The Tarascan state was a state in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, roughly covering the geographic area of the present-day Mexican state of Michoacán. At the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico it was the second-largest state in Mexico.[citation needed] The state was founded in the early 14th century and lost its independence to the Spanish in 1530. In 1543 it officially became the governorship of Michoacán, from the Nahuatl name for the Tarascan state, Michoacán ("place of those who have fish"). In P'urhépecha, language of the Tarascans, the name of the state was Iréchecua Tzintzuntzáni, the "lands of Tzintzuntzan".

The people of the Tarascan empire were mostly of P'urhépecha ethnic affiliation but also included other ethnic groups such as the Nahua, Otomi, Matlatzinca and Chichimec. These ethnic groups were gradually assimilated into the P'urhépecha majority group.

The Tarascan state was constituted of a network of tributary systems and gradually became increasingly centralized, under the control of the "Caconzi", the ruler and king of the state. The Tarascan capital was located at Tzintzuntzan on the banks of Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, and, according to Tarascan oral tradition was founded by the first caconzi Taríacuri and dominated by his lineage the "Uacúsecha" ("Eagles" in P'urhépecha).

The Tarascan state was contemporary with and an enemy of the Aztec Empire, against which it fought many wars. The Tarascan empire blocked Aztec expansion to the northwest, and the Tarascans fortified and patrolled their frontiers with the Aztecs, possibly developing the first truly territorial state of Mesoamerica.

Due to its relative isolation within Mesoamerica, the Tarascan state had many cultural traits completely distinct from those of the Mesoamerican cultural group. It is particularly noteworthy for being among the few Mesoamerican civilizations to use metal for tools and ornamentation.

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The Civilization of the American Indian, Vol.209 - Helen Perlstein Pollard - Tariacuri's Legacy; The Prehispanic Tarascan State (1993).rar

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Eduardo de J. Douglas - In the palace of Nezahualc oyotl; painting manuscripts, writing the pre-Hispa nic past in early colonial period Tetzcoco, Mexico (2010).jpg

Historia2 - Eduardo de J. Douglas - In the palace of Nezahualcoyot...c past in early colonial period Tetzcoco, Mexico 2010.jpg

Around 1542, descendants of the Aztec rulers of Mexico created accounts of the pre-Hispanic history of the city of Tetzcoco, Mexico, one of the imperial capitals of the Aztec Empire. Painted in iconic script ("picture writing"), the Codex Xolotl, the Quinatzin Map, and the Tlohtzin Map appear to retain and emphasize both pre-Hispanic content and also pre-Hispanic form, despite being produced almost a generation after the Aztecs surrendered to Hernán Cortés in 1521. Yet, as this pioneering study makes plain, the reality is far more complex.

Eduardo de J. Douglas offers a detailed critical analysis and historical contextualization of the manuscripts to argue that colonial economic, political, and social concerns affected both the content of the three Tetzcocan pictorial histories and their archaizing pictorial form. As documents composed by indigenous people to assert their standing as legitimate heirs of the Aztec rulers as well as loyal subjects of the Spanish Crown and good Catholics, the Tetzcocan manuscripts qualify as subtle yet shrewd negotiations between indigenous and Spanish systems of signification and between indigenous and Spanish concepts of real property and political rights. By reading the Tetzcocan manuscripts as calculated responses to the changes and challenges posed by Spanish colonization and Christian evangelization, Douglas's study significantly contributes to and expands upon the scholarship on central Mexican manuscript painting and recent critical investigations of art and political ideology in colonial Latin America.

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Eduardo de J. Douglas - In the palace of Nezahualc oyotl; painting manuscripts, writing the pre-Hispa nic past in early colonial period Tetzcoco, Mexico (2010).pdf

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The Civilization of the American Indian, Vol.187 - Nigiel Davies - Aztec Empire; Toltec Resurgence ( 1988).jpg

Nigel Davies's books are usually considered the seminal work in the English language about whatever area of Meso-American history he writes about.

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The Civilization of the American Indian, Vol.187 - Nigiel Davies - Aztec Empire; Toltec Resurgence ( 1988).rar

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The Civilization of the American Indian, Vol.188 - Ross Hassig - Aztec Warfare; Imperial Expansion a nd Political Control (1995).jpg

Historia2 - The Civilization of the American Indian, Vol.188 - Ros...Warfare Imperial Expansion and Political Control 1995.jpg

Hassig has provided us with an excellent account of how the Aztecs conducted warfare before the Spanish arrived and including the fight with them. The tactics are indicative of a modern army and this is a must read if you are studying the Aztec Empire. The book is very well done and offers a unique perspective on warfare. It is hard to find good information about ancient societies warfare but the Aztecs left good records. Their political systems are also scrutinized here. Highly recommend.

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The Civilization of the American Indian, Vol.188 - Ross Hassig - Aztec Warfare; Imperial Expansion a nd Political Control (1995).rar

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Amar Annus, - Divination and Interpretation of Sig ns in the Ancient World (2010).jpg

The concept of sign, a portent observed in the physical world, which indicates future events, is found in all ancient cultures, but was first developed in ancient Mesopotamian texts. This branch of Babylonian scientific knowledge extensively influenced other parts of the world, and similar texts written in Aramaic, Sanscrit, Sogdian, and other languages. The seminar investigates how much we know about the Babylonian theory and hermeneutics of omens, and the scope of their possible influences on other cultures and regions.

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Amar Annus, - Divination and Interpretation of Sig ns in the Ancient World (2010).pdf

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E. G. Richards - Mapping Time, The Calendar and It s History (2000).jpg

This fascinating book fully addresses a topic of much general interest by drawing together a wealth of diverse material on the much-trusted (and rarely disputed) phenomenon we know as the calendar. From the fundamentals of astronomy to the world's ancient time-keeping schemes, from the development of the modern-day calendar to the precise calculation of what happens when (as in, how does one arrive at the date for Easter Sunday?), this is a skillful yet approachable discussion of the calendar from both the historical and contemporary perspectives. Readers will even learn how to perform experiments and calculations for themselves by using such basic techniques as stargazing and simple mathematics.

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E. G. Richards - Mapping Time, The Calendar and It s History (2000).pdf

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G. W. Bowersock, Peter Brown, Oleg Grabar - Late A ntiquity, Essays on the Postclassical World (2001).jpg

The era of late antiquity--from the middle of the third century to the end of the eighth--was marked by the rise of two world religions, unprecedented political upheavals that remade the map of the known world, and the creation of art of enduring glory. In these eleven in-depth essays, drawn from the award-winning reference work Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, an international cast of experts provides essential information and fresh perspectives on this period's culture and history. Contents: Introduction * Remaking the Past, by Averil Cameron * Sacred Landscapes, by Béatrice Caseau * Philosophical Tradition and the Self, by Henry Chadwick * Religious Communities, by Garth Fowden * Barbarians and Ethnicity, by Patrick J. Geary * War and Violence, by Brent D. Shaw * Empire Building, by Christopher Kelly

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G. W. Bowersock, Peter Brown, Oleg Grabar - Late A ntiquity, Essays on the Postclassical World (2001).pdf

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Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Maggie Bickford - Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China, The Politics of Culture and the Culture of Politics (2006).jpg

Historia2 - Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Maggie Bickford - Emperor Huiz... Politics of Culture and the Culture of Politics 2006.jpg

"The stereotype is utterly entrenched: Emperor Huizong (r. 1100–1125) devoted himself to painting birds and flowers and to producing calligraphy in his distinctive calligraphic style in the years that the Jurchen peoples pressed down on China’s northern border. Neglecting his duties, he abdicated just in time to see north China fall to the Jurchen armies.

"Almost every point, this pathbreaking volume contends, is wrong. Huizong was completely committed to governing his empire. Yes, his concept of governance differed from modern understandings; ritual and music occupied a central place, but he tried to implement real-world reforms. Huizong’s ministers extended the New Policies of the Wang Anshi era (1069–1085) to a greater extent than historians have realized. Moreover, the emperor could not have devoted himself to the arts because he did not actually paint the paintings, do the calligraphy, or write the poems attributed to him (his assistants did and then stamped their work with the imperial seal).

"Scholars need a book like this especially because The Cambridge History of China volumes devoted to the Song dynasty (960–1279) have been mired in publication delays for years. In the meantime, readers seeking a publication with the same high standards as the Cambridge History should read this book. The contributors include the most established senior scholars in the field (Peter K. Bol, John Chaffee, Joseph S. C. Lam, Paul Jakov Smith, Tsuyoshi Kojima, Stephen K. West), as well as more junior scholars who have recently completed dissertations that inform their essays here (Ari Daniel Levine on factionalism; Shin-yi Chao on Daoism; and Asaf Goldschmidt on medicine and public health). Every assertion rests on a solid foundation of evidence. Unfortunately the book includes no bibliography, but the book is extensively footnoted and includes long passages in the original Chinese as well as English translation. Books like The Cambridge History of China play an important role as authorative references that all—whether colleagues in other fields or students writing term papers—can consult. This volume exceeds that standard." —Journal of Chinese Studies, 2008, No. 48

Huizong was an exceptional emperor who lived through momentous times. A man of many talents, he wrote poetry and created his own distinctive calligraphy style; collected paintings, calligraphies, and antiquities on a large scale; promoted Daoism; and involved himself in the training of court artists, the layout of gardens, and reforms of music and medicine. The quarter century when Huizong ruled is just as fascinating. The greatly enlarged scholar-official class had come into its own but was deeply divided by factional strife. The long struggle between the Chinese state and its northern neighbors entered a new phase when Song proved unable to defend itself against the newly emergent Jurchen state of Jin. Huizong and thousands of members of his family and court were taken captive, and the Song dynasty had to recreate itself in the South.

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Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Maggie Bickford - Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China, The Politic s of Culture and the Culture of Politics (2006).pdf

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Patricia Pires Boulhosa - Icelanders and the Kings of Norway, Mediaeval Sagas and Legal Texts (2005).jpg

The book uses sagas and legal texts to re-examine the relations between mediaeval Icelanders and the Norwegian kings. It demonstrates that the Icelanders - partly subjects of the king, and partly beyond his power - were ready to negotiate with him for their own benefit, and presents a methodological re-evaluation of authorial attributions of the sagas and their use as historical sources. Key to the book is a revisionary analysis of two laws made between the Icelanders and the kings of Norway: a law probably issued by King Óláfr inn helgi of Norway (1015-1028), and the purported submission agreements with King Hákon Hákonarson (1217-1263), known as Gizurarsáttmáli or Gamli sáttmáli. It also analyses the sagas of the fourteenth-century manuscript Möðruvallabók against the historical context extracted from this legal re-evaluation.

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Patricia Pires Boulhosa - Icelanders and the Kings of Norway, Mediaeval Sagas and Legal Texts (2005).pdf

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W. Scott Morton, Charlton M. Lewis, Charlton Lewis - China, Its History and Culture (2004).jpg

A concise and thorough history of one of the world's most powerful nations

This brilliantly lucid and concise study traces China's history and culture from Neolithic times to the present, working into an integrated and authoritative narrative that covers centuries of politics, warfare and government, science and technology, economics and commerce, religion, philosophy, and the arts. Most valuable of all, Dr. Morton illuminates the essential Chinese design, the underlying mental set of the people and the society. He has given approximately equal treatment to all premodern periods, as each has its importance in the evolving history of the Chinese experience, and has illustrated the work with numerous photographs, maps, paintings and drawings and quotations from the literature.

Newly updated and revised, China: Its History and Culture, Fourth Edition, also carefully examines the crucial social and economic changes that have taken place in China over the last decade.

"A wonderful job! So lucid, beautifully written, with great range and insight. This will set a new standard for short general histories of China."--Michael Gasster, professor emeritus of history at Rutgers University

"Simple, concise, factual, and yet comprehensive, penetrating and readable."--Wing-Tsit Chan, Professor of Chinese Philosophy and Culture Emeritus, Dartmouth College

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W. Scott Morton, Charlton M. Lewis, Charlton Lewis - China, Its History and Culture (2004).pdf

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Andrew D. Evans - Anthropology at War, World War I and the Science of Race in Germany (2010).jpg

Between 1914 and 1918, German anthropologists conducted their work in the midst of full-scale war. The discipline was relatively new in German academia when World War I broke out, and, as Andrew D. Evans reveals in this illuminating book, its development was profoundly altered by the conflict. As the war shaped the institutional, ideological, and physical environment for anthropological work, the discipline turned its back on its liberal roots and became a nationalist endeavor primarily concerned with scientific studies of race.
Combining intellectual and cultural history with the history of science, Anthropology at War examines both the origins and consequences of this shift. Evans locates its roots in the decision to allow scientists access to prisoner-of-war camps, which prompted them to focus their research on racial studies of the captives. Caught up in wartime nationalism, a new generation of anthropologists began to portray the country’s political enemies as racially different. After the war ended, the importance placed on racial conceptions and categories persisted, paving the way for the politicization of scientific inquiry in the years of the ascendancy of National Socialism.

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Assad Shoman - Belize's Independence and Decoloniz ation in Latin America, Guatemala, Britain, and th e UN (2010).jpg

Belize, a small British colony in Central America faced with a territorial claim and military threats from neighboring Guatemala, overcame disadvantages of size and power by implementing a strategy of internationalization that utilized new international norms and international organizations, in particular the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. This book, written by a key player in the independence struggle, details the history of the territorial claim and of the international campaign that made it possible for Belize to achieve secure independence with all its territory despite pressures from Britain and the United States to cede land and compromise its sovereignty.

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Assad Shoman - Belize's Independence and Decoloniz ation in Latin America, Guatemala, Britain, and th e UN (2010).pdf

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Gonda Van Steen - Liberating Hellenism from the Ot toman Empire, Comte de Marcellus and the Last of t he Classics (2010).jpg

Historia2 - Gonda Van Steen - Liberating Hellenism from the Ottoma... Comte de Marcellus and the Last of the Classics 2010.jpg

Liberating Hellenism from the Ottoman Empire explores two key historical episodes that have generally escaped the notice of modern Greece, the Near East, and their observers alike. In the midst of the highly charged context of West-East confrontation and with fundamental cultural and political issues at stake, these episodes prove to be exciting and important platforms from which to reexamine the age-old conflict. This book reaches beyond the standard sources to dig into the archives for important events that have fallen through the cracks of the study of emerging modern Greece and the Ottoman Empire. These events, in which French travel writing, literary fiction, antiquarianism, and nineteenth-century western and eastern geopolitics merge, invite us to redraw the outlines of mutually dependent Hellenism and Orientalism.

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Gonda Van Steen - Liberating Hellenism from the Ot toman Empire, Comte de Marcellus and the Last of t he Classics (2010).pdf

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Jennine Hurl-Eamon - Women's Roles in Eighteenth-C entury Europe (2010).jpg

During the 18th century, the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, protoindustrialization, and colonial conquest made their marks on women's lives in a variety of ways. Women's Roles in Eighteenth-Century Europe examines women of all ages and social backgrounds as they experienced the major events of this tumultuous period of sweeping social and political change. The book offers an inclusive portrayal of women from across Europe, surveying nations from Portugal to the Russian Empire, from Finland to Italy, including the often overlooked women of Eastern Europe. It depicts queens, an empress, noblewomen, peasants, and midwives. Separate chapters on family, work, politics, law, religion, arts and sciences, and war explore the varying contexts of the feminine experience, from the most intimate aspects of daily life to broad themes and conditions.

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Jennine Hurl-Eamon - Women's Roles in Eighteenth-C entury Europe (2010).pdf

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Mary Wren Bivins - Telling Stories, Making Histori es,Women, Words, and Islam in Nineteenth-Century H ausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate (2007).jpg

Historia2 - Mary Wren Bivins - Telling Stories, Making Histories,W...eenth-Century Hausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate 2007.jpg

Through reconstruction of oral testimony, folk stories and poetry, the true history of Hausa women and their reception of Islam's vision of Muslim in Western Africa have been uncovered. Mary Wren Bivins is the first author to locate and examine the oral texts of the 19th century Hausa women and challenge the written documentation of the Sokoto Caliphate. The personal narratives and folk stories reveal the importance of illiterate, non-elite women to the history of jihad and the assimilation of normative Islam in rural Hausaland. The captivating lives of the Hausa are captured, shedding light on their ordinary existence as wives, mothers, and providers for their family on the eve of European colonial conquest.

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Mary Wren Bivins - Telling Stories, Making Histori es,Women, Words, and Islam in Nineteenth-Century H ausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate (2007).pdf

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