Encyclopedia of Nineteenth Century Thought provides essential information on, and a critical interpretation of, nineteenth-century thought and nineteenth-century thinkers. The project takes as its temporal boundary the period 1789 to 1914. Encyclopedia of Nineteenth Century Thought primarily covers social and political thinking, but key entries also survey science, religion, law, art, concepts of modernity, the body and health, and so on, and thereby take into account all of the key developments in the intellectual history of the period. The encyclopedia is alphabetically organized, and consists of:

* principal entries, divided into ideas (4000 words) and persons (2500 words)
* subsidiary entries of 1000 words, which are entirely biographical
* informational entries of 500 words, which are also biographical.

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Gregory Claeys - Encyclopedia of Nineteenth Centur y Thought (2005).pdf

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Erick Langer, Robert H. Jackson - The New Latin Am erican Mission History (1995).jpg

The subject of missions—formal efforts at religious conversion of native peoples of the Americas by colonizing powers—is one that renders the modern student a bit uncomfortable. Where the mission enterprise was actuated by true belief it strikes the modern sensibility as fanaticism; where it sprang from territorial or economic motives it seems the rankest sort of hypocrisy. That both elements—greed and real faith—were usually present at the same time is bewildering.

In this book seven scholars attempt to create a “new” mission history that deals honestly with the actions and philosophic motivations of the missionaries, both as individuals and organizations and as agents of secular powers, and with the experiences and reactions of the indigenous peoples, including their strategies of accommodation, co-optation, and resistance.

The new mission historians examine cases from throughout the hemisphere—from the Andes to northern Mexico to California—in an effort to find patterns in the contact between the European missionaries and the various societies they encountered.

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Erick Langer, Robert H. Jackson - The New Latin Am erican Mission History (1995).pdf

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A. F. Pollard - Henryk VIII (1988).jpg

"Henryk VII to kontrowersyjny władca, który dokonał w Anglii ogromnego przewrotu, a choć równie bezwzględnie rozstawał się z własnymi żonami, co z niewygodnymi ministrami, do końca mógł liczyć na pomoc i poparcie poddanych swego królestwa. Otoczony ludźmi małej odwagi i lękliwego umysłu, Henryk VIII nie wahał się i nie uchylał od decyzji. Rządził w bezlitosnej epoce, bezlitosną ręką, krwawymi metodami przezwyciężał gwałtowne kryzysy i jego poczynania uwieńczyły sukces, który wszystko sankcjonuje. Henryk cenił bardziej korzyści niż zasady i stał się symbolem tryumfu piekielnych otchłani..."

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Fiona Beddell - History of Britain (2006).jpg

Britain is a small country but it has a long history. Two thousand years ago it was part of the Roman Empire. In the 1930s the British Empire was the biggest empire in world history.
In the past, kings and queens fought to rule Britain. Discover how wars, revolutions and religion have changed its history. Read about the different countries of the United Kingdom - and the great men and women who have shaped the British nation.

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Fiona Beddell - History of Britain (2006).pdf

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Harold E. Raugh, Jr.- The Victorians at War, 1815- 1914, An Encyclopedia of British Military History (2004).jpg

Historia21 - Harold E. Raugh, Jr.- The Victorians at War, 1815-1914...914, An Encyclopedia of British Military History 2004.jpg

This volume using recent research offers a summary of the wars, campaigns, battles, and leaders of the British army in the British Imperial Century. The 350 entries, arranged A-Z with cross-references and bibliographic references, center on events, people, and places. The introduction describes the years of conflict, the makeup of the army, the imperialist drive, the use of the army to control the colonial empire, and the ideology for war.

Numerous maps illustrate the different theaters of war, but there are no photographs or drawings to depict persons. The volume concludes with several appendixes: a chronology, a list of British army commanders in chief, chiefs of general staff and chiefs of the imperial general staff, a list of Indian army commanders in chief; and a note on currency. A bibliography of selected articles and books and an index complete the volume.

Besides covering specific individuals, such as Field Marshall Kitchener, or conflicts, such as the Afghan wars, the volume includes a variety of peripheral topics, such as Military music; Photographers, war; and Women and the army. A series of entries on Military medicine, British army provides insight into nineteenth-century standards for hospitals, sanitation, and more. Series on Officers, British army and Officers, Indian army make it easy to compare such topics as pay, social background, training, and retirement.

This is a very easy-to-use and highly readable book. It could supplement history collections as well as strengthen the reference sections on the Victorian era and on the British Empire. It would be a good purchase for academic and large public library collections, satisfying both the informal researcher and the serious student.

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Harold E. Raugh, Jr.- The Victorians at War, 1815- 1914, An Encyclopedia of British Military History (2004).pdf

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Howard Williams - Death And Memory In Early Mediev al Britain (2006).jpg

How were the dead remembered in early medieval Britain? Originally published in 2006, this innovative study demonstrates how perceptions of the past and the dead, and hence social identities, were constructed through mortuary practices and commemoration between c. 400-1100 AD. Drawing on archaeological evidence from across Britain, including archaeological discoveries, Howard Williams presents a fresh interpretation of the significance of portable artefacts, the body, structures, monuments and landscapes in early medieval mortuary practices. He argues that materials and spaces were used in ritual performances that served as 'technologies of remembrance', practices that created shared 'social' memories intended to link past, present and future. Through the deployment of material culture, early medieval societies were therefore selectively remembering and forgetting their ancestors and their history. Throwing light on an important aspect of medieval society, this book is essential reading for archaeologists and historians with an interest in the early medieval period.

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Keith Robbins - History of the Christian Church, E ngland, Ireland, Scotland, Wales 1900-2000 (2008).jpg

Keith Robbins, building on his previous writing on the modern history of the interlocking but distinctive territories of the British Isles, takes a wide-ranging, innovative and challenging look at the twentieth-century history of the main bodies, at once national and universal, which have collectively constituted the Christian Church. The protracted search for elusive unity is emphasized. Particular beliefs, attitudes, policies and structures are located in their social and cultural contexts. Prominent individuals, clerical and lay, are scrutinized. Religion and politics intermingle, highlighting, for churches and states, fundamental questions of identity and allegiance, of public and private values, in a century of ideological conflict, violent confrontation (in Ireland), two world wars and protracted Cold War.

The massive change experienced by the countries and people of the Isles since 1900 has encompassed shifting relationships between England, Ireland (and Northern Ireland), Scotland and Wales, the end of the British Empire, the emergence of a new Europe and, latterly, major immigration of adherents of Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism and other faiths from outside Europe: developments scarcely conceivable at the outset. Such a broad contextual perspective provides an essential background to understanding the puzzling ambiguities evident both in secularization and enduring Christian faith. Robbins provides a cogent and compelling overview of this turbulent century for the churches of the Isles.

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Keith Robbins - History of the Christian Church, E ngland, Ireland, Scotland, Wales 1900-2000 (2008).pdf

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Richard Knötel - Napoleonic Uniforms Vol. 4 - Grea t-Britain.jpg

Historia21 - Richard Kntel - Napoleonic Uniforms Vol. 4 - Great-Britain.jpg

If you are a military historian with an interest in the history and evolution of the military uniform you should know about the UNIFORMENKUNDE.

Richard Knötel was the most famous and prominent of all the German military artists from the late 1800's until his death His hundreds if not thousands of illustrations have documented the uniforms of nearly every country in the world during and before his lifetime.

His most mounumental work is the UNIFORMENKUNDE which was available by subscription starting in 1890 until shortly after WWI. Each year he published 50 plates or more until a total of 1072 prints were produced. The plates were in no certain order and covered subjects that suited his fancy at the time. 90 different countries, principalities, dukedoms, and republics are represented from the 1600's until the early 20th Century. Many of the uniforms documented in this work are to be seen no where else.

The printing techniques of the time left a lot to be desired. Each print was done as a work of line art then hand colored by journeymen artists who had a master print to work by. Oftentimes details like belts, buttons, and lace were obscured by overpainting.

Today original Knötel prints sell for more than $30 to $50 each depending on the rarity and popularity of the subject. Because the originals were done before archival papers and inks were the standard those that can be found have usually been affected by the ravages of time and elements and are usually yellowed and spotted.

(In the late 1960's and again in the mid 1980's a reprint was done on a subscription basis in Germany. These prints were smaller than the originals and were done using the standard offset printing techniques of the time, the papers was darker than the original and the details were not well defined or corrected.

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Richard Knötel - Napoleonic Uniforms Vol. 4 - Grea t-Britain.pdf

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G. Maspero - Popular stories of ancient Egypt (191 5).jpg

Collecting popular stories from ancient Egypt is unlike collecting folktales from more modern societies. With the literary tales involved here, there are the basic problems of translating from hieroglyphics and of dealing with damaged and fragmentary manuscripts. Beyond that, however, are deeper issues of cultural differences and assumptions from storytellers about what audiences will understand. These stories from Gaston Maspero's classic volume, originally published in 1882, are accompanied by extensive footnotes that detail social expectations and patterns of behavior in ancient Egyptian society, making the texts comprehensible to modern readers. Between Maspero and edition editor Hasan El-Shamy (folklore, Indiana Univ.), introductions make up fully a third of the current volume, but included are important discussions of backgrounds, research methodologies, tale types, and motifs. Each story receives its own brief introduction as well, including provenance, dating of manuscripts, thematic and content discussions, and comparison with other tales. Part of the ABC-CLIO "Classic Folk & Fairy Tales" series, whose senior editor is noted folklore scholar Jack Zipes, Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt is recommended for all libraries.

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G. Maspero - Popular stories of ancient Egypt (191 5).pdf

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Lesley Adkins, Roy Adkins - The Little Book of Egy ptian Hieroglyphs (2001).jpg

This is the book to make the basics of hieroglyphs truly easy to understand. Explaining briefly the history and development of the language, it then gives the Egyptian alphabet and shows how simple it is to spell your own name using hieroglyphs. In short this is the complete introduction for any visitor to Egypt, student of the language, or just the fascinated layman.

Here, too, is an introduction to the Pharoahs, the Gods, the Nile and the Egyptian calendar, the scribes, and the common texts in tombs, on statues, and in papyrii helping you to recognise all the most common hieroglyphic words and phrases.

Discover the secrets of the hieroglyphs with this first genuinely accessible guide to one of the world's oldest writing systems.
Here is everything you need to know to:
* read the signs of the hieroglyphic 'alphabet'
* understand numbers and counting
* write your own name using hieroglyphs
* decipher the names of pharaohs, gods and goddesses
* translate common words and phrases from monuments and tombs

This irresistible little book also includes the story of how hieroglyphs were originally deciphered as well as an essential time chart of Egyptian history.

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Lesley Adkins, Roy Adkins - The Little Book of Egy ptian Hieroglyphs (2001).djvu

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Seyyed Hossein Nasr - Expectation of the Millenniu m, Shi'Ism in History (1989).jpg

Since the commencement of the occultation, the Shici community has been in a state of perpetual expectation. Thenceforth, no aspect of Shici history has remained unaffected by the everlasting hope for the return of the Mahdi, or the rightly guided.

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Seyyed Hossein Nasr - Expectation of the Millenniu m, Shi'Ism in History (1989).pdf

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W. Vivian Davies, Louise Schofield - Egypt, the Ae gean and the Levant, Interconnections in the Secon d Millennium Bc (1995).jpg

Historia21 - W. Vivian Davies, Louise Schofield - Egypt, the Aegean...nt, Interconnections in the Second Millennium Bc 1995.jpg

Resulting from an international colloquium held at the British Museum in 1992, this book is largely devoted to the subject of Egypt's relations with the Mediterranean world in the second millennium BC. The implications of the remarkable discoveries at Tell el-Dab'a, the site of ancient Avaris (the Hyksos capital of Egypt), form the primary focus, with papers on Egypt's connections with Cyprus and Minoan Crete, and chronological problems also discussed. These are placed in a wider context by further contributions on Egypto-Minoan relations in general, on the evidence for Mycenaeans in Egypt and the presence of Orientalia at Mycenae, on Aegean influence in Egypto-Canaan, on the sources of Egyptian copper and on the nature of foreign timber imports into Egypt.

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W. Vivian Davies, Louise Schofield - Egypt, the Ae gean and the Levant, Interconnections in the Secon d Millennium Bc (1995) [PDF].rar

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Osprey - Elite 69 - Angus Konstam - Buccaneers 162 0-1700 (2000).pdf

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John Edward Staller - Pre-Columbian Landscapes of Creation and Origin (2008).jpg

Pre-Columbian Andean and Mesoamerican cultures have inspired a special fascination among historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, as well as the general public. As two of the earliest known and studied civilizations, their origin and creation mythologies hold a special interest. The existing and Pre-Columbian cultures from these regions are particularly known for having a strong connection with the natural landscape, and weaving it into their mythologies. A landscape approach to archaeology in these areas is uniquely useful shedding insight into their cultural beliefs, practices, and values. The ways in which these cultures imbued their landscape with symbolic significance influenced the settlement of the population, the construction of monuments, as well as their rituals and practices. This edited volume combines research on Pre-Columbian cultures throughout Mesoamerica and South America, examining their constructed monuments and ritual practices. It explores the foundations of these cultures, through both the creation mythologies of ancient societies as well as the tangible results of those beliefs. It offers insight on specific case studies, combining evidence from the archaeological record with sacred texts and ethnohistoric accounts.

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John Edward Staller - Pre-Columbian Landscapes of Creation and Origin (2008).pdf

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Simon Loxley - Type, The Secret History of Letters (2004).jpg

"Good typography should be invisible", so goes the old maxim--the typeface should carry the message, but not distract with its own personality. But if you've ever wondered how type was developed, exactly what a Goudy Friar is, or if Baskerville has anything to do with Sherlock Holmes, then Type will answer these questions and more. This is the story of the faces behind type, letters and typography: it tells of the passions and obsessions of its creators, of war, persecution and political upheaval, of business and technological breakthrough, of rivalry, death and disinterment. With the skill of a novelist, Simon Loxley weaves the story of letters through the history of our time. From Gutenberg's first moveable type to the internet, type has grown out of ambition, jealousy, desire, treachery and love. Never again will you look at your letters, your bank statements or your books in the same way.

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Richard Wrangham - Catching Fire, How Cooking Made Us Human (2010).jpg

Contrary to the dogmas of raw-foods enthusiasts, cooked cuisine was central to the biological and social evolution of humanity, argues this fascinating study. Harvard biological anthropologist Wrangham (Demonic Males) dates the breakthrough in human evolution to a moment 1.8 million years ago, when, he conjectures, our forebears tamed fire and began cooking. Starting with Homo erectus—who should perhaps be renamed Homo gastronomicus—these innovations drove anatomical and physiological changes that make us adapted to eating cooked food the way cows are adapted to eating grass. By making food more digestible and easier to extract energy from, Wrangham reasons, cooking enabled hominids' jaws, teeth and guts to shrink, freeing up calories to fuel their expanding brains. It also gave rise to pair bonding and table manners, and liberated mankind from the drudgery of chewing (while chaining womankind to the stove). Wrangham's lucid, accessible treatise ranges across nutritional science, paleontology and studies of ape behavior and hunter-gatherer societies; the result is a tour de force of natural history and a profound analysis of cooking's role in daily life. More than that, Wrangham offers a provocative take on evolution—suggesting that, rather than humans creating civilized technology, civilized technology created us.

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Ton Otto, Henrik Thrane, Helle Vandkilde - Warfare and Society, Archaeological and Social Anthropolo gical Perspectives (2006).jpg

Historia21 - Ton Otto, Henrik Thrane, Helle Vandkilde - Warfare an...ological and Social Anthropological Perspectives 2006.jpg

The present book deals with the interrelationship between society and war seen through the analytical eyes of anthropologists and archaeologists. The opening quote – spoken by an informant to Torsten Kolind and published in his thesis about discursive practices in Bosnia just after the war in 1992-95 – captures the problems we face when we study war. Archaeologists and anthropologists alike rarely possess war experiences of their own: we study past and present wars, but remain total outsiders who depend on numerous and complex discursive layers – material, written, and spoken – to bring us insight on this subject, so demanding and so necessary to deal with.

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Ton Otto, Henrik Thrane, Helle Vandkilde - Warfare and Society, Archaeological and Social Anthropolo gical Perspectives (2006).pdf

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