The turbulence of the Protestant Reformation marks a turning point in European history, but the Scandinavian contribution to this revolution is not well known outside the Northern world. Reforming the North focuses on twenty-five years (1520-1545 A.D.) of this history, during which Scandinavians terminated the medieval Union of Kalmar, toppled the Catholic Church, ended the commercial dominance of the German Hanse, and laid the foundations for centralized states on the ruins of old institutions and organizations. This book traces the chaotic and often violent transfer of resources and authority from the decentralized structures of medieval societies to the early modernstates and their territorial churches. Religious reform is regarded as an essential element in the process - in the context of social unrest, political conflict, and long-term changes in finance, trade, and warfare. Reformingthe North offers a broad perspective on this turbulent period and on the implications of the Protestant Reformation for Northern history.

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James L. Larson - Reforming the North; The Kingdom s and Churches of Scandinavia, 1520-1545 (2010).pdf

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Daniel Waley - Siena and the Sienese in the Thirte enth Century (2006).jpg

This book portrays the life and institutions of a great medieval Italian city, Siena, through the surviving records and buildings of the period. Laws, council minutes, records of the commune's revenue and expenditure, wills and other charters from the thirteenth century are among the plentiful material which makes up the picture of the city republic's institutions and those who ran them. The main themes are the political institutions of the city, and the involvement of the citizens in them. The preoccupations of the Sienese as revealed in their conciliar discussions are studied, as well as their attitudes to government and well-developed bureaucracy, their territorial overlordship in southern Tuscany, and their involvement in diplomacy and war. The religion of the Sienese is also investigated. This is a portrait of a special, but not untypical, society which was engaged in an experiment in oligarchic self-government. Although the milieu was urban, Siena's bankers and tradesmen, craftsmen and those involved in transport and agricultural labour, were in many cases landowners:the city was dependent on and greatly involved with its rural environment. The precocity of the commune's governmental methods and the wealth of information that has survived mean that the medieval life of this famous and beautiful Tuscan city can be depicted in full and convincing detail.

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Daniel Waley - Siena and the Sienese in the Thirte enth Century (2006).pdf

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Faye Getz – Medicine in the English Middle Ages (1 998).pdf

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Frans Theuws, Carine Van Rhijn, Mayke De Jong - To pographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages (2001 ).jpg

The 19 papers presented in this volume by North American and European historians and archaeologists discuss how early medieval political and religious elites constructed "places of power", and how such places, in turn, created powerful people. They also examine how the "high-level" power exercized by elites was transformed in the post-Roman kingdoms of Europe, as Roman cities gave way as central stages for rituals of power to a multitude of places and spaces where political and religious power were represented. Although the Frankish kingdoms receive a large share of attention, contributions also focus on the changing topography of power in the old centres of the Roman world, Rome and Constantinople, to what "centres of power" may have meant in the steppes of Inner Asia, Scandinavia or the lower Vistula, where political power was even more mobile and decentralized than in the post-Roman kingdoms, as well as to monasteries and their integration into early medieval topographies of power.

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Frans Theuws, Carine Van Rhijn, Mayke De Jong - To pographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages (2001 ).pdf

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James Fraser - Caledonia to Pictland (2008).jpg

From Caledonia to Pictland examines the transformation of Iron Age northern Britain into a land of Christian kingdoms, long before 'Scotland' came into existence. Perched at the edge of the western Roman Empire, northern Britain was not unaffected by the experience, and became swept up in the great tide of processes which gave rise to the early medieval West. Like other places, the country experienced social and ethnic metamorphoses, Christianisation, and colonization by dislocated outsiders, but northern Britain also has its own unique story to tell in the first eight centuries AD. This book is the first detailed political history to treat these centuries as a single period, with due regard for Scotland's position in the bigger story of late Antique transition. From Caledonia to Pictland charts the complex and shadowy processes which saw the familiar Picts, Northumbrians, North Britons and Gaels of early Scottish history become established in the country, the achievements of their foremost political figures, and their ongoing links with the world around them.It is a story that has become much revised through changing trends in scholarly approaches to the challenging evidence, and that transformation too is explained for the benefit of students and general readers. Key Features: *The only detailed political history to treat the first eight centuries AD as a single period of Scottish history. *Redresses the imbalance created by an existing literature dominated by archaeologists. From Caledonia to Pictland provides a narrative history of the period. *Bridges a traditional disciplinary divide between the Roman and early medieval periods. *Locates this phase of Scotland's history within a European context, emphasising what is unique and what is not.

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James Fraser - Caledonia to Pictland (2008).pdf

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Jon Davies - Death, Burial and the Rebirth in the Religions of Antiquity (1999).jpg

Death, Burial and Rebirth in the Religions of Antiquity charts the significance of death to the emerging religious cults in the pre-Christian and early Christian world. Jon Davies analyzes the varied burial rituals and examines the different notions of the afterlife. Several areas are covered including: Osiris and Isis: the Life Theology of Ancient Egypt , burying the Jewish Dead and Christian burials. Jon Davies also draws on the sociological theory of Max Weber to present a comprehensive introduction to and overview of death, burial and the afterlife in the first Christian centuries which offers insights into the relationship between social change and attitudes to death and dying. Draws on a wide variety of data: ancient texts, archaeological findings, works of art and architecture
Beautifully illustrated

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Jon Davies - Death, Burial and the Rebirth in the Religions of Antiquity (1999).pdf

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Alfred Hutton - Cold Steel; A Practical Treatise o n the Sabre (1889).jpeg

The sabre, with the rapier and epee, has been the third arm of fencing for centuries, and also served as the major cavalry weapon. The art of fencing with the sabre is significantly different to the delicacy of epee or the thrust of rapier, and this book explains why. Hutton begins by looking at the construction of the sabre and how to hold it. This is followed by an explanation of the different strokes and defences, and how to combine attack and defence. He then progresses to the more advanced art of sabre fencing, and how left-handed swordsmen should fight. The treatment is in considerable detail, and is as relevant today for the sabre fencer as when the book was first published, in 1889. Hurtton's treatise on the sabre continues with the ceremonial aspects of the art. He also looks at sabre against bayonet, and the French sword. There are descriptions of assocaited weapons such as the great stick and the constable's truncheon, and the book concludes with a look at the sword-bayonet, short sword and dagger. There are numerous illustrations in the book, with a total of 55 movement drawing diagrams.

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Alfred Hutton - Cold Steel; A Practical Treatise o n the Sabre (1889).pdf

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William Reuben Farmer - Maccabees, Zealots, and Jo sephus; An Inquiry into Jewish Nationalism in the Greco-Roman Period (1958).jpg

Historia2 - William Reuben Farmer - Maccabees, Zealots, and Joseph...nto Jewish Nationalism in the Greco-Roman Period 1958.jpg

This book is the result of an idea. That idea is that there is a positive relationship between the Maccabees and the Zealots. Josephus comes into the picture because he asserts the contrary, i.e., the Zealots began de novo, having no connection with the Maccabees.

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David Steinmetz - Calvin in Context; Second Editio n (2010).jpg

The book illuminates Calvin's thought by placing it in the context of the theological and exegetical traditions--ancient, medieval, and contemporary-- that formed it and contributed to its particular texture. Steinmetz addresses a range of issues almost as wide as the Reformation itself, including the knowledge of God, the problem of iconoclasm, the doctrines of justification and predestination, and the role of the state and the civil magistrate. Along the way, Steinmetz also clarifies the substance of Calvin's quarrels with Lutherans, Catholics, Anabaptists, and assorted radicals from Ochino to Sozzini. For the new edition he has added a new Preface and four new chapters based on recent published and unpublished essays. An accessible yet authoritative general introduction to Calvin's thought, Calvin in Context engages a much wider range of primary sources than the standard introductions. It provides a context for understanding Calvin not from secondary literature about the later middle ages and Renaissance, but from the writings of Calvin's own contemporaries and the rich sources from which they drew.

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Stanley G. Payne - Spain; A Unique History (2011).jpg

After a number of books on various aspects of Spain (The Collapse of the Spanish Republic; Franco and Hitler; The Spanish Civil War, The Soviet Union, and Communism), Payne now wants to tell the whole story of the country that so fascinates him. The Visigoth conquest kicks things off, followed by centuries of Islamic rule, reconquest and crusade, political and cultural advancement, a Civil War, and the Franco era. Payne's goal, as a historian and "Hispanist," is to create an "objective evaluation" of these events, avoiding extremist opinions and stereotypes perpetuated by the likes of Ernest Hemingway. Unfortunately, this also strips much of the flavor from what should be an exciting, as well as informative, effort. The straightforward perspective provides a less-than intriguing entry for the non-historian, resulting in a bland, concise explanation. Also lacking is enough background on significant participants. To be fair, there are nuggets of historical trivia to be gleaned here, like the fact that the region's name, Hispania, is derived from a Phoenician word meaning "land of rabbits"; helpful notes will explain other unfamiliar terms or events. Considering Spain's captivating story and culture, professional and armchair historians alike may be disappointed.

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Stanley G. Payne - Spain; A Unique History (2011).pdf

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Chris McNab - Armies of the Napoleonic Wars; An Il lustrated History (2009).jpg

The Napoleonic Wars saw almost two decades of brutal fighting, from the frozen wastelands of Russia to the wildness of the Peninsula, and from Egypt to the bloody battlefield of Waterloo. Fighting took place on an unprecedented scale across Europe, and over the entire period of the wars Napoleon led his Grand Armee and his allies against almost every European nation, and against varying coalitions. This book provides a comprehensive guide to all the major armies of the Napoleonic Wars, of France, Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain and Portugal. Covering the changes experienced by the armies over the period, the author details the organization, infantry, cavalry, and artillery of each. With stunning original artwork of the often glorious uniforms worn into battle, period illustrations or the equipment used, and photographs, this is a beautiful and in-depth study of the armies that fought in the Napoleonic campaigns.

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Dana Arnold, Margaret Iversen - Art and Thought ( 2003).jpg

Art and Thought is a collection of newly commissioned essays that explores the relationship between the discipline of art history and important movements in the history of western thought.
* Brings together newly commissioned essays that explore the relationship between the discipline of art history and movements in the history of western thought.
* Considers the impact of the writings of key thinkers, including Aristotle, Kant, and Heidegger, on the way in which objects are perceived and understood and histories of art are constructed, deconstructed, and reconfigured according to varying sets of philosophical frameworks.
* Introduces the reader to the dynamic interface between philosophical reflections and art practices.
* Part of the New Interventions in Art History series, which is published in conjunction with the Association of Art Historians.

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Dana Arnold, Margaret Iversen - Art and Thought ( 2003).pdf

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John Christian Laursen, Cary J. Nederman, Ian Hunt er - Heresy in transition; Transforming ideas of h eresy in medieval and early modern Europe (2005).jpg

Historia2 - John Christian Laursen, Cary J. Nederman, Ian Hunter -...eas of heresy in medieval and early modern Europe 2005.jpg

The concept of heresy is deeply rooted in Christian European culture. The palpable increase in incidences of heresy in the Middle Ages may be said to directly relate to the Christianity's attempts to define orthodoxy and establish conformity at its centre, resulting in the sometimes forceful elimination of Christian sects. In the transition from medieval to early modern times, however, the perception of heresy underwent a profound transformation, ultimately leading to its decriminalization and the emergence of a pluralistic religious outlook. The essays in this volume offer readers a unique insight into this little-understood cultural shift. Half of the chapters investigate the manner in which the church and its attendant civil authorities defined and proscribed heresy, whilst the other half focus on the means by which early modern writers sought to supersede such definition and proscription. The result of these investigations is a multifaceted historical account of the construction and serial reconstruction of one of the key categories of European theological, juristic and political thought. The contributors explore the role of nationalism and linguistic identity in constructions of heresy, its analogies with treason and madness, the role of class and status in the responses to heresy. In doing so they provide fascinating insights into the roots of the historicization of heresy and the role of this historicization in the emergence of religious pluralism.

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John Christian Laursen, Cary J. Nederman, Ian Hunt er - Heresy in transition; Transforming ideas of h eresy in medieval and early modern Europe (2005).pdf

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Paul Cefalu - Moral Identity in Early Modern Engli sh Literature (2005).jpg

Paul Cefalu's study explores the relationship between moral character and religious conversion in the poetry and prose of Sidney, Spenser, Donne, Herbert, and Milton, as well as in early modern English Conformist and Puritan sermons, theological tracts, and philosophical treatises. Cefalu argues that early modern Protestant theologians were often unable to incorporate a coherent theory of practical morality into the order of salvation. Cefalu draws on fresh historicist theories of ideology and subversion, but takes issue with historicist tendency to conflate generic and categorical distinctions among texts. He argues that imaginative literature, by virtue of its tendency to place characters in approximately real ethical quandaries, uniquely points out the inability of early modern English Protestant theology to merge religious theory and ethical practice. This study should appeal not only to literary critics and historians, but also to scholars interested in the history of moral theory.

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Edward P. Comentale, Andrzej Gąsiorek - T.E. Hulme and the question of modernism (2006).jpg

Though only 34 years old at the time of his death in 1917, T.E. Hulme had already taken his place at the center of pre-war London's advanced intellectual circles. His work as poet, critic, philosopher, aesthetician, and political theorist helped define several major aesthetic and political movements, including imagism and Vorticism. Despite his influence, however, the man T.S. Eliot described as 'classical, reactionary, and revolutionary' has until very recently been neglected by scholars, and T.E. Hulme and the Question of Modernism is the first essay collection to offer an in-depth exploration of Hulme's thought. While each essay highlights a different aspect of Hulme's work on the overlapping discourses of aesthetics, politics, and philosophy, taken together they demonstrate a shared belief in Hulme's decisive importance to the emergence of modernism and to the many categories that still govern our thinking about it. In addition to the editors, contributors include Todd Avery, Rebecca Beasley, C.D. Blanton, Helen Carr, Paul Edwards, Jesse Matz, Alan Munton, and Andrew Thacker.

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Edward P. Comentale, Andrzej Gąsiorek - T.E. Hulme and the question of modernism (2006).pdf

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Kevin Gould - Catholic activism in south-west Fran ce,1540-1570 (2006).jpg

Examining Catholic activism in the south-west of France during the middle decades of the sixteenth century, this book argues - contrary to prevailing views - that the phenomenon was both widespread and militant even before the formation of the Catholic League in 1576. Whilst recent research has provided a greater understanding of the Huguenot struggle for security and legitimacy, there has not been a correspondingly thorough investigation into the grass-roots Catholic reaction to this, and by dismissing episodes of pre-League Catholic militancy as limited and ephemeral, a distorted picture of French confessional conflict and rivalry is painted. Utilising surviving material from the provincial archives at Bordeaux, Toulouse, Agen, and at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, this book provides ample evidence for placing the birth of Catholic activism in the period preceding the Wars of Religion, highlighting the confessional tensions that exploded throughout the 1540s and 1550s. As competing bands of religious enthusiasts, and municipal and court officials, fought first with words, then with weapons, for supremacy of the community in the towns of the south-west, a steady escalation of confrontation can be traced. Within this atmosphere of rising tension, it is shown how Catholic militancy mirrored the organisational and fund-raising capacity of their Protestant rivals, and how the local military elite rose to support their co-religionists at the outbreak of formal hostilities in 1562. The ascendancy of Catholic militants in key urban centres by 1570 would deal a fatal blow to Protestant plans for supremacy of the south-west.

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Kevin Gould - Catholic activism in south-west Fran ce,1540-1570 (2006).pdf

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Essaka Joshua - The romantics and the May Day trad ition (2007).jpg

This important contribution to both Romantic and cultural studies situates literature by Wordsworth, Southey, Hunt, Clare, and Blake within the context of folklore and popular customs associated with May Day. Romantic responses to May Day bring into focus a range of issues now regarded as central to the writing of the period-the natural world, city life, the pastoral, regional and national identities, popular culture, cultural degeneration, and cultural difference. Essaka Joshua explores new connections between these issues in the context of a set of heterogeneous cultural practices that are rooted in the traditions and activities of diverse social groups. She shows how Romantic writers have positioned themselves in relation to what has become known as the public sphere, and the way in which they articulate an understanding of the common sphere as a site of plebeian self-expression. Joshua's nuanced account acknowledges the full complexity of class formations and inter-class relationships and permits noncanonical and canonical texts such as the Prelude, Songs of Innocence and Experience, and 'The Village Minstrel' to be reinterpreted in a cultural context that has not been previously explored by literary critics.

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Essaka Joshua - The romantics and the May Day trad ition (2007).pdf

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Andrew Gibson - Joyce's Revenge; History, Politics , and Aesthetics in Ulysses (2002).jpg

This eminently learned book transforms our understanding of Joyce's Ulysses by placing the novel firmly in the historical context of Anglo-Irish political and cultural relations in the period 1880-1920. Gibson argues that Ulysses is a great work of liberation that also takes a complex form of revenge on the colonizer's culture.

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