, Fifty Major Cities of the Bible provides readers with a comprehensive guide to the ancient cities that played a vital role in the world from which the Bible originated.

Included are not only well known cities such as Jerusalem and Jericho, but also lesser known towns like Aroer, Beth-Zur and Gibeah, which have all provided their own valuable contributions to the way in which we now understand the biblical world.

This book Includes the biblical context of each city or town; a summary of its known archaeological history; non-biblical references to the site; photographs and illustrations; a concise bibliography for further reading

Also provided is a handy reference map to the major archaeological sites in Israel, as well as chronological tables for easy reference.

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John C. H. Laughlin - Fifty Major Cities of the Bi ble (2006).pdf

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Medieval Finds from Excavations in London, No 1 - J. Cowgill, M. de Neergaard, N. Griffiths - Knives and Scabbards (1987).jpg

Historia2 - Medieval Finds from Excavations in London, No 1 - J. C...de Neergaard, N. Griffiths - Knives and Scabbards 1987.jpg

Knives were vital to medieval man for a whole range of uses, from the domestic to the wider social context: Anglo-Saxon pre-Christian burials bear silent witness to this dependence in the many cases where knives are found among the grave-goods. Forged and hafted with great skill, sometimes with elaborately decorated scabbards, knives are of intrinsic fascination, besides being indicators of the popular artistic tastes of the time.This book catalogues, discusses and illustrates over five hundred knives, scabbards, shears and scissors dating from the mid-12th to the mid-15th centuries and found in the City of London, particularly along the waterfront sites, where recovered items can be accurately dated by dendrochronology and coin finds. It is a fundamental work of reference for medieval artefacts and material culture, an essential handbook for excavators all over Britain and much of Europe.

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Medieval Finds from Excavations in London, No 1 - J. Cowgill, M. de Neergaard, N. Griffiths - Knives and Scabbards (1987).pdf

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Medieval Finds from Excavations in London, No 5 - John Clark - The Medieval Horse and Its Equipment C. 1150-C. 1450 (1995).jpg

Historia2 - Medieval Finds from Excavations in London, No 5 - John...Medieval Horse and Its Equipment C. 1150-C. 1450 1995.jpg

Horses played a vital role in medieval life. This catalogue describes and illustrates over 400 medieval finds, associated with horses, excavated in London in recent years. It includes harness, horseshoes, spurs and curry combs, and ranges from everyday artefacts to highly wrought decorative pieces. An introductory chapter surveys the role of the horse and horse husbandry in medieval London, discussing the use of pack-horses and carts in and around London, and the function of the marshal or farrier. The book also deals with the size and power of the medieval horse, including the size of a knight's "Great Horse", and why it took three horses to haul a medieval cart.

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Medieval Finds from Excavations in London, No 5 - John Clark - The Medieval Horse and Its Equipment C. 1150-C. 1450 (1995).pdf

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Whitney S. Stoddard - Art and Architecture in Medi eval France, Medieval Architecture, Sculpture, Sta ined Glass, Manuscripts, the Art of the Church Tre asuries (1972).jpg

Historia2 - Whitney S. Stoddard - Art and Architecture in Medieval...s, Manuscripts, the Art of the Church Treasuries 1972.jpg

This is an English-language study on the architecture and art of medieval France of the Romanesque and Gothic periods, approximately 1000 - 1500. In addition to essays on individual monuments there are general discussions of given periods and specific problems such as: why did Gothic come into being? Whitney Stoddard explores the interrelationship between all forms of medieval ecclesiastical art and characterization of the Gothic cathedral, which he believes to have an almost metaphysical basis.

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Robert Layton, Peter Ucko - The Archaeology and An thropology of Landscape, Shaping Your Landscape (1 999).jpg

The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape presents extensively revised versions of twenty eight papers given at the third World Archaeological Congress held in New Delhi in 1994. This collection provides new and varied case studies of landscape and environment from five continents, and raises important policy issues concerning development and the management of heritage.

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Robert Layton, Peter Ucko - The Archaeology and An thropology of Landscape, Shaping Your Landscape (1 999).pdf

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Willie F. Page - Encyclopedia of African History a nd Culture, Volume III, From Conquest to Colonizat ion (1500 to 1850) (2005).jpg

Historia2 - Willie F. Page - Encyclopedia of African History and C...III, From Conquest to Colonization 1500 to 1850 2005.jpg

This three-volume encyclopedia is arranged chronologically, dividing the history of this vast and fascinating continent into three major periods. Volume 1, "Ancient Africa," covers prehistoric times to 500 C.E., with entries on human origins; the Sahara desert; the history and culture of the Egyptian, Nubian, Bantu, and San peoples; archaeology; and religion. Legends and myths about certain events are also included here. Volume 2, "African Kingdoms," examines medieval times, from 500 to 1500 C.E. a period marked by grandeur and includes the great Bantu Migration, the development of centralized states and kingdoms, the spread of Islam, and the development of trade routes with the outside world. Volume 3, "From Conquest to Colonization," covers 1500 to 1850 C.E., a turbulent time that saw the rise and decline of kingdoms and empires, civil wars, the transatlantic slave trade, and the beginnings of European exploration and colonization.

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Willie F. Page - Encyclopedia of African History a nd Culture, Volume III, From Conquest to Colonizat ion (1500 to 1850) (2005).pdf

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Wolfram Eberhard - A History of China (2006).jpg

Modern research has not only demonstrated that all these accounts are inventions of a much later period, but has also shown why such narratives were composed. The older historical sources make no mention of any rulers before 2200 B.C., no mention even of their names.

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Robert Drews - The End of the Bronze Age (1993).jpg

The Bronze Age came to a close early in the twelfth century b.c. with one of the worst calamities in history: over a period of several decades, destruction descended upon key cities throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, bringing to an end the Levantine, Hittite, Trojan, and Mycenaean kingdoms and plunging some lands into a dark age that would last more than four hundred years. In his attempt to account for this destruction, Robert Drews rejects the traditional explanations and proposes a military one instead.

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Robert Drews - The End of the Bronze Age (1993).pdf

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John Baines - Visual and Written Culture in Ancien t Egypt (2007).jpg

A generously illustrated selection of John Baines's influential writings on two core areas of ancient Egyptian civilization: the role of writing, which was very different in antiquity from what is familiar in the modern world, and the importance of visual culture. These questions are explored through a number of case studies. The volume assembles articles that were scattered in publications in a variety of disciplines, making available key contributions on core problems of theory, comparison, and analysis in the study of many civilizations and offering important points of departure for further research. Three wholly new essays are included, and the overall approach is an interdisciplinary one, synthesizing insights from archaeology, anthropology, and art history as well as Egyptology.

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Anthony J. Spalinger - War in Ancient Egypt, The N ew Kingdom (2005).jpg

This book is an introduction to the war machine of New Kingdom Egypt from c. 1575 bc–1100 bc.
Focuses on the period in which the Egyptians created a professional army and gained control of Syria, creating an “Empire of Asia”.
Written by a respected Egyptologist.
Highlights new technological developments, such as the use of chariots and siege technology.
Considers the socio-political aspects of warfare, particularly the rise to power of a new group of men.
Evaluates the military effectiveness of the Egyptian state, looking at the logistics of warfare during this period.
Incorporates maps and photographs, a chronological table, and a chart of dynasties and pharaohs

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Anthony J. Spalinger - War in Ancient Egypt, The N ew Kingdom (2005)(1).pdf

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Carole Sweeney - From Fetish to Subject, Race, Mod ernism, and Primitivism, 1919-1935 (20004).jpg

Was modern primitivism complicit with the ideologies of colonialism, or was it a multivalent encounter with difference? Examining race and modernism through a wider and more historically contextualized study, Sweeney brings together a variety of published and new scholarship to expand the discussion on the links between modernism and primitivism. Tracing the path from Dada and Surrealism to Josephine Baker and Nancy Cunard's Negro: An Anthology, she shows the development of negrophilie from the interest in black cultural forms in the early 1920s to a more serious engagement with difference and representations in the 1930s. Considering modernism, race, and colonialism simultaneously, this work breaks from traditional boundaries of disciplines or geographic areas.
Why was the primitive so popular in this era? Sweeney shows how high, popular, and mass cultural contexts constructed primitivism and how black diasporic groups in Paris challenged this construction. Included is research from original archival material from black diasporic publications in Paris, examining their challenges to primitivism in French literature and state-sponsored exoticism. The transatlantic movement of modernism and primitivism also is part of this broad comparative study.

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Carole Sweeney - From Fetish to Subject, Race, Mod ernism, and Primitivism, 1919-1935 (20004).pdf

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Richard Ned Lebow - Why Nations Fight, Past and Fu ture Motives for War (2010).jpg

Four generic motives have historically led states to initiate war: fear, interest, standing and revenge. Using an original dataset, Richard Ned Lebow examines the distribution of wars across three and a half centuries and argues that, contrary to conventional wisdom, only a minority of these were motivated by security or material interest. Instead, the majority are the result of a quest for standing, and for revenge - an attempt to get even with states who had previously made successful territorial grabs. Lebow maintains that today none of these motives are effectively served by war - it is increasingly counterproductive - and that there is growing recognition of this political reality. His analysis allows for more fine-grained and persuasive forecasts about the future of war as well as highlighting areas of uncertainty.

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David R. MacGregor - British & American Clippers, A Comparison of Their Design, Construction and Per formance in the 1850s (1993).jpg

Historia2 - David R. MacGregor - British American Clippers, A Com...Design, Construction and Performance in the 1850s 1993.jpg

Superb, detailed look at the similarities and differences between American and British Clipper Ships that were in service in the 1850's; profusely illustrated with the author's own, highly detailed plans and line drawings plus additional b & w illustrations.

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David R. MacGregor - British & American Clippers, A Comparison of Their Design, Construction and Per formance in the 1850s (1993) [PDF].rar

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Georges Dumézil - The Destiny of a King (1973).jpg

Historia2 - Georges Dumzil - The Destiny of a King 1973.jpg

The preeminent scholar of comparative studies of Indo-European society, Georges Dumézil theorized that ancient and prehistoric Indo-European culture and literature revolved around three major functions: sovereignty, force, and fertility. This work treats these functions as they are articulated through "first king" legends found in Indian, Iranian, and Celtic epics, particularly the Mahabharata. Dumézil, drawing on an extraordinarily broad range of Indo-European sources from Scandinavia to India and offering an original and provocative analytic method, set a new agenda for studies in comparative oral literature, historical linguistics, comparative mythology, and history of religions.

The Destiny of a King examines one of the "little" epics within the Mahabharata—the legend of King Yayati, a distant ancestor of the Pandavas, the heroes of the larger epic. Dumézil compares Yayati's attributes and actions with those of the legendary Celtic king Eochaid Feidlech and also finds striking similarities in the stories surrounding the daughters of these two kings, the Indian Madhavi and the Celtic Medb. When he compares these two traditions with the "first king" legends from Iran, he finds such common themes as the apportionment of the earth and the "sin of the sovereign.

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Georges Dumezil - The Destiny of the Warrior (1970 ).jpg

Whereas The Destiny Of A King (see elsewhere) deals with “the first function” (religion, law, magic, etc.), this book speaks about the second (martial, warrior, etc.). As usually Dumézil starts with Indian and Iranian mythology where he finds and describes the warrior gods. Also he speaks about “the warrior function and its relations to the other two functions” by which this later work gives a very good idea of Dumézil’s theory of the three functions. The warriors written about at length are Indra, Starcatherus and Heracles, and Dumézil describes their three sins, functions and place in their respective mythologies (Hindu, Germanic and Greek). Also described at length are initiative combats with dummies, “warriors in animal forms” and etymological leads for the warrior gods’ names and their victims.
All in all The Destiny Of The Warrior is again a very interesting work which brings things I already knew (Dumézil is of course used a lot by contemporary writers), but also thought-provoking new ideas. I continue my search for titles of Dumézil in English (this one you will have to buy second hand, like most of them); next up is an entire book about the Thors-warrior Starkadr.

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M. Hakan Yavuz - Islamic Political Identity in Tur key (2005).jpg

In November of 2002, the Justice and Development Party swept to victory in the Turkish parliamentary elections. Because of the party's Islamic roots, its electoral triumph has sparked a host of questions both in Turkey and in the West: Does the party harbor a secret Islamist agenda? Will the new government seek to overturn nearly a century of secularization stemming from Kemal Ataturk's early-twentieth-century reforms? Most fundamentally, is Islam compatible with democracy?

In this penetrating work, M. Hakan Yavuz seeks to answer these questions, and to provide a comprehensive analysis of Islamic political identity in Turkey. He begins in the early twentieth century, when Kemal Ataturk led Turkey through a process of rapid secularization and crushed Islamic opposition to his authoritarian rule. Yavuz argues that, since Ataturk's death in 1938, however, Turkey has been gradually moving away from his militant secularism and experiencing "a quiet Muslim reformation." Islamic political identity is not homogeneous, says Yavuz, but can be modern and progressive as well as conservative and potentially authoritarian. While the West has traditionally seen Kemalism as an engine for reform against "reactionary" political Islam, in fact the Kemalist establishment has traditionally used the "Islamic threat" as an excuse to avoid democratization and thus hold on to power. Yavuz offers an account of the "soft coup" of 1997, in which the Kemalist military-bureaucratic establishment overthrew the democratically elected coalition government, which was led by the pro-Islamic Refah party. He argues that the soft coup plunged Turkey into a renewed legitimacy crisis which can only be resolved by the liberalization of the political system. The book ends with a discussion of the most recent election and its implications for Turkey and the Muslim world.

Yavuz argues that Islamic social movements can be important agents for promoting a democratic and pluralistic society, and that the Turkish example holds long term promise for the rest of the Muslim world. Based on extensive fieldwork and interviews, this work offers a sophisticated new understanding of the role of political Islam in one of the world's most strategically important countries.

M. Hakan Yavuz is an associate professor of political science at the University of Utah. Currently, he is researching transnational Islamic networks in Central Asia and Turkey; the role of Islam in state-building and nationalism; and ethno-religious conflict management.

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John Coffey - John Goodwin and the Puritan Revolut ion, Religion and Intellectual Change in Seventeen th-Century England (2006).jpg

Historia2 - John Coffey - John Goodwin and the Puritan Revolution,...ntellectual Change in Seventeenth-Century England 2006.jpg

John Goodwin (1594-1665) was one of the most prolific and controversial writers of the English Revolution; his career illustrates some of the most important intellectual developments of the seventeenth century. Educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, he became vicar of a flagship Puritan parish in the City of London. During the 1640s, he wrote in defence of the civil war, the army revolt, Pride's Purge, and the regicide, only to turn against Cromwell in 1657. Finally, repudiating religious uniformity, he became one of England's leading tolerationists. This richly contextualised study, the first modern intellectual biography of Goodwin, explores the whole range of writings produced by him and his critics. Amongst much else, it shows that far from being a maverick individualist, Goodwin enjoyed a wide readership, pastored one of the London's largest Independent congregations and was well connected to various networks. Hated and admired by Anglicans, Presbyterians and Levellers, he provides us with a new perspective on contemporaries like Richard Baxter and John Milton. It will be of special interest to students of Puritanism, the English Revolution, and early modern intellectual history. JOHN COFFEY is Reader in Early Modern History at the University of Leicester.

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