The story of the Earth is one that has developed far beyond the traditional Biblical view of events, to the realm of high science and complex analysis. But still questions remain about the age and structure of the earth.

Expert geologist Douglas Palmer examines the extraordinary story of mankind???s quest to uncover the history of the Earth and introduces us to the host of eccentric characters that have paved the way to our current understanding. The Earth???s rocks have divulged startling information about a 4.54 billion year history filled with earthquakes, floods, asteroid collisions and stark climate changes, but the route to enlightenment has been far from straightforward and many questions remain unanswered.

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Douglas Palmer - Earth Time, Exploring the Deep Pa st from Victorian England to the Grand Canyon (200 5).pdf

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Gale - U.X.L. Encyclopedia of World Mythology (200 9).jpg

A culture's mythology is more than just a collection of stories and characters. When students examine myths in classes across the curriculum or when myths and heroes come up in everyday life, they act as a window into the beliefs and values of ancient civilizations. This new five-volume set from U·X·L will help students with the plot points, the historical context, and the mythological allusions they need to fully understand how mythologies not only reflect cultures of old but also remain meaningful in society today.

Entry topics include:

* Gods and goddesses
* Heroes and other key characters
* Motifs and global themes
* Major myths
* National or cultural mythologies

Coverage spans a diversity of cultures, including standard Greek/Roman entries as well as Native North and South American traditions, Norse mythology, Asian Pacific mythology, Judeo-Christian tradition, and Islamic and Hindu mythologies. Full-color inserts for each volume enhance the reader's understanding of the text.

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Jacques Le Goff - Medieval Civilisation (Maps) (19 88).jpg

This is a one thousand-year history of the civilization of western Europe. Part one is a narrative account of the entire period, from the barbarian settlement of Roman Europe from the 5th to the 7th centuries to the war-torn crises of Christian Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. Part two analyzes the origins of early medieval ideas of culture and religion, the constraints of time and space in a pre-industrial world and the Christianization of society. It concludes with a reconstruction of the lives and sensibilities of the people during this period.

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Jacques Le Goff - Święty Ludwik (2001).jpg

Wydawca książki znakomitego francuskiego mediewisty Jacquesa Le Goffa pt. "Święty Ludwik" promuje owo dzieło, jako opowieść o "najmniej znanym z wielkich królów średniowiecznej Francji".

Stwierdzenie to wywoła oburzenie niejednego miłośnika średniowiecza: jak to, Ludwik Święty, o którym wiemy tak wiele, który stanowił inspirację nie tylko dla historyków, ale także poetów, religioznawców i teologów, najmniej znanym królem? Otóż to - Le Goff, w swym obszernym dziele, udowadnia, że Ludwik IX, władca, który wsławił się organizowaniem wypraw krzyżowych i niezwykłą nawet jak na tamte czasy religijnością, jest postacią zasnutą gęstą mgłą tajemnicy. W jednym z wywiadów, jakie pojawiły się po francuskiej publikacji "Świętego Ludwika", wybitny historyk stwierdził: "przez pewien czas miałem wątpliwości, czy Ludwik IX w ogóle istniał"! - Artur Górski

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Jacques Le Goff - W kręgu codzienności - Człowiek średniowiecza (2000).jpg

Le Goff zrehabilitował średniowiecze, uważane przez jego poprzedników za mroczny i posępny epizod Historii. Ukazał jego "inny" obraz. Wskazał, że średniowiecze tętniło życiem - był to okres, w którym kształtowało się nowoczesne społeczeństwo. Le Goff dowodzi, że średniowiecze uformowało swoją własną cywilizację, różną zarówno od starożytności Greko-Romańskiej jak i świata nowożytnego. Le Goff zakwestionował trafność samej nazwy okresu średniowiecza i jego chronologię wskazując na osiągnięcia i zmienność w jego obrębie. W szczególności zwrócił uwagę na tak zwane Odrodzenie XII wieku. Jako agnostyk Le Goff zajmuje stanowisko pośrednie pomiędzy krytykami i apologetami wieków średnich.

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Rosamond McKitterick - The ''Times'' Medieval Worl d (2003).jpg

From the Islamic expansion into the Middle East, North Africa and Europe to the European discovery of the Americas, "The Times Medieval World" covers a period of cultural vibrancy and political diversity. Far from being a homogeneous world of knights and castles, the medieval world saw a multitude of contrasting, and often competing, cultures, many of which laid crucial foundation stones for the building of modern societies. The book covers nearly a millennium of one of the most formative phases in history: its geographical scope is vast, treating all major cultures outside the Americas. The Arab invasions of Europe, the empire of Charlemagne, the African kingdoms of Songhay and Mali, the Crusades, the Viking and Mongol invasions, the Delhi sultanate and the T'ang and Ming empires are just a few of the subjects covered in the book's 80 spreads. Cultural and economic trends such as the spread of literacy and the growth of towns take their place alongside the formation of kingdoms and the march of armies to form a comprehensive history of the Middle Ages.

About the Author
Rosamond McKitterick is Professor of Early Medieval History at Cambridge. She is a specialist in the Frankish kingdoms in the 8th and 9th centuries and has published numerous books, including The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 751-987 and The Frankish Kings and culture in the early Middle Ages. She is editor of the New Cambridge Medieval History (vol II).

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Rosamond McKitterick - The ''Times'' Medieval Worl d (2003).pdf

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Stephen T. Driscoll - Picts And Prehistory, Cultur al Resource Management In Early Medieval Scotland (1998).jpg

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Stephen T. Driscoll - Picts And Prehistory, Cultur al Resource Management In Early Medieval Scotland (1998).pdf

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David G. Chandler - The Campaigns of Napoleon (197 3).jpg

Napoleonic war was nothing if not complex -- an ever-shifting kaleidoscope of moves and intentions, which by themselves went a long way towards baffling and dazing his conventionally-minded opponents into that state of disconcerting moral disequilibrium which so often resulted in their catastrophic defeat."
The Campaigns of Napoleon is an exhaustive analysis and critique of Napoleon's art of war as he himself developed and perfected it in the major military campaigns of his career. Napoleon disavowed any suggestion that he worked from formula ("Je n'ai jamais eu un plan d'opérations"), but military historian David Chandler demonstrates this was at best only a half-truth. To be sure, every operation Napoleon conducted contained unique improvisatory features. But there were from the first to the last certain basic principles of strategic maneuver and battlefield planning that he almost invariably put into practice. To clarify these underlying methods, as well as the style of Napoleon's fabulous intellect, Mr. Chandler examines in detail each campaign mounted and personally conducted by Napoleon, analyzing the strategies employed, revealing wherever possible the probable sources of his subject's military ideas.
The book opens with a brief account of Bonaparte's early years, his military education and formative experiences, and his meteoric rise to the rank of general in the army of the Directory. Introducing the elements of Napoleonic "grand tactics" as they developed in his Italian, Egyptian, and Syrian campaigns, Mr. Chandler shows how these principles were clearly conceived as early as the Battle of Castiglione, when Napoleon was only twenty -six. Several campaigns later, he was Emperor of France, busily constructing the Grande Armée. This great war machine is described in considerable detail: the composition of the armies and the élite Guard; the staff system and the methods of command; the kind of artillery and firearms used; and the daily life of the Grande Armée and the all-seeing and all-commanding virtuoso who presided over every aspect of its operation in the field.
As the great machine sweeps into action in the campaigns along the Rhine and the Danube, in East Prussia and Poland, and in Portugal and Spain, David Chandler follows closely every move that vindicates -- or challenges -- the legend of Napoleon's military genius. As the major battles take their gory courses -- Austerlitz, Jena, Fried-land -- we see Napoleon's star reaching its zenith. Then, in the Wagram Campaign of 1809 against the Austrians -- his last real success -- the great man commits more errors of judgment than in all his previous wars and battles put together. As the campaigns rage on, his declining powers seem to justify his own statement: "One has but a short time for war." Then the horrors of the Russian campaign forever shatter the image of Napoleonic invincibility. It is thereafter a short, though heroic and sanguinary, road to Waterloo and St. Helena.

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David G. Chandler - The Campaigns of Napoleon (197 3).epub

Napoleon appears most strikingly in these pages as the brilliant applier of the ideas of others rather than as an original military thinker, his genius proving itself more practical than theoretical. Paradoxically, this was both his chief strength and his main weakness as a general. After bringing the French army a decade of victory, his methods became increasingly stereotyped and, even worse, were widely copied by his foes, who operated against him with increasing effectiveness toward the end of his career. Yet even though his enemies attempted to imitate his techniques, as have others in the last century and a half, no one ever equaled his success. As these meticulous campaign analyses testify, his multifaceted genius was unique. Even as the end approached, as David Chandler points out, his eclipse was "the failure of a giant surrounded by pygmies."

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Peter Baehr, Melvin Richter - Dictatorship in Hist ory and Theory, Bonapartism, Caesarism, and Totali tarianism (2004).jpg

Historia2 - Peter Baehr, Melvin Richter - Dictatorship in History ...ory, Bonapartism, Caesarism, and Totalitarianism 2004.jpg

A distinguished group of historians and political theorists examine the complex relationship between nineteenth-century democracy, nationalism, and authoritarianism, paying especial attention to the careers of Napoleon I and III, and of Bismarck. An important contribution of the book is to consider not only the momentous episodes of coup d'etat, revolution, and imperial foundation which the Napoleonic era heralded, but also the contested political language with which these events were described and assessed. Political thinkers were faced with a battery of new terms - 'Bonapartism', 'Caesarism', and 'Imperialism' among them - with which to make sense of their era. As well as documenting the political history of a revolutionary age, the book examines a series of thinkers - Tocqueville, Marx, Max Weber, Antonio Gramsci, Carl Schmitt, and Hannah Arendt - who articulated and helped to reshare our sense of the political.

Contents:
Part I. Bonapartism to Its Contemporaries: 1. From consulate to empire: impetus and resistance Isser Woloch; 2. The Bonapartes and Germany T. C. W. Blanning; 3. Prussian conservatives and the problem of Bonapartism David E. Barclay; 4. Tocqueville and French nineteenth-century conceptualizations of the two Bonapartes and their empires Melvin Richter; 5. Marx and Brumaire Terrell Carver; 6. Bonapartism as the progenitor of democracy: the paradoxical case of the French Second Empire Sudhir Hazareesingh; Part II. Bonapartism, Caesarism, Totalitarianism: Twentieth-Century Experiences and Reflections: 7. Max Weber and the avatars of Caesarism Peter Baehr; 8. The concept of Caesarism in Gramsci Benedetto Fontana; 9. From constitutional technique to Caesarist ploy: Carl Schmitt on dictatorship, liberalism and emergency powers John P. McCormick; 10. Bonapartist and Gaullist heroic leadership: comparing crisis appeals to an impersonated people Jack Hayward; 11. The leader and the masses: Hannah Arendt on totalitarianism and dictatorship Margaret Canovan; Part III. Ancient Resonances: 12. Dictatorship in Rome Claude Nicolet; 13. From the historical Caesar to the spectre of Caesarism: the imperial administrator as internal threat Arthur M. Eckstein.

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Quentin Skinnerr - Visions of Politics, Volume I, Regarding Method (2002).jpg

The first of three volumes of essays by Quentin Skinner, one of the world's leading intellectual historians. This collection includes some of his most important philosophical and methodological statements written over the past four decades, each carefully revised for publication in this form. In a series of seminal essays Professor Skinner sets forth the intellectual principles that inform his work. Writing as a practising historian, he considers the theoretical difficulties inherent in the pursuit of knowledge and interpretation, and elucidates the methodology which finds its expression in his two successive volumes. All of Professor Skinner's work is characterised by philosophical power, limpid clarity, and elegance of exposition; these essays, many of which are now recognised classics, provide a fascinating and convenient digest of the development of his thought.

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Quentin Skinnerr - Visions of Politics, Volume I, Regarding Method (2002).pdf

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Quentin Skinnerr - Visions of Politics, Volume II, Renaissance Virtues (2004).jpg

The second of three volumes of essays by Quentin Skinner, one of the world's leading intellectual historians. This collection includes some of his most important essays on the political thought of the Italian renaissance, each of which has been carefully revised for publication in this form. All of Professor Skinner's work is characterised by philosophical power, limpid clarity, and elegance of exposition; these essays, many of which are now recognised classics, provide a fascinating and convenient digest of the development of his thought.

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Quentin Skinnerr - Visions of Politics, Volume II, Renaissance Virtues (2004).pdf

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Quentin Skinnerr - Visions of Politics, Volume III , Hobbes and Civil Science (2004).jpg

The third of three volumes of essays by Quentin Skinner, one of the world's leading intellectual historians. This collection includes some of his most important essays on Thomas Hobbes, each of which has been carefully revised for publication in this form. In a series of writings spanning the past four decades Professor Skinner examines, with his customary perspicuity, the evolution and character of Hobbes's political thought. An indispensable work in its own right, this volume also serves as a demonstration of those methodological theories propounded in Volume I, and as an appositional commentary on the Renaissance values of civic virtue treated in Volume II. All of Professor Skinner's work is characterised by philosophical power, limpid clarity, and elegance of exposition; these essays, many of which are now recognised classics, provide a fascinating and convenient digest of the development of his thought.

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Quentin Skinnerr - Visions of Politics, Volume III , Hobbes and Civil Science (2004).pdf

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Akbar S. Ahmed - Discovering Islam, Making Sense o f Muslim History and Society (2007).jpg

Now reissued with a new introduction, Discovering Islam is a classic account of how the history of Islam and its relations with the west have shaped Islamic society today. Islam is often caricatured as aggressive and fanatic. Written in the tradition of Ibn Khaldun, this readable and wide ranging book balances that image, uncovers the roots of Islamic discontent and celebrates the sources of its strength. From the four "ideal Caliphs" who succeeded the Prophet to the refugee camps of Peshawar, an objective picture emerges of the main features of Muslim history and the compulsions of Muslim society.

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Akbar S. Ahmed - Discovering Islam, Making Sense o f Muslim History and Society (2007).pdf

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Ian Tattersall - The World from Beginnings to 4000 BCE (2008).jpg

Tattersall (Becoming Human), a curator in the anthropology division of the American Museum of Natural History, uses fossil and archeological records to examine the seven (or so) million years from the dawn of the Hominidae, the family that includes humans, to the gradual development of agriculture and permanent settlements. His topic is huge and his pages are few, but this overview will give readers a sense of the current thinking in the field. Tattersall discusses the characteristics that separate Homo sapiens from extinct hominids, concluding that the gulf between us and our closest relative opened up when our enlarged brains gave rise to symbolic reasoning. Asserting that hominid evolution is more complex than previously thought and that the idea of a linear progression of species is far too simplistic, Tattersall presents mitochondrial DNA evidence that we are not directly related to Neanderthals and declares, We are not the result of constant fine-tuning over the eons, any more than we are the summit of creation. Finally, he explains the techniques used to interpret the physical evidence of evolutionary processes. This is an elegant, if brief, introduction to a complex field. 20 b&w illus.

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John C. Super, Briane K. Turley - Religion in Worl d History (2006).jpg

Individuals and groups have long found identity and meaning through religion and its collective expression. In Religion in World History, John C. Super and Briane K. Turley examine the value of religion for interpreting the human experience in the past and present. Through this they explore those elements of religion that best connect it with cultural and political dynamics that have influenced history.
Working within this general framework, Super and Turley bring out three unifying themes:
DT The relationship between formal and informal religious beliefs, how these change through time, and how they are reflected in different cultures
DT The relationship between church and state, from theocracies to the repression of religion
DT The ongoing search for spiritual certainty, and the consequent splintering of core religious beliefs and the development of new ones

About the Author
John C. Super is a Professor of History at West Virginia University with research interests in comparative religion. He is the author of North America: An Introduction (2005), Food, Conquest, and colonization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America (1988), Food, Politics, and Society in Latin America, ed. with Thomas Wright (1985).
Briane K. Turley is a Research Assistant Professor of Geography and History at West Virginia University. He is author of AWheel Within a Wheel (1999).

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John C. Super, Briane K. Turley - Religion in Worl d History (2006).pdf

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M. Kolbl-Ebert - Geology and Religion, A History o f Harmony and Hostility (2009).jpg

For thousands of years, religious ideas have shaped the thoughts and deeds of human beings, and therefore many early geological concepts were initially developed in this context. The book discusses this long-standing relationship from a historical point of view, which in the past has been sometimes indifferent, sometimes fruitful and sometimes full of conflict. The relationship continues well into the present. While Christian fundamentalists attack evolution and related palaeontological findings as well as the geological evidence of the age of the Earth, mainstream theologians strive for a fruitful dialogue between science and religion. Much of what is written and discussed today can only be understood, when the historical perspective is added.

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M. Kolbl-Ebert - Geology and Religion, A History o f Harmony and Hostility (2009).pdf

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Marilyn Stockstad - Medieval Castles (2005).jpg

"Stokstad, the author of a well- regarded history of medieval art, has written an account that describes all aspects of medieval castles, with many specific examples and a rich collection of primary sources. Written for high school students and the general reader, the text provides a nuanced look at castles, with attention to their architecture, methods of fortification, methods of warfare, functions besides defense, inhabitants, their fate after the invention of gunpowder, and the romantic attachment to their architecture from the 18th century to the present. This volume focuses mainly on examples in England and France; it is supplemented nicely by examples in another book in this series, also written by a senior scholar, that focuses on the Crusades."

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Marilyn Stockstad - Medieval Castles (2005).pdf

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Michael D. Bailey - Historical Dictionary of Witch craft (2003).jpg

A great deal has been written about the history of witchcraft, but much of what has been written is unreliable, exaggerated, or inaccurate. This problem is especially acute in regard to modern witchcraft, or Wicca, and its supposed connections to historical witchcraft in medieval and early modern Europe. This Dictionary provides a reliable reference source for both academics and general readers interested in the actual historical development of witchcraft in the western world. The focus of the dictionary is on Western Europe during the late-medieval and early modern periods, when the specific idea of diabolical witchcraft developed and when the so-called 'great witch-hunts' occurred. Entries are also provided that deal with magic and witchcraft in the earlier Christian period and classical antiquity, as well as with the lingering belief in witchcraft in the modern world, and with the development of the modern, neo-pagan religion of witchcraft, also known as Wicca. For comparative purposes, some entries have been provided that deal with aspects and systems of magic found in other parts of the world that seem to bear some relation to the idea of witchcraft as it developed in Christian Europe. The regions dealt with are mainly Africa, along with such New-World practices as Voodoo and Santeria. Entries in the dictionary cover important people in the history of witchcraft, from the medieval inquisitors and early modern magistrates who developed the stereotype of the historical witch to the modern individuals who have developed the religion of Wicca. Also included are legal terms and concepts important to the prosecution of the supposed crime of witchcraft, and religious and theological concepts pertaining to the demonic elements that came to be associated with witchcraft, as well as more popular beliefs and aspects of common folklore and mythology that became attached to the developing idea of witchcraft. Geographic entries are also included, discussing the scope of witch-hunting in various regions of Europe and the world, and describing specific examples of major witch-hunts such as those that occurred in Salem, Massachusetts.

About the Author
Michael D. Bailey is Visiting Assistant Professor in the department of history at Iowa State University. He is the author of Battling Demons: Witchcraft, Heresy, and Reform in the Late Middle Ages. He has held academic positions at Bethany College, Kansas, at the University of Cincinnati, at the Medieval Institute of the University of Notre Dame, and at Saint Louis University. His principal research interests focus on the history of magic, witchcraft, and superstition in Europe.

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